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2012成人高考专升本英语笔记概括

2013-11-23 34页 doc 224KB 17阅读

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2012成人高考专升本英语笔记概括 2012成人高考专升本英语笔记概括 数词   一、数词的分类: 数词分为序数词(one,two,three,four…)、基数词(first,second,third,fourth…)和分数词(one third,two thirds,four fifths…)。表示单一的数词与单数名词连用,但有些数词和名词连用,表示复数时仍用单数形式。   four dozen eggs(四十八个鸡蛋),two score people (四十个人),three hundred years(三百年),a few thousand hor...
2012成人高考专升本英语笔记概括
2012成人高考专升本英语笔记概括 数词   一、数词的分类: 数词分为序数词(one,two,three,four…)、基数词(first,second,third,fourth…)和分数词(one third,two thirds,four fifths…)。表示单一的数词与单数名词连用,但有些数词和名词连用,表示复数时仍用单数形式。   four dozen eggs(四十八个鸡蛋),two score people (四十个人),three hundred years(三百年),a few thousand horses (好几千匹马),eight million pounds (八百万英磅)。   注意:被这些数词修饰的名词一定是复数,反过来,如果被修饰的名词是复数,那么就用数词的单数形式,如a(one)thousand years。  二、关于“千”“百”“百万”的数词: 如果“hundred”、“thousand”和“million”前边没有表示数字和其他限定词修饰时(如“a few”、“one”、“ ten”等),则可用复数形式,表示不定数,后面再加“of+名词”:hundreds of (数以百计的),thousands and thousands of (成千上万的),millions of (数以百万计的)。 三、关于连字符连接的数词:在连字符连接的“数词+普通名词+形容词”中,“数词”和“普通名词”都要用单数形式。   a three year old girl,a three mile long walk   四、基数词中表示“几十”的复数形式可以表达人的岁数或年代。   He is in his late twenties. 他快30了。   五、分数词:分数词是由基数词和序数词组成的,分子是基数词,分母是序数词。除了表示“1”以外,分母序数词都用复数。   六、百分数: 表示百分比的percent用单数,如ninty percent(90%)。 冠 词   冠词有两种,一是不定冠词a/an,另外一种是定冠词the(有的语法学家说有三种冠词,这另外一种是零念冠词,这里我们不讨论)。   一、不定冠词及其用法   1. 可数名词在表泛指时,要加不定冠词“a/an”表示“一个”,“每一”相当于one或表示某一;   2. a用在辅音音素(即音标中的辅音而不是辅音字母)之前,如a European scientist.an用在元音音素(音标中的元音而不是指元音字母)之前,如an X—ray examination;   3. 跟汉语一样,并列的两个单数名词表示一个概念,第二个名词前的不定冠词a可以省去,以避免重复。   二、定冠词的用法   1. 一般来说,普通名词有特指和泛指,如果特指,就要加定冠词;如果泛指,可数名词前加不定冠词,或用其复数形式;   2. 定冠词the主要和名词连用,表示某些特定的人或事物;   3. 由of引起的限定性短语(作定语)所修饰的词前加the;   4. 表示身体的某一部位,用the代替物主代词my,our,your,his,her等;   5. 表示江河海洋,海峡海湾,山脉和群岛及有些湖泊之前用the;   6. 定冠词the加姓氏的复数,表示某某一家人,如果做主语,谓语动词要用复数;   7. 当一个抽象名词,不表示一般的概念而是表示某一特定的内容时加定冠词the;   8. 由普通名词和一些其他词构成的专有名词前加the。   the People's Republic of China 三、同步练习   1. ____rose is____beautiful flower.   2.Mr. Smith always smokes____cigarette with ____cup of coffee.   3.____door of____garage is broken.   4.____donkeys are ____ stupid animals.   5.____bread is made from ____ flour,and ____flour is made from ____wheat.   6.She is ____good musician;she plays ____piano beautifully.   7.Thousands of ____visitors go to ____Great Wall every ____day.   8.When he was enghteen,he joined ____navy.   9.He sent me ____letter and ____postcard;____letter didn‘t arrive.   10.Li is not at ____office;I think he's gone____home.   11.Is there ____telephone here?   12.She is studying ____English and ____French.   13.I bought ____pen and some paper,but I left____pen in ____shop.   14.____machine is made of ____steel and ____copper.   15.____honesty is ____best policy.   16.