null 化合物的英文命名 化合物的英文命名Nomenclature of compounds 一 无机物的命名
(Inorganic compounds)
1 元素与单质的命名 一 无机物的命名
(Inorganic compounds)
1 元素与单质的命名
“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”,有时为了区别,在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此,单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称,同时又是单质的名称。
nullS-block ElementS-block Element IA
H Hydrogen
Li Lithium
Na Sodium
K Potassium
Rb Rubidium
Cs Cesium
Fr Francium
IIA
Be Beryllium
Mg Magnesium
Ca Calcium
Sr Strontium
Ba Barium
Ra Radium
P-block Element
P-block ElementVIA VIIA 0
He Helium
O Oxygen F Fluorine Ne Neon
S Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar Argon
Se Selenium Br Bromine Kr Krypton
Te Tellurium I Iodine Xe Xenon
Po Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon
IIIA IV A V A
B Boron C Carbon N Nitrogen
Al Aluminium Si Silicon P Phosphorus
Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic
In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony
Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth
Common Transition ElememtCommon Transition Elememt Fe : iron
Mn : manganese
Cu: copper
Zn: zinc
Hg: mercury
Ag: silver
Au: gold
2 化合物的命名2 化合物的命名 化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读,这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀 但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去。Naming metal ions (cations) for
metal oxides, bases and saltsNaming metal ions (cations) for
metal oxides, bases and salts1. Single valence ions
Cation’s name = Element
for example:
Na+ sodium Al3+ aluminum
K+ potassium Ca2+ calcium
2.Multivalence ions2.Multivalence ionsCation’s name = Element(N)
For example:
Fe2+ Iron(II) or ferrous
Fe3+ Iron(III) or Ferric
Cr2+ Chromium(II)
Cr3+ Chromium(III)
Mn4+ Manganese(IV)
Mn2+ Manganese(II)
Cu+ Copper(I) or cuprous
Cu2+ Copper(II) or cupric
Sn2+ Tin(II) or stannous
Sn4+ Tin(IV) or stannic
Hg22+ Mercury(I) or mercurous
Hg2+ Mercury(II) or mercuricnull对于有变价的金属元素,除了可用前缀来表示以外,更 多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ous表示低价,-ic表示高价。
如 FeO: iron(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxide
Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide
Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide
CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxideNaming nonmetal ions (anions)Naming nonmetal ions (anions)1. Monatomic anions
Anion’s name = Element’s root -ide
For example:
Cl- chloride O2- oxide
Br- bromide H- hydride
I- iodide (CN- cyanide)
S2- sulfide (OH- hydroxide) 2. Polyatomic oxyanions2. Polyatomic oxyanions (1). Acid radicals for normal salt (正酸根 -ate )
Anion’s name = Central Element’s root -ate
for example:
ClO3- chlorate IO3- iodate
PO43- phosphate NO3- nitrate
SO42- sulfate CO32- carbonate
(2). Acid radicals for meta-salts (亚酸根 -ite )(2). Acid radicals for meta-salts (亚酸根 -ite )Anion’s name = Central element’s root -ite
for example:
ClO2- chlorite IO2- iodite
PO33- phosphite NO2- nitrite
SO32- sulfite
(3). Acid radicals for hypo-salts (次酸根 -ite )(3). Acid radicals for hypo-salts (次酸根 -ite )Anion’s name =
Hypo- Central element’s root -ite
for example:
ClO- Hypochlorite
IO- Hypoiodite
PO23- Hypophosphite (4). Acid radicals for persalts (高酸根per -ate )(4). Acid radicals for persalts (高酸根per -ate )Anion’s name =
per-central Element’s root -ate
for example:
ClO4- perchlorate
IO4- periodate
MnO4- permanganate
Naming compoundsNaming compounds1. Metal oxide
Metal oxide = Cation + oxide
for example:
FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide)
Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide)
Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide
Pb3O4 Trilead tetroxide
Na2O2 Sodium peroxide
2. Nonmetal oxide2. Nonmetal oxideNonmetal oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide
for example:
CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
SO3 sulfur trioxide
N2O3 dinitrogen trioxide
P2O5 diphosphorus pentoxide
