中国特殊钢的发展与铁合金_英文_胡名洋

D e v elo Pm e n t o f sPe c ia lste ela n d fe rro a llo ys in C h in a H u M in g ya n g S e e re ta ry G e n e ra l Chin e se So e ie ty fo r S pe eial ste els 中国特殊钢的发展与铁合金 中国特钢企业协会秘书长 胡名洋 1 . D o m e stie m a rk e t o n sPe c ial ste e ls SPe c ial ste e l 15 o n e o f the m o st im Po rt a n t ste el sPe c ie s fo r m a e hin e ry , a u to m o bile , c hem ic a l , e le e tri e al aPPlia n c e s , shiPb u ild in g , tra n sPo rt a tio n , ra ilw ay a n d o the r n e w ly d e v e lo pe d in d u s try b ra n c he s o f the n a tio n al e c o n o m y . S o m e sPe c ial ste el g rad e s are sPee ially u s ed fo r m ilit娜 , hig h te e h , m a ehin e ry a n d a u to m o b ile in d u s tri e s . T he e n ha n c e m e n t o f C hin e se m a n u fa e tu ri n g in d u s trie s Pro v ide s o PPo rt u n ity fo r the d e v eloPm e n t o f C hin e se sPe eial s tee l in d u stry , e sPe c ia lly a s m a c hin e ry , a u to m o bile , m ac hin e 一e le e tri e al an d shiPb u ild in g in d u stri e s . It be c o m e s the d ire e t d ri vin g fo rc e fo r sPee ial ste el in d u stry . T he sale s fe a tu re o f sPe c ial s te e l m ar ke t 15 b ig y硕e ty w ith sm allq u a n titie s . A m o n g the to ta l sPe e ial s te e l e o n s u m Ptio n , a u to m o b o le in d u stry tak e s ab o u t 3 5% a n d m a eh in ary d o e s so m e 2 4 % . T hey are th e tw o m a in e o n s u m e rs fo r sPe c ial ste e l Pr o d u c ts . Fig u re 1 sho w s the req u irem e n t o n sPe eials te e ls fro m m a rk e t . A llo ye d stru c tu re s te e l , sPri n g ste el , e o ld he ad in g a n d fre e m a eh in in g ste el are th e e o m m o n sPee ial ste els tak in g a larg e share i n the m a rk e t . Sta ile ss a n d heat 一 Pro o f stee ls , s u PPe r a llo ys , fo u n c tio n a l m a teri als , high m e ltin g Po in t m at als a n d tita n iu m allo ys are th e in d e sPe sible m a te ri a ls fo r a ro 一 sPac e , e v ia tio n , m ilito ry w e aPo n s , w ar shiPs a n d ele c tro n ie in d u stri e s . A t Pre se n t , e o n str u c tio n fo r Po w e r s ta tio n s 15 sPe e d ed u P . Th e b u sin e ss in shiPb u ild in g 15 in e re a sin g sig n ifi v e a n tly . Th e se are l a rg e ly e x Pa n d in g the e aPac ity o f the sPe c ial s te e l m a rk e t . A t s am e tim e , a lo n g w ith the te e hn ic alPro g re ss o f d o w n sre am b ra n c he s , hig he r req u ire m e n t fo r q u a lity , Pro e e ss o Ptim iz a tio n a n d sPe c ializ a tio n are im Pl e m e n ted . M o s t hig h te eh a n d hig h a e eu ra e y Pro d u e ts are s till re ly o n im Po rt in g . D o m e stie sPee ial s te ll in d u stry ha s to m ee t the c halle n g e a n d tak e the o PPo rt u n ity fo r the fu rt he r s u sta in ab le d e ve lo Pm e n t . 2 . T h e d e v elo Pm e n t o f sPe e ial ste el in d u stry i n C hin a E n reri n g the 2 1 s t c e n tu叮, the g e n e ra l sta tu s o f the de v e lo pm e n t in iro n a n d ste e l in d u st卿 15 c e n tra liz a tio n , hig h tee h a n d Pro d u e tio n e o st lo w eri n g . Va l u e e n ha n e e m e n t o f g lo b al ste e l Pro d u e ts 15 larg e r th a n tha t o f the ste el o u tPu t . Fo r e x am Ple , the share o f the to ta l am o u n t in c lud in g sta in le ss stee l , to