____coal is 60 dollars ____ton at the moment.   17.I stay at ____home last night and listened to ____radio.   18.We went to Paris and saw ____Palace of Versailles.   19.He goes back to ____ country to see his people once ____year.   20.____Liu's are going to ____cinema.    四、   1.the(或 a),a 2.a,a 3.the,the 4.x,x 5.x,x,x,x 6.a,the   7.x,the,x 8.the 9.a,a,the 10.the,x 11.a 12.x,x 13.a,the,the   14.the,x,x 15.x,the 16.x,a 17.x,the 18.x,the 19.the,a 20.the,the 形容词、副词 一、形容词比较级和最高级的构成:   形容词的比较级和最高级变化形式规则如下   构成法原级比较级最高级   ① 一般单音节词末尾加er和est    strong stronger strongest   ② 单音节词如果以e结尾,只加r和st    strange stranger strangest   ③ 闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母,须先双写这个辅音字母,再加er和est     sad    hot sadder    hotter saddest    hottest   big    bigger     biggest     ④ 少数以y,er(或ure),ow,ble结尾的双音节词,末尾加er和est(以y结尾的词,如y前是辅音字母,把y变成i,再加er和est,以e结尾的词仍只加r和st)   angry    noble angrier    nobler angrest   clever    cleverer    cleverest   narrow    narrower    narrowest    noblest   ⑤ 其他双音节和多音节词都在前面加单词more和most     different     more different     most different 二、形容词比较级或最高级的特殊形式:   1. 三个或三个以上音节的形容词只能加more和most   只能说more beautiful而不能说beautifuller;只能说the most beautiful而不能说beautifullest.   但是,以形容前缀un结尾的三音节形容词不适合上述情况,如unhappy,untidy,我们可以说:unhappier→unhappiest,untidier→untidiest   2. 由ing分词和ed分词演变过来的形容词(包括不规则动词如know→known)只能加more或most来表示它们的比较级和最高级。   more(most)striking,more(most)interesting,more(most)wounded,more(most)worn等。   3. 英语里有些形容词由于其词义而不可能有比较级形式   absolute   fatal   main   right   universal   chief   final   naked   simulta-utter   entire   foremost   perfect   neous   vital   eternal   inevitable   possible   sufficient   whole   excellent   infinite   primary   supreme   wooden   三、不规则形容词的比较级和最高级形式:   good  well better best   Bad ill worse worst   Many much more most   Little few less least   far farther farthest further furthest 副词比较级和最高级的形式   副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样   一般副词   hard→harder →hardest   fast→faster →fastest   late→later →latest   early→earlier →earliest   特殊副词   well →better →best   much →more →most   badly →worse →worst   little →less →least 但是,开放类副词即以后缀ly结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加er或est,如quickly →more quickly →most quickly quietly →more quietly →most quietly   [注]:early中的ly不是后缀,故可以把y变i再加er和est。 一、原级比较的基本用法   1. 原级比较由“as+形容词或副词(或再加名词或短语)+as ”构成“原级相同”比较句,表示两者比较;其否定式,即“程度不及”比较句型为“not so(as)+形容词或副词+as”,而且as…as结构前可用just,almost,nearly,quite等表示程度的词修饰。   2. “as (so)+名词+as+名词”进行名词比较,这时一般情况下有一个表示原级的比较词,但如果第一名词前出现了形容词修饰该词或出现副词修饰谓语,应当用so而不用as。    二、比较级   1. 比较级由“形容词(副词)比较级+than+…,”构成表示在两者中间一方比另一方“更加…”。连词than后可接句子,也可接名词、代词、名词短语、介词短语、动词、动词不定式、ing结构和ed结构,有时也可省去than。   2. 注意than前后两项相比较的人或事物要一致    三、最高级   1. 最高级用于三者以上比较,形容词的结构形式是“定冠词+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句”(如all,of all,of the tree,in the world,that has ever taken place等)。   