N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide
(tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)
有些物质常用俗称,如NO: nitric oxide N2O: nitrous oxide
非金属氢化物非金属氢化物 除了水和氨气使用俗称water,ammonia以外,其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称,命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。
(1)对于卤族和氧族氢化物,H在化学式中写在前面,因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。
举例: HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride
HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide
H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide
H2Te hydrogen telluride
(2)对于其它族的非金属氢化物,H在化学式中写在后面,可加后缀-ane,氮族还可加-ine
举例: PH3: phosphine或phosphane AsH3: arsine或arsane
SbH3: stibine或stibane BiH3: bismuthane
CH4: methane SiH4: silane
B2H6: diborane 无氧酸 无氧酸
命名规则:hydro-词根-ic acid
举例: HCl: hydrochloric acid
H2S : hydrosulfuric acid
3. Bases3. Bases Base = Metal cation + hydroxide
for example:
Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide
NaOH Sodium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide
Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide
4.盐(Salts)4.盐(Salts)(1). 正盐(Normal salt) :根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。
Normal salt = Cation + anion
for example:
HgSO4 Mercury(II) sulfate
Hg2SO4 Mercury(I) sulfate
KNO3 Potassium nitrate
Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate
NaClO Sodium hypochlorite
FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate or ferrous sulfate
KMnO4 potassium permanganate
null(2) 酸式盐:(Acidic salts)同正盐的读法,酸根中的H读做hydrogen,氢原子的个数用前缀表示。
Acidic salt = Cation + hydrogen + anion
for example:
NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate
Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate
NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfate
NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogen carbonate
或 Sodium bicarbonate (3).Basic salts(碱式盐)(3).Basic salts(碱式盐)Basic salt = Cation + hydroxy-anion
for example:
Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate
Ca(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychloride
Mg(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphosphate(4).复盐(Mixed salts):同正盐的读法。阳离子按照英文名字第一个字母的顺序排列。
(4).复盐(Mixed salts):同正盐的读法。阳离子按照英文名字第一个字母的顺序排列。
Mixed salt = Cation + cation’ + anion
for example:
NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfite
CaNH4PO4 calcium ammonium phosphate
AgLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate
NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfate
KNaCO3: potassuim sodium carbonate NaNH4HPO4: sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphate
null5)水合盐:结晶水读做water或hydrate
如 AlCl3∙6H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water
或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate
AlK(SO4)2∙12H2O: aluminium potassium sulfate 12-water5. Acids
(1). Per-(高酸), hydro-(负离子,氢酸),normal acid (its salt-ate,-ide)5. Acids
(1). Per-(高酸), hydro-(负离子,氢酸),normal acid (its salt-ate,-ide)Acid = Central element’s root -ic + acid
for example:
H2CO3 Carbonic acid
H2SO4 Sulfuric acid
H3PO4 Phosphoric acid
HNO3 Nitric acid
HClO4 Perchloric acid
HCl Hydrochloric acid
null(2). Meta- and hypo-acid ( its salt-ite)
Acid = Central element’s root -ous + acid
for example:
H2SO3 Sulfurous acid
H3PO3 Phosphorous acid
HNO2 Nitrous acid
HClO Hypochlorous acid
HClO2 Chlorous acid
含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子 采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子,价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀,不同的后缀。
高某酸 per-ic 正酸 –ic 亚酸 -ous 次酸 hypo-ous
高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 –ate 亚酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite
其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代
举例: HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ion
HClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ion
HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ion
HClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ion