o l ste e l , c hro 而u m a n d n ic k e lb a se d a llo y ste e l a n d ele c tri c a l ste el tak e s o n ly Z% o f the to tal o u tPu t o f s te e l in U S A , b u t the to tal v alu e o f the a b o ve a llo y s te e ls tak e s 12 % o f th e to tal V a lu e o fa llthe s te e ls . Ste el Pro d u ets in U n ite d Sta te s , Ja Pa n an d E U are d ev e lo Ped o n the d ire e tio n o f d e epe r Pro ee ssin g a n d hig he r v alu e , o f lo w Pro d u c tio n e o s t , h ig h effi c ie n c y a n d e n v iro n m e n t fr ie n d ly 2 3 6 to ke eP a su s ta in able de v elo Pm e n t stee lin d u stry . A e c o rd in g to sta tistic s fro m C hi n e s e So c ie ty fo r Spe eial ste els , the w eig ht o f s u m o f hig h q u ality an d sPe c ial eru d e s tee ls o v e r the to tal c ru d e steel o u tPu t in Chin a 15 8 一 10 % in re c e n t year s . A llo yed ste el itself tak e s 6 一 7% . T he w e ig ht o f b o th hig h q u ality a n d spe e ia l fi n ished ste e lPro d u c ts o ve r the to tal ste e lPr o d u e ts o u tP u t in Ch in a 15 7 一 8% a n d allo ye d ste el Pro d u e t itse lf tak es ab o u t s% . Th e ra tio o f Pro d u e ts o u tPu t o f hig h q u ality an d sPe c ia ls te e ls o v e r to tal Pro d u c ts o u tPu t ha s b e e n in c re a sin g in re c e n t ye ar s . Fo r e x a m Ple , it w a s 5 . 0 6% in 200 0 , 5 . 7 8% in 2 0 0 1 , 6 . 17 % in 20 0 2 , 6 . 6 5% in Z(X) 3 , 6 . 8 7 % in 20 0 4 an d 7 . 0 1% in 2 0 0 5 . T his ra tio 15 u s ual ly 10 一 15% in ad v a n e e d e o u n tri e s fo r e x am Ple s 19 . 1% in G erm a n y , 18 . 5 % in Ja Pa n a n d 巧 . 6% in Ita ly . D u ri n g th e Pro c e ss o f in d u stri al iz a tio n in Chin a , the uPgra d in g a n d in n o v a tio n o f o u r tr ad itio n al n a tio n al in d u s tri e s , the d ev e lo Pm e n t o f hig h te c h in du stri e s a n d the m o d e m iz a tio n o f the n a tio n al d e fe n se are s tro n g ly dri v in g the e n ha n e e m e n t o f Pro d u c tio n a n d e o n s u m Ptio n o f spe e ial ste e ls . Th e y al s o are dri v in g th e oPtim iz atio n o f Pro d u c ts strU c tu re o f sPe e ia lsteels . In 200 5 , th e fe at u re o f h ig h q u a lity an d sPe c ial ste els 15 its ste ad y ru n n in g . A t the fi rs t q u art e r o f the ye ar, o w in g to th e stro n g d em an d , the Pri e e fo r this k in d o f ste e ls w a s in ere a sin g . Th e n e w ly ad d e d Pro d u c tio n eap ac ity re le a sed a t the m id year. A lo n g w ith the Pro m u lg a tio n o f n e w Po lie ies o n the iro n a n d s te e lin d u stry b a sed o n th e n a tio n al e e o n o m y m ac ro 一 a dj u s tm e n t , th e m ar k et o n spe eial ste els w ill ha ve a m o re he al thy d ev e lo Pm e n t . It 15 fo re c a ste d tha t the OPera tio n o f th e spe eial s tee lm ar ke t w illb e m o re stead y than Z(X) 5 i n b o th d em an d an d Pri ee . G e n eral spe aki n g , Chin ese sPe eial ste elin d u stry 1 5 in the heal thy d e ve lo Pm e n t pe ri o d . Th e o u tP u t , de m a n d s o f Pro d u et而x a n d o u tPu ts fo r d iffe re n t s te e lg ra d e s o f spe c ial stee ls in Ch in a 15 sho w n in Fig u re l , Ta bl e 1 an d 2 . 2 3 7 Ta ble 1 Pr o d u e t d em a n d s fo r sPeeials te els in C hin a in 2 0 0 5 SSS Pe c ie sss Hig h q u a lity b a rrr Fla tsss S G a m l6 S SSS W irG ro ddd tttttttttU b G SSSSS DDD 6 m a n ddd 1 5 . 