2. 副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于最高级前没有定冠词the。    形容词和副词的特殊表达法   一、形容词与副词的同级比较:由“as(so)…as”引出,其否定式为“not so…”或“not as…as”,此外还应注意下列含有“as”结构或短语的句子。   1. as such:表示上文所指明的事或人。   He is a child,and must be treated as such. 是个孩子,必须被当作孩子对待。   2. as much:表示“与…同量”   Take as much as you like. 拿多少都行。   I would gladly have paid twice as much for it. 就是价格再贵一倍,我也会愿 意把它买下的。   He as much as admitted the whole story. 他几乎全部承认了。   3. as many:表示“与…一样多”   I found six mistakes in as many lines. 我在六行中发现了六个错。    二、表示“几倍于”的比较级:用twice (两倍),four times (四倍),ten times (十倍)加上as … as 结构   This one is four times as big as that one. 这个是那个的四倍大。(这个比那个大三倍。)     Our campus is three times as large as yours. 我们的校园比你们的大两倍。   He has books twice as many as she does. 他的书比她多一倍。   三、“the same +名词+as”表示同等比较。   四、比较级前可用a little,a bit,slightly,a great deal,a lot,many,much等词语表示不定量,far,completely,still表示程度或更进一步。   五、与比较级有关的特殊词用法   1. no more than …表示“只不过”,“并不比…”(等于not any more than)   Man cannot live without food any more than plants can grow without sunshine.   人没有食物不能生存,植物没有阳光也不能生长。   There is no difficulty with this task any more than with that one.   这项任务没有困难,那项任务也没有困难。   2. no less than 表示“不亚于”   There are no less than five hundred people present at the New Year party.   出席新年晚会的有五百人之多。(出席的人较多)   3. not less than 表示“不少于”   There are not less than five hundred people present at the New Year party.   出席新年晚会的只有五百人。(出席的人较不多)   4. more often than not 表示“多数情况下”   On Friday mornings,he comes late more often than not.   多数情况下,他星期五来得晚。   5. all the more 因而更加   We really admired him all the more for his frankness. 我们更加钦佩他的坦率。   6. (be)better off 较富裕,环境较好   7. had better 最好……   Come,you had much better have the thing out at once.来,你最好把这东西弄出去。   8. less than 不到   The first steam locomotive could have a top speed of only thirteen mph(miles per hour)and the great sailing ships of the time labored along at less than half that speed.第一列蒸汽火车最快每小时只有13英里,那时的大船还不到这个速度的一半。   9. little more than 差不多   The grain in their barn is little more than that of ours.   他们仓的粮食跟我们仓的粮食差不多。   10. more than 超过,不止   I have waited for your for more than two hours. 我等了你两个多小时。   11. more or less 大体上,或多或少   The work is more or less finished. 工作大体算完成了。   Most of them came here to near money,more or less Mr.Wang worked for his cause.他们大都来挣钱的,但王先生有点像为事业而工作。   12. other than 除了   They imposed no pre conditions other than that the meeting should be held in their capital. 除了会议要在他们的首都开之外,他们没有提出任何先决条件。   13. rather than 而不是,与其…宁愿(rather than表示“与其…宁愿”时,如果位于句首引导句子,有虚拟的成分,相当于“… would rathe than,”所以rather than后面跟动词原形)   Read what interests you;read what you have time for magazines and newspapers rather than novels.   读你感兴趣的东西,读你有时间读的东西,如杂志和报纸而不是小说。   