太阳能电池发展的历史与特点

三、太阳能电池的发展历史与特点 太阳能电池是一种近年发展起来的新型的电 池。太阳能电池是利用光电转换原理使太阳的辐 射光通过半导体物质转变为电能的一种器件，这 种光电转换过程通常叫做“光生伏打效应”，因此太 阳能电池又称为“光伏电池”，用于太阳能电池的半 导体材料是一种介于导体和绝缘体之间的特殊物 质，即半导体材料。 Photovoltaic (or PV) systems convert light energy into electricity. The term "photo" is a stem from the Greek "phos," which means "light." "Volt" is named for Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), a pioneer in the study of electricity. "Photo-voltaics," then, could literally mean "light- electricity." Most commonly known as "solar cells”. PV systems are already an important part of our lives. The simplest systems power many of the small calculators and wrist watches we use every day. More complicated systems provide electricity for pumping water, powering communications equipment, and even lighting our homes and running our appliances. In a surprising number of cases, PV power is the cheapest form of electricity for performing these tasks. 1962年就开始有带有太阳能电池的电子 产品出现。现在，低成本太阳能电池的开发已 列入许多国家的开发，美国能源部、日本 通产省和澳大利亚都制定了阳光计划以对高效 率低成本太阳能电池进行技术开发。 人类很早以前就已梦想能直接从太 阳光得到所需的能量，而太阳能利 用的现代科学研究则始于1845年， 一位奥地利人C.Gunter发明了由许多 镜片组成的太阳能锅炉。 太阳能电池的发展历史： 早在1839年， 法国科学家比克丘勒（当时 只有19岁）就发现一种奇特现象，即半导体在电 解质溶液中会产生光电效应，以此原理构成的液 结太阳电池是一种光电、光化的复杂转换。简单 来说，是将一种半导体电极插入某种电解液中， 在太阳光照射的作用下，电极产生电流，同时从 电解液中释放出氢气。适合作这种电极的材料很 多，如硫化镉、碲化镉、砷化镓、磷化镓、磷化 铟、二氧化钛等。 History: PV Timeline The effect was first studied in solids, such as selenium, by Heinrich Hertz in the 1870s. Soon afterward, selenium PV cells were converting light to electricity at 1% to 2% efficiency. As a result, selenium was quickly adopted in the emerging field of photography for use in light- measuring devices. Major steps toward commercializing PV were taken in the 1940s and early 1950s, when the Czochralski process was developed for producing highly pure crystalline silicon. In 1954, scientists at Bell Laboratories depended on the Czochralski process to develop the first crystalline silicon photovoltaic cell, which had an efficiency of 4%. 1954年美国贝尔研究所的Pearson, Chapin, and Pearson, Chapin, and FullerFuller首先应用这个原理试制成功硅太阳电池，获 得4.5%光电转换效率的成果。太阳能电池的出现， 好比一道曙光，尤其是航天领域的科学家，对它更 是注目。这是由于当时宇宙空间技术的发展，人造 地球卫星上天，卫星和宇宙飞船上的电子仪器和设 备，需要足够的持续不断的电能，而且要求重量 轻，寿命长，使用方便，能承受各种冲击、振动的 影响。太阳能电池完全满足这些要求， 1958年，美国的“先锋一号”人造卫星就是用了 太阳能电池作为电源，成为世界上第一个用太阳能供 电的卫星，空间电源的需求使太阳电池作为尖端技 术，身价百倍。现在，各式各样的卫星和空间飞行器 上都装上了布满太阳能电池的“翅膀”，使它们能够在 太空中长久遨游。 我国1958年开始进行太阳能电池的研制工作， 并于1971年将研制的太阳能电池用在了发射的第二颗 卫星上。以太阳能电池作为电源可以使卫星安全工作 达20年之久，而化学电池只能连续工作几天。 This PV panel, developed by TRW for a communications satellite in 1966, was typical for its day. 1963: Japan installed a 242-W PV array on a lighthouse, the world's largest array at that time. 1972: The French install a CdS PV system in a village school in Niger to run an educational TV. 1965: Peter Glaser, A.D. Little, conceived the idea of a satellite solar power station. Tyco Labs developed the edge-defined, film-fed growth (EFG) process, first to grow crystal sapphire ribbons and then silicon. . 1977: The Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), later to become the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), opened in Golden, Colorado. Total PV manufacturing production exceeded 500 kW. 1982: Worldwide PV production exceeded 9.3 MW. Solarex dedicated its 'PV Breeder' production facility in Frederick, Maryland, with its roof-integrated 200-kW array. ARCO Solar's Hisperia, California, 1-MW PV plant went on line with modules on 108 dual-axis trackers. 1984: The IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Award was presented to Drs. David Carlson and Christopher Wronski at the 17th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, "for crucial contributions to the use of amorphous silicon in low-cost, high-performance photovoltaic solar cells." 