000 5 . 000 4 . 000 5 . 555 (((M t))))))))))) Ta b l e 2 O u tPu ts o f d iffe re n t sPe eials tee l g r ad e s in Ch in a in 2 0 0 5 ighvedls)ieejsHallo0. rstCSpe eia l Ca rb o n A llo ye d S t山 CtU代 SPrin g ste els B e ari n g s tte e ls A llo yed t0 0 1S te el 5 . 7 2 0 . 60 H ig h spe e d s te e l S ta ill le S S S tCel N i 一 C r S扭 in le s s C卜 sta in le s s 0 . 18 G ear s te els 0. 06 3 0 . 7 5 0 . 5 5 0 . 16 3 . T hre e Pro b le m s fo r th e d e v e lo Pm e n t o f sPe eialste elin d u stry i n C hin a A t Pre sen t , the m ain Pro ble m s in the d e ve lo Pm e n t o f Ch in e s e sPee ia l ste el in d u stry are the fo llo w in g thre e . Firs t , the c o n e e n tra tio n de g re e o f o u r sPe e ial s tee l in d u stry 15 n o t h ig h b e c a u se o f his to ri c al re a s o n s . o n ly in re c e n t ye ar s , thr o u g h m e rg in g a n d adj u stm e n t in sid e the in d u s try , thr e e b ig sPe c ial s tee l Pro d u e tio n b a se s are fo r me d Pri m ari ly i n C hin a i . e . N o rt he a st S Pe c ial Ste el G ro u P , SPe eial s te e l o f B a o ste el , a n d CIT IC T a ifu SPe c ia l Ste e l G ro u P in elud in g Jia n g yin X in e he n g , N e w S Pe c ial s te e l in H u b e i Pro v in c e a n d Shig a n g in H ebe i Pro v in c e . M o st C hin e se sPe eia l ste e l Pla n ts Pro d u c e b o th Pla in ear b o n s te e l a n d sPe e ial ste el . Th e ra tio o f sPe c ial ste els o ve r w ho le o u tPu t 15 o n ly u n de r o n e third . S ec o n d ly , the e x tern a le o n d itio n s fo r the d e v elo Pm e n t o f sPe c ia ls te e lare ra the r d iffi c u lt . H ig h Po w e r c o n su m Ptio n 15 n e ed ed to fu rt he r d ev e lo P sPe e ia l ste e l in d u stry . H o w ev er, it in d u e ed c o n fl ie t w ith Pre se n t sh o rt a g e sta tu s in Po w e r s u PPly . L ar g e q u an tity o f s te e l sc raP 15 a lso n e e d ed b u t the a e c u m u la tio n o f iro n a n d ste e l in the so eie ty 15 n o t e n o u g h to m e e t the re q u ire m e n t fo r sc rap su PPIy b e e a u se o f the sho rt tim e in d u stri a liz a tio n in C hin a . R ieh fe rm allo y re so urc e s are n e ed ed fo r the sPe e ia l ste el in d u stry , b u t the se are n a tu ra l a n d n o t re g e n e rat ed re so u rc e s . S o m e o fthem are stra te g ie re so u rc e s , a n d m u s t b e s a v ed . T h ird ly , the fe a tu re s o f the m ar ke t d e m a n d ar e big v ar ie ty a n d sm a ll q u a n tity , b u t the req u ire m e n t a n d sPe c ifi e at io n to the Pro d u c t q u ality 15 v e ry stri c t . It c a u s e s the hig h Pro d u e tio n e o s t a n d sq u e e z e o u t the Pro fi t ro o m fo r Pro d u e e r s . It in fl u e n c e s the m o tiv e o f the Pro d u e e rs . O n the o the r ha n d , the te c hn o lo g ie s o f sPe eial ste e l Pro d u c tio n ar e n o t m a tu re in m an y sPe eial Pro d u e e rs . Pro d u e t q u ality in sm a ll q u a n titie s 15 O K , b u t n o t ste a d y in m a ss Pro d u e tio n . A lo t o f lo w g rad e s Pro d u c ts do m e s tie ally Pro d u c e d are m ain ly fo r e x Po rt . E x istin g sm al l Plan ts fo r C hin e se sPe c ial s te el Pro d u c tio n