Rather than allow the potatoes to go bad,she sold them at half price.   她以半价把土豆给卖了,而没有让它们烂掉。   Rather than cause trouble,he left.   为了不惹事,他还是走了。   14. so much the better 就更好了   If she will help us,so much the better.   如果他能帮我们,那就更好了。   15. so much the worse 就更糟了   So much the worse for you if you still are absent from class.   如果你继续逃课的话,就对你更不利了。   16. the more…the more(less)“越是……,就越……”   六、比较中的省略   1. 在as…as中,as从句可省略整个谓语部分,保留主语。   She sings as well as her sister. 她跟她的姐姐唱得一样好(省去了does)。   2. 可以省去谓语部分,保留主语和be、have等助动词。   Susan has done as much housework as you have. (省去了done.)   3. 可以省去主语和谓语,只剩下状语。   It is not as cold in Beijing as in Datong. 北京的天气没有大同冷。   4. than从句也可以省去整个谓语部分,保留主语。   They say that blood is thicker than water,that our relatives are more important to us than others. 他们说血浓于水,亲属对我们来说比其他人更重要。   5. than从句省去部分谓语,保留主语和be,have或助动词   The white collar workers earn more than the blue workers do.   白领工人比蓝领工人挣得多。   这时我们可以进行倒装,即将than后从句中的be,have或助动词移到该从句的前边。   After all,big changes are relatively easier to make than are small ones.   相对来说,大变动比小变动毕竟容易些。   The fact is that some drug addicts are much better able to cure addiction in each other than are psychiatrists;some convicts can run better rehabilitation programs for convicts than do correctional officers;some patients in mental hospitals are better for each other than is the staff.   事实上,有些吸毒成瘾者与吸毒成瘾者之间戒瘾比精神病医生的作用还好;有些罪犯在改造其他罪犯方面比教改人员强;医院里的病人与病人之间的沟通比医务人员与病 人间的沟通还强。   6. than从句可以省去主语和部分谓语,保留宾语。   Grandma gives more candies to her grandson than her granddaughter. 奶奶给孙子的糖比给孙女的多。(省去了she gives candies to)   7. than从句可以省去主语和谓语,保留状语。   There are more books in this library than in that library. 这个图书馆的书比那个多。(省去了there are many books)   She is much better than yesterday. 她比昨天好多了。(省去了she was)   Signs of dishonesty in school,business,and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past. 近些年来在学校、商业和政府中欺诈的迹象比以前更多。   8. than从句可以省去主语,保留谓语部分。   His speed of doing the work was much faster than had expected. 他干此事的速度远比想象的快。(省去了he或we)   9. 有时可以省去整个than从句。   He is much healthier and happier. 她比以往任何时侯都健康幸福。(省去了than he was ever before)   10. 为了避免重复,我们经常用that代替不可数名词, those代替复数名词,one代替可数名词单数。   七、隐含比较级   有时比较级并不一定出现than,这时通过上下文可喑示出,如:-Of the two oranges,which do you choose? -I like the larger one.这里的larger one是指前边提到的两个当中的较大的一个。而且有些形容词在表示比较的时候,跟“to”而不用“than”。   1. prior to 较早的,较重要的   The task is prior to all others. 这项任务比其他所有的任务都重要。   I called on him prior to my departure. 动身前我去看了他一趟。   2. superior to优越,高于   In math he felt superior to John. 他觉得自己比约翰强。   They were resolved to rise superior to every obstacle. 他们决心战胜一切困难。   3. inferior to 下等的,次的   These apples are inferior in flavour to those. 这些苹果的味道不如那些。   4. senior to 年长的,地位高的;junior年幼的,地位低的,迟的   He is two years senior to me. 他比我大两岁。   Her appointment is junior to mine by six weeks. 