1991: The Solar Energy Research Institute was redesignated as the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory by President George Bush. “ … to provide the electrical energy consumer competitive and environmentally friendly energy products” 太阳能电池的特点： 1、与人类历史相比具有长得多的寿命，所以对人来 说几乎是无限的能源； 2、太阳能极其丰富，30分钟辐照到地球的能量就够 全世界一年的能源消耗； 3、太阳能是绿色环保能源，不会造成公害； 4、在使用现场就能从太阳光获得能量； Technology for Space Although a few attempts were made in the 1950s to use silicon cells in commercial products, it was the new space program that gave the technology its first major application. In 1958, the U.S. Vanguard space satellite carried a small array of PV cells to power its radio. The cells worked so well that PV technology has been part of the space program ever since. Today, solar cells power virtually all satellites, including those used for communications, defense, and scientific research. Even today, PV plays an important role in space, supplying nearly all power for satellites. The figure above shows the U.S. and total world PV production for each year. The combined bar represents the total annual world PV production. The gray curve in the background illustrates the relative portion the U.S. has contributed to annual world production. It is useful to note that world shipments increased to a record high of more than 200 MW during 1999, a 500% increase since 1989. U.S. production reached a record of more than 60 MW in 1999, matching the growth of world shipments over the past 10 years. 太阳能电池的市场 Following its success in space, PV power came down to Earth in the 1970s to find other niche markets in the armed forces and a small number of remote-power applications. As these markets continued to grow, the 1980s witnessed a proliferation of PV- powered consumer products. In the 1990s, PV systems emerged into municipal applications in the United States and began to power homes and communities in the developing world. The domestic utility market is now gradually opening up, with building-mounted and local grid support expected to be well established by the year 2005. Soon after that, PV electricity is expected to be cost competitive for utility bulk power applications. 太阳能电池近年也被人们用于生产、生活的许 多领域。从1974年世界上第一架太阳能电池飞机 在美国首次试飞成功以来，激起人们对太阳能飞 机研究的热潮，太阳能飞机从此飞速地发展起 来，只用了六七年时间太阳能飞机从飞行几分 钟，航程几公里发展到飞越英吉利海峡。现在， 最先进的太阳能飞机，飞行高度可达2万多米，航 程超过4000公里。另外，太阳能汽车也发展很 快 。 在建造太阳能电池发电站上，许多国家也取 得了较大进展。1985年，美国阿尔康公司研制的 太阳能电池发电站，用108个太阳板，256个光电 池模块，年发电能力300万度。德国1990年建造的 小型太阳能电站，光电转换率可达30％多，适于 为家庭和团体供电。1992年美国加州公用局又开 始研制一种“革命性的太阳能发电装置”，预计可 供加州1／3的用电量。用太阳能电池发电确实是 一种诱人的方式，据专家测算，如果能把撒哈拉 沙漠太阳辐射能的1％收集起来，足够全世界的所 有能源消耗。 To accomplish both of these objectives, we must reduce the cost of PV systems while making them more reliable, durable, and convenient to use. Since 1980, researchers have worked with industry to reduce the cost of PV-generated electricity to about 25 cents per kilowatt-hour and increase module lifetimes to 20 years. Continuing to do so will make PV systems as attractive to consumers as the next best alternative for a wide spectrum of electric power applications. Despite these advances, PV devices in 1970 were still too expensive for most "down to Earth"uses. But, in the mid-1970s, rising energy costs, sparked by a world oil crisis, renewed interest in making PV technology more affordable. Today's commercial PV systems can convert from 7% to 17% of sunlight into electricity. They are highly reliable and last 20 years or longer. The cost of PV-generated electricity has dropped 15- to 20-fold. Projected Installed PV System Price vs Cumulative Shipments $1.50 $7.00 1.00 10.00 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Cumulative Shipments MWp S y s t e m P r i c e $ / W p 22% Price Decrease Per Doubling of Cumulative Shipments Estimates U.S. Industry's Cumulative Shipments Prior to 2000 to be 400 MWp, then Roadmap 25% Annual Growth Curve 2020 Target 2000 2010 Target 当前，太阳能电池的开发应用已逐步走向 商业化、产业化；小功率小面积的太阳能电池 在一些国家已大批量生产，并得到广泛应用； 同时人们正在开发光电转换率高、成本低的太 阳能电池；可以预见，太阳能电池很有可能成 为替代煤和石油的重要能源之一，在人们的生 产、生活中占有越来越重要的位置。 能把太阳光能量转变为电能的 设备就是太阳能电池，下面就围绕 太阳能电池的工作原理、、制 备及利用进行介绍。