e a u se he a vy Po llu tio n s to the 2 3 8 en v iro n me n t an d e o n su m e larg e a m o u n t o f fe rm al l o y re s o u r c e s . C hin a n e ed s to im Po rt larg e am o u n t o f hig h g rad e spe e ial ste els e ve ry ye ar fro m o u tside . M a n y larg e spe eial s tee l Pla n ts Pro d u ein g hig h g ra d e spe e ial ste e ls are 11而te d by b o th m ar ke t a n d te e hn o lo g y. Th ey n e ed su PPo rt fr o m the g o v ern m e n t . D uri n g th e ‘ E lev e n th fi ve ye ar Plan ’, the sPe c ial ste el in d u stry in C hin a w ill e n te r the n e w d ev e lo Pm e n t pe ri o d w ith a dj u stm e n t . Its m ai n ta sk s fo r the d e ve lo Pm e n t are te ehn o lo gy e n han e em e n t a n d stru c tu re o Pti而 z at io n . Pro d u e t Ini x w ill be fo e u se d o n to s u PPlie s to m an ufac t u re in d u stry , 而litary in d u stry an d hig h te c h in d u stry . T he m ain g ra d e s Pro d u c e d w ill be : tube s an d fl a ts fo r Po w e r g e n era tio n e q u iPme n t: fl a ts fo r a u to m o bile s : g ra in o ri e n ta ted silie o n ste el; d ie ste el: s te e l o f fo rg in g ; hig h q u al ity b eari n g s te e l; sPe e ial al lo yed stee l w ire s : allo yed ste elPIPe s ; su Ppe r a llo y ste el: titan iu m al lo ys e te . U ltr a high stre n g th s te e la n d su Ppe r allo y ste el u sed fo r o u r sPac e c ra ft ‘ S hen z ho u ’ w ill also Pro v id ed by C h in e se sPe eial ste el in d u stry · 4 . E n han e e o u r Pro e e ss te ehn o lo g y a n d eq u iPm e n t le vels fo r C hin e se sPe e ial ste e lin d u stry C o m Pare d w ith Plai n ear bo n ste el Pro d u e tio n , th e fe a ture in spe c ial s te e l Pro d u c tio n 15 the su c c e ssiv e Pro e e ssin g ste Ps . Th e ad van tag e o f sPee ia l ste e l Pro d u e tio n 15 also fro m th e su e e e ssiv e Pro e e ssin g ste Ps . In th e Pa st , te c hn ie al in n o v a tio n s w e re m o stly e o n e e n tr a ted o n ste e lm aki n g an d ro llin g . Pe o Ple n e g le e ted s te Ps su e h a s he at tre a tm e n t , o n lin e m e a s ure m en t , e o n d itio n in g , u n de stro y e d in n e r d e fe e t d e te c tio n an d Pac k a g e ete . H o w ev er, tho se are the ke ys to k eeP the Pro d u et q u al ity ste ad y . In re e en t year s , Shan g hai N o . 5 Ste el an d N o rt hea st SPe eial S te e l G ro uP fo c u se d the re v am Pin g o n th e su e e e ssiv e Pro e e s sin g s tePs . It m ad e a so u n d fo u n d in g fo r the e stablishme n t o f hig h e n d sPe c ial ste el Pro d u e ts in C hin a . A n o the r tra n sitio n o f C hin e se sPe e ial ste e lPro d u c tio n 15 the tu rn in g fro m P ro d u c tio n e aPac ity e x Pan sio n an d o u tPu t in c re a se to te ehn o lo g y e n han c e m e n t an d v alu e ad d e d Pro d u c tio n . I su g g e st th a t g o ve rn m en t sho u ld he lP th e in du stry to s tre n g th th e R & D fo r the in d u s try a n d tak e so m e me a s ure s to so lv e th e b o ttle n e c k s o f s uPPlie s in Po w er, se ra P a n d fe rro a llo ys . 