她的任命比我迟六星期。   5. preferable to 更好的   Health without riches is preferable to riches without health.   贫穷但健康要比富有却多病更可取。   6. prefer…to 更倾向于…   I prefer this to that. 我喜欢这个而不喜欢那个。   八、最高级在特殊短语中的使用:在有下列短语的句子中,往往使用最高级   1. one of…  2. in the world(或群体名词)   九、其他有关比较的习惯表达法   1. “as +形容词(副词)+as possible”结构,表示“最…,尽可能…”:“as quickly as possible”(尽量快)   2. “ sooner or later”是成语,表示“迟早、早晚”   3. “would rather +动词原形+than …”是惯用句型,表示“宁愿…而不愿…”,由于连词than 要求前后所比较的成分要一致   十、most表示“非常”: 有时most并不表示“最……”,而是作副词表示“非常”之意。其实它是much的最高级,作形容词用是“大多数”之意,前边不加the.另外much与to构成介词词组,表示“在很大程度上使……”that也可以作副词用,表示“如此,那么”相当于so。   十一、形容词与副词的修饰关系: 一般来说,形容词用来作表语(与系动词连用,注意taste,feel,become等词作系动词用时,它们后的表示应该是形容词,包括ed分词)或作定语修饰名词,而形容词不能修饰形容词包括ed分词;但副词可以修饰形容词(包括ed分词),副词还可以修饰副词、动词或短语。   十二、形容词与副词的位置   1. 当几个形容词共同修饰同一名词时,它们的先后顺序是:限定词→数词→描述性形容词→大小、长短、形状的形容词→色彩形容词→类属形容词→表材料形容词+被修饰的名词;或只记住限定词像a,the,my,their等词在最前边,其他词根据它们与被修饰名词关系的远近进行安排。   2. 一般来说,单个副词修饰形容词时,副词放在形容词前;但enough修饰形容词时要放在形容词之后。   good enough,mysterious enough   3. so修饰的是副词,而such修饰的是名词   4. 形容词修饰名词时放在前边,但修饰复合不定代词(something,someone,somebody;anything,anyone,anybody;nothing,noone,nobody)时,则放在这些词之后。   something important,anything possible   十三、关于hardly, rarely, scarcely与seldom的用法   hardly“刚刚,不完全”,表示程度:I hardly know him. “我几乎认不出他了”,表示还是能认出或者说“我刚刚能认出他”;hardly与any连用表示“几乎没有”,与ever连用表示“几乎从来不”;scarcely的意思与hardly更接近。rarely“不经常”,表示事物发生的频率:He rarely goes there. 他很少(不经常)去那里。seldom“很少,不经常”,它与rarely更接近。 代词 代词分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、关系代词和连接代词,它们在句子中承担不同的功用。   人称代词 一、主格人称代词有I,we,you,he,she,they,it,主格人称代词就是在句中充当主语和表语的代词。   二、宾格人称代词有me,us,you,him,her,them,it,宾格人称代词即在句中充当宾语(含介词宾语)的代词。   物主代词 一、表示人的物主代词用my,our,your,his,her和their,指无生命的东西用its(但指国家时一般用she或her),它们在句中作定语   二、名词型物主代词能作表语(It's theirs)、主语(Mine is there)、宾语(I don't like hers),与of连用可以作定语(the food of theirs)。   反身代词 一、反身代词有myself,ourselves,yourselves,himself,herself,themselves,itself.主语与宾语为同一人或物时,要用反身代词(否则就不能用反身代词),反身代词也可放在名词或代词(主格)后面(也可放在句尾)起强调作用。 不定代词 一、“every”(每一个)只作为定语使用,即必须在其后加上单数可数名词构成名词短语,它不可与everyone(每一个)混淆。everyone相当于名词,它不可修饰其他名词,只作主语或宾语。   二、“much”和“many”分别修饰不可数名词和可数名词,可作为代词(如much of)和形容词使用。   三、“some”和“any”是表示不定数量的代词,相当于汉语的“一些”,作定语可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词,其中some(包括它的合成词something,someone,somebody)多用于肯定句,而any(包括它的合成词anything,anyone,anybody)则用于疑问句和否定句中,其中any在否定句中相当于汉语中的“任何”;形容词修饰something,someone,somebody,anything,anyone,anybody,nothing,nobody时,形容词要放在这些词的后边。   四、“another”和“other”分别表示“另外的一个”(an+other)和“另外的”“其余的”意思,可以用作定语修饰名词或单独作主语与宾语,其中前者只用来修饰或指代单数可数名词,后者修饰单复数名词和不可数名词,二者不能相互混淆 五、one与other “one”作为代词代替前面提到的人或物,它前边加the;“other”作代词修饰复数名词。“one…another”表示“一个…另一个”的意思,或表示多个(三者以上)之中的“另一个”,“又一个”; “one…the other”表示两者之中剩下的“另一个,又一个”。 