H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid
HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid
HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion
络合物的命名(Naming coordination complex) 命名时先命名阳离子部分,最后命名阴离子部分,阴离子配体以字母顺序列出,中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在名称后标出。
K[BF4] potassium tetrafluoroborate(III)
K4[Fe(CN)6] potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate
[Co(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)]NO3
Diammine diaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate络合物的命名(Naming coordination complex)Naming coordination complexNaming coordination complex1. Ligands
(1). Negative ions as ligands
Ligand = Element’s root -o
for example:
CN- Cyano NO2- Nitro
F- Fluoro NO3- Nitrato
Cl- Chloro CO32- Carbonato
Br- Bromo CH3COO- Acetato
O2- Oxo H- Hydrido
OH- Hydroxo -O2CCO2- Oxalato
(2). Neutral molecules as ligand(2). Neutral molecules as ligandLigand = Radical name
for example:
NH3 Ammine
CO Carbonyl
H2O Aqua
CH3NH2 Methylamine
H2NCH2CH2NH2 Ethylenediamine
2. Complex ions2. Complex ions(1). Neutral complex or complex ions with
positive charge
Complex ion = n-Ligand-metal ion(N)
for example:
Ag(NH3)2+ Diamminesilver(I)
Cu(NH3)42+ Tetraamminecopper(II)
[Co(NH3)3(NO2)3] Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III)
null常见配体的名称(2).Complex ions with negative charge(2).Complex ions with negative chargeComplex ion =n-Ligand-metal’s root-ate(N)
for example:
[Fe(CN)6]4- Hexafluoroferrate(II)
[BF4]- Tetrafluoroborate(III)
[AlF6]3- Hexafluoroaluminate(III)
[AuCl4]- Tetrachloroaurate(III)
3.Naming complex3.Naming complexComplex = Cation + anion
for example:
Li[AlH4] Lithium tetrahydroaluminate(III)
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride
K4[Fe(CN)6] Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate
Ni(CO)4 Tetracarbonylnickel(0)
ExerciseExerciseH2SO4 HCl HNO3 HNO2
HCN Na2S CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3
HClO4 KCN NH4Cl NaClO
NaOH Mn(OH)2 Fe2O3 P2O5
H2O2 K2Cr2O7 Cu2(OH)2CO3
CaHPO4 PtCl42-
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl K4[Fe(CN)6]
AnswerAnswerH2SO4 sulfuric acid
HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid
HNO3 nitric acid
HNO2 nitrous acid
HCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid
Na2S sodium sulfide
CuSO4 copper (II) sulfate or cupric sulfate
Fe(NO3)3 iron (III) nitrate or ferric nitrate
HClO4 perchloric acid
KCN potassium cyanide
NH4Cl ammonium chlorideAnswerAnswerNaClO sodium hypochlorite
NaOH sodium hydroxide
Mn(OH)2 Manganese(II) hydroxide
Fe2O3 iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide
P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide
H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate
Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate
CaHPO4 calcium hydrogen phosphate
PtCl42- tetrachloroplatinum(II)
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride
K4[Fe(CN)6] Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)二 有机物的命名二 有机物的命名1 烷烃(alkanes)
1.1 直链烷烃 烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外,其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾(-ane)来命名,10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。
如:甲烷 methane 乙烷 ethane 丙烷 propane
丁烷 butane 戊烷 pentane 己烷 hexane
庚烷 heptane 辛烷 octane 壬烷 nonane
癸烷 decane 十一烷 undecane 十二烷 dodecane
null Alkane = Number prefix-ane
for example:
CH4 Methane CH3CH2CH3 Propane
CH3CH3 Ethane CH3(CH2)2CH3 Butane
CH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 Hexane
CH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 Octane
CH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane
11~19Alkane = Number prefix-decane
for example:
11-alkane Undecane
12-alkane Dodecane
13-alkane Tridecane
14-alkane Tetradecane
15-alkane Pentadecane
16-alkane Hexadecane
17-alkane Heptadecane
18-alkane Octadecane
19-alkane Nonadecane
20-alkane Icosane
21~29 Alkane = Number prefix-cosane