5 . Pr e ssu re s o n th e e o st o f sPe c ialste els T he e o st o f E A F ste els in C hin e s e sPe eial ste e lin d u stry 15 c o m Po se d o f 5 5% sera P a n d 15 % e le e tri e Po w e r. In C hin a , su PPly in s c raP 15 in sho rt a g e a n d Pri c e o f e le e tri c ity in h ig he r tha n th at in ad van e ed c o u n tri e s . Th o se m ak e b ig Pre ss ure s o n th e e o st o f C hin ese spe eial stee ls a n d in fl u e n c e its c o m pe titio n ability . In re c e n t tw o year s be e a u se o f the in ere a se in Pri e e s o n iro n o re , e o ke a n d fe rr o al lo ys a s w ell a s tr an sPo rt a tio n , C hin e se spe eial ste el in d u stry 1 5 fa c in g re m ar k able Pre ss ure s . C o m P硕n g the Pri c e o f m ain ly u sed fe rm a llo y s in Marc h , 2(X) 5 w ith S ePte m b er, 2 0 04 , the Pri e e ri sin g s in N o rt h C hin a w ere a s big a s fo llo w in g s : . Pri c e o f Ferm 一 m o lybd e n u m ro se fro m 2 15 th o u sa n d R M B / t to 4 10 tho u sa n d R M B / t , 5 0 the Pri c e fo r c ru d e sPe c ial ste el e o n tain in g 0 . 1% m o lybde n u m w o uld ri se to 3 3 0 R MB / t by Pert in e n t c al c ula tio n . In fac t ste el Pla n ts Pro d u c in g m o lyb d e n u m b e丽 n g ste el o n ly a dj u s ted the Pri ee fo r the s te e l by ad d in g 15 OR M Blt . Pri e e o f Ferr o 一 fe rr o v a n a d iu m ro s e to 32 0 tho u sa n d R M B /t fro m 10 5 th o u san d R M B / t , 5 0 the Pri e e fo r c ru d e sPe e ial s te e l e o n ta in in g 2 3 9 0 . 1% v a n ad iu m w o uld ri se to 4 20 R M B / t by Pe rt in e n t e a lc u latio n . In fa c t ste el Pla n ts Pro d u c in g v a n ad iu m b e ari n g ste el o n ly adj u sted the Pri c e fo r the ste el by ad d in g Z(X) R M B / t . A t s am e Pe rio d the Pric e o f fe rm t u n g s te n ro se to 12 0 tho u s a n d R M B /t fr o m 60 . 8 tho u s a n d R M B / t a n d the Pric e o f n iek e l Pla te w e n t u P fr o m 14 0 tho u sa n d R M B /t to 160 tho u s a n d R MB / t . T he e o st risin g fo r sPe e ia l s te e l in d u e ed the e n ha n e e m e n t o f fi n ished Pr o d u e ts . It in fl u e n e ed n o t o n ly the Pro fi t o f ste elPr o d u e e rs , b u t a ls o the Pro fi t o f m a n ufac tu re e n te rp rise s . 6 . Fe rr o allo y 15 the b a se fo r the su sta in a ble d e v elo Pm e n t o f sPe e ial ste e lin d u stry E le m e n ts C r, N i , M o , V, W, C o , N b , T i e tc . are s tra te g ie allo yin g elem e n ts w h ic h are n e c e s sary to g u a ra n te e the Perfo rm a n c e o f sPe c ials te e ls . Fer m · m o lyb d en u m Ste el in d u stry 15 the big g e s t e o n su m e r fo r m o lyb d e n u m . It tak e s so m e 7 5% o f the to tal m o lyb d e n u m o u tPu t . Stain le ss s te e l tak e s 3 4% a n d allo yed s te e l d o e s 2 9% o thers Iik e to o l ste el a n d hig h sPe ed ste e ls tak e 12% . B a se d o n the d ePo sit o f m o lybd e n u m in Ch in a , b o th the m in e re so ure e s a n d the e x c a v a tio n a b ility e a n m e e t the re q u ire m e n t o n d o m e stic m ar k e t fo r a lo n g Pe r io d . T he sPeedy in e re a se in Pro d u e tio n o f s ta in le ss steel in Chin a ha s d ro v e u P the d o m e s tie de m a n d o n to fe rr o m o lybd e n u m . T he e x Pa n sio n o f C hin e se a u to m o b ile in d u s try also stim u la te s the Pro m Pt risin g o f the d e m a n d o n fe rro m o lybd e n u m . C o n tin u o u s hig h Pric e le ve l o n fe rm m o lybd e n u m lim its its e o n s u m Ptio n in ste el in d u s try . T he a v e ra g e Pu re ha s e Pri e e fo r fe rr o m o lybd e n u m fr o m sPe e ial ste e l Pla n ts w a s 1 12 . 