for example:
21-alkane Henicosane
22-alkane Docosane
23-alkane Tricosane
24-alkane Tetracosane
25-alkane Pentacosane
30-Alkane Triacontane
31~39Alkane = Number prefix-triacontane for example: 31-Alkane Hentriacontane
32-Alkane Dotriacontane
33-Alkane Tritriacontane
34-Alkane Tetratriacontane
35-Alkane pentatriacontane
36-Alkane Hexatriacontane 40~90Alkane = Number prefix-contane
for example:
40 Alkane Tetracontane
50 Alkane Pentacontane
60 Alkane Hexacontane
70 Alkane Heptacontane
80 Alkane Octacontane
90 Alkane Nonacontane
100 Alkane Hectanenull 1.2 含支链烷烃和烷基
命名含支链的烷烃时,可把它们视为直链烷烃,但分別是某些氢(hydrogen)原子被称为烷基(alkyl groups)的原子取代。命名烷基时,只需把“基”(-yl)字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。
如: CH3- Methyl CH3-(CH2)9-CH2- Undecyl
CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3 3- Methylpentane
Univalent radicalsUnivalent radicals Radical = Alk -yl
for example:
CH3- Methyl
CH3CH2- Ethyl
CH3CH2CH2- Propyl
CH3(CH2)2CH2- Butyl
Saturated branched-chain hydrocarbonSaturated branched-chain hydrocarbonbranched-chain hydrocarbon =
n-Radical+alkane
for example:
Univalent branched radicalsUnivalent branched radicalsRadical = Alk -yl
for example:
Polyside chain hydrocarbonPolyside chain hydrocarbonButyl>Ethyl>Isopropyl>Methyl>Propyl
for example:
null 对取代的烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加“异”(iso-)、“仲”(sec-)、“叔”(tert-)、“新”(neo-)等字命名。下面是一些符合条件的烷基,其系统命名和普通命名如下:
(CH3)2CH-CH- 2-Methylpropyl isobutyl
CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)- 1-Methylpropyl secbutyl
(CH3)3C- 1,1-Dimethylethyl tertbutyl
CH3-CH2-C(CH3)2- 1,1-Dimethylpropyl tertpentyl
(CH3)3C-CH2- 2,2-Dimethylpropyl neopentyl1.3 一些可采用普通命名的支链烷烃:
(CH3)2CH-CH3 Isobutane
(CH3)2CH-CH2-CH3 Isopentane
(CH3)4C Neopentane
(CH3)2CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 Isohexanenull 1.4 复杂的烷烃
结构较复杂的烷烃不能用普通命名法命名,只能采用系统命名法。选最长的碳链为主链,按相应的直链烷烃命名,从一端向另一端编号,支链作为取代基放在母体名称前,编号时使支链的编号尽可能小且支链的排列按基团的字母顺序。
如:
3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane
4-ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptanenull 复杂的烷烃命名时须注意分子中有两个等长碳链时,按以下原则进行比较:
1)带支链数目较多者为主链,例如:
2,3,5-Trimethyl-4-propylheptane
2)支链定位号较小者为主链
4-Isobutyl-2,5-dimethylheptane2 烯烃和炔烃(alkenes and alkynes)2 烯烃和炔烃(alkenes and alkynes) 2.1 命名
烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷”(ane)改为“烯”(ene)或“炔”(yne),名称前加上不饱和键的编号即可。当所带的双键或叁键不止一个时,可在前边加上di、tri、tetra等数字来表示。有些简单的烯炔类化合物可用普通名称。例如:
CH2=CH2 Ethene
CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3 1-Pentene
CH2=C=CH2 1,2-Propadiene
Ethyne
1,3-ButadiyneNaming unsaturated hydrocarbon Naming unsaturated hydrocarbon 2.1 Unbranched acyclic alkene
Alkene = Number prefix-ene
for example:
C-C-C-C=C-C 2-Hexene
C-C=C Propene
C-C=C-C 2-Butene
C-C-C-C=C 1-Pentene
Poly-enePoly-enen-Alkene =Alk-a-n-ene
n=2 -adiene
n=3 -atriene
n=4 -atetraene
for example:
C-C=C-C=C-C=C 1,3,5-Heptatriene
C=C-C=C 1,3-Butadiene
C-C=C-C=C 1,3-PentadienenullAlkyne Alkyne Alkyne = Alk-yne (-a-n-yne)
n=2 -adiyne
n=3 -atriyne
for exanmple:
null 2.2 烯炔的命名
烃类分子中同时含有双键和叁键时成为烯炔,命名时烯在前炔在后,双键的编号写在前面,叁键的定位号写在表示炔烃词尾之前。例如:
1,3-Hexadien-5-yne
3-Penten-1-yne
Unsaturated hydrocarbon with
both double and triple bondsUnsaturated hydrocarbon with
both double and triple bondsAlkenyne = Number prefix-en-yne
Two ene + one yne -adien-?-yne
Three ene+ one yne -atrien-?-yne
One ene + two yne -en-?-diyne
for example:
nullnull 系统命名中,应选含不饱和键最多且最长的直链。如分子中有两条直链具有相同数目的不饱和键时,取碳原子数较多者为主链。如碳原子数相同,则取含双键数目较多者为主链。例如:
3,4-Dipropyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne
4-Vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne
5-Ethynyl-1,3,6-heptatriene
null2.3 不饱和烃基的命名
不饱和烃基的命名类似于饱和烃基,但需要标出不饱和键的位置。有些简单的不饱和烃基可用俗名。例如:
CH3-CH=CH- 1-Propenyl
CH2=CH-CH=CH- 1,3-Butadienyl
CH2=CH- Vinyl Ethynyl
CH2=CH-CH2- Allyl CH2=C(CH3)- Isopropenyl
2-Propynyl
2-Penten-4-ynyl
Alkene radical=Alken-yl
Alkyne radical=Alkyn-ylnullAlkene radical=Alken-yl
Alkyne radical=Alkyn-yl
for example:
null2.4 多价基的命名
1) 两个自由价在同一