3 tho u s a n d R MB /t , d u ri n g Ja n . to M ay, 2 0 04 a n d it w a s 3 8 8 . 6 tho u sa n d R MB / t a t s am e Pe rio d 4 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 3 000 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 卜 一于 一 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 厂 一于 一 认 5 0 0 0 0 l月 2月 3月 4 月 5 月 6月 7月 8月 9月 1 0月 1 1月 1 2月 一- 心卜- . 针l铁 一 . 一 钒铁 in 200 5 . T he e o s t in ere a s e o f m o lybd e n u m b eari n g s te e ls w a s in ere a s ed by 4 6 0 5 R MB / t fo r eac h l% m o lyb d e n u m in the s te el . It bro u g ht ab o u t 7 . 6 b illio n R M B e o st in e re m e n t to tally fo r all th e larg e sPe c ia l ste el Pla n ts in Chin a in 200 5 . Fo rt u n a te ly , the Pri ee fo r fe rro m o lyb d e n u m aft e r o u r trad itio n al SPrin g Fe stiv al , this ye ar, dro Ppe d to 3 0 7 tho u s a n d R M B /t . Fig ure 2 sho w s the Pri e e ehan g e in b o th fe rr o m o lyb d e n u m a n d fe rm v a n ad iu m in C hin a la s t year. Ta ble 3 sho w s the d o me stic d e m a n d s o n fe rr o m o lybd e n u m in 2 00 4 a n d 2 0 0 5 2 4 0 Fig u re 2 Pri ee e han g e in b o th fe rm m o lybde n u m an d fe rro van ad iu m in Chin a in Z(X) 5 . Ta ble 3 D o me s tic d em an d s o n fe rr o m o lybde n u m in 2004 a n d 20 0 5 (6 0% M o ) 厅一⋯St一 ⋯2004 1200 5 〔赢丽 { 1 画ste el 卜000 巨丽- -一巨‘一 -一}2 }、iyu an ste el }1600 f而丽 es 厂-— }N o rth e as : so e ial}_ _ _ _ } 厂节一一 -一‘13 }_ ’ 12 5 2 0 }2 8 8 0 }13%} lstee ls 1 1 1 } 4 } x in g o he n : } 1200 { 1800 { 33% } 5 } o re at w a lls tee l } 960 } 7 2 0 陋 } 6 }wu yan g s tee l } 10 80 } 10 0 } 2 5% } su b to t目 } } 1336 0 卜丽而一-一一一 ‘冲% } 7 } o o e rs } 12 000 } 13 000 厂 IIIn e re a se(% ))) 33333%%% 11111 1%%% 111113%%% 333333%%% 99999%%%}、ta l } }2 5 3 6 0 }2 7 8 4 0 }9% F erm · tu n g sten T he m al n tu n g ste n be ari n g ste els are hig h spe ed to o l s te e l , d ie ste el an d m ilitary u se s tee l . Its e o n su m Ptio n in ste e l in d u stry tak e s 30 % o f the to tal in Chin e se e e o n o m y . T he a ve ra g e Pu rc hasin g Pri c e fro m ste elPla n ts d u ri n g Jan uary t o M ay , 2(X) 4 w a s 5 6 . 5 tho u san d R MB / t a n d in 2 0 0 5 it w a s 13 6 . 4 th o u san d R M B lt . Th e Purc ha se am o u n t in this Pe ri o d o f 2 0 0 5 w a s o n ly 6 3 . 6 1% e o m Pare d w ith a ye ar be fo re . It w a s g o o d fo r its lis t Pri ee to dro P to 17 5 th o u san d R M B lt a ft e r 2 0 0 5 SPri n g Fe sti v al . F erm ·v s n a d iu m 、恤n ad iu m 15 o n e o f th e im Po rt an t eleme n ts fo r 而ero 一a llo yin g in ste elm aki n g . It e a n e n ha n c e s tre n g th , to u g ho e ss d u c tility an d he at re sis tan e e o f th e ste e l . Fe rr o van ad iu m 15 m ain ly u se d in s tal n le ss an d to o l s tee ls . Its c o n s u m Ptio n in iro n an d ste e l in d u stry tak e s 8 7% o f its to tal e o n su m Pti o n in e c o n o m y . TO o hig h Pri c e o f fe rm van a d iu m fo rc e d ste el Plan ts to d e ere a se the Pu rc ha se a m o u n t . So m e s te elPlan ts tum e d to u se fe rm 一n io biu m in ste a d o f fe rro v a n ad iu m . Th e av er ag e Pu rc hasin g Pri e e f