六、 “few”和“little”两者分别为“many”和“much”的反义词,表示“少,很少”的意思,有否定含义,即等于“几乎没有”,如若表示肯定的含义,则应在little和few前加不定冠词“a”,即变为“a few”和“a little” 七、 “a great deal (of)” (大量)只作为限定语修饰不可数名词或在句中指代不可数名词作主语或宾语   八、“nothing but”表示“只不过,就是,只有”   He is nothing but a singer. 他只不过是个唱歌的。   Nothing but a miracle can save us. 只有奇迹才能救我们。   九、“anything but” 表示“根本不,并不”   She is anything but beautiful. 她并不美。   John is anything but a liar. 约翰决不是个骗子。   十、“something of” 表示“略有”   He has seen something of life. 他略有阅历。   I'm something of a cook. 我略懂烹饪。 (试比较)   He is not much of a scholar. 他算不上个很好(高明)的学者。   十一、“none other than”表示“就是”   The new arrival was none other than the President. 刚到的那人就是总统本人。   我们要注意none other than 与 other than 的区别,后者表示“与……不同”   I do not wish him other than he is. 我不希望他改变现状。   The truth is quite other than what we think. 事实与我们所想的不一样。   十二、“none”有时可作副词,表示“一点也不”   We did the work none too well. 我们活干得一点也不好。   十三、nowhere可用以成语:be nowhere一无所得,一事无成;get nowhere一事无成,nowhere near离……很远。   十四、有些不定代词同时也是形容词,或有其他的含义   He is all attention,and she is all eyes. 他十分留意,她也注意力集中。   Everybody who is anybody (somebody)at all will be at the dance.   [句中的“anybody(somebody)”在此当“大人物,重要人物”讲。]   连接代词:是用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,连接代词有 what,who,whom,whose,which。   一、what可引导名词性从句,作主语和表语。“what”兼具先行词和关系代词的性质,what=the thing(things)that    二、代词who(m),which和what可以和ever构成复合代词(whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever),它们起强调作用,都兼具先行词和关系词的作用。表示“所有,一切”意。whoever和whomever作为复合代词,前边有介词,如果单纯作介词的宾语用whomever;如果介词后边的复合代词引导从句,则用whoever。   三、有时这些复合代词还可以引起状语       情态动词 有can(能),may(可以),must(必须),have to(不得不),ought to(应该),dare(敢),used to(过去经常),had better(最好),would rather(宁愿)。在肯定句中它们后边都要接动词原形。在否定句中,can,may,must和dare后边加not;have to和ought to分别在have和ought后加not;used to的否定式可用used not to,也可用didn't use to,但后者用得较多;had better和would rather的否定式分别是had better not和would rather not。这些情态动词与现在完成时连用在某种意义上有一定的虚拟性。   肯定句和否定句中的情态动词 一、情态动词的现在式在肯定句中的比较   1. can表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”、“技能”或根据客观条件能做某种动作的“可能性”,但表示人体力或智力的具体动作时须用be able to。   1)Mild forms of execrise can some of the loss of flexibility that accompanies aging.   [A] stop[B] to stop[C] stopping[D] be stopped   He was able to do that without any help.他不需要任何帮助就能完成这项工作。   2. may表示“允许,可以”,相当于be allowed to   2)If there is social or political change in a region [A] where a standard language [B] is spoken,local varieties [C] of the language may developing [D] .   may或might可和as well连用,表示“建议”,译为“还是……的为好”   You may as well keep a certain distance from that mad man. 你们还是离那疯子远点为好。   You might as well go home now.你还是现在回家为好。   3. must表示“必须”或“应当”、“一定”   3)The formation of snow must be occurring [A] slowly [B] ,in calm air,and at a temperature near [C] the freezing point [D] .   4. have to 加动词原形,表示“不得不”,“必须”,它比must更强调客观   Tom had to work into the deep night everyday to earn a living. 汤姆为了生计每天都得工作到深夜。   5. should 表示“劝告”,“建议”或“义务”时,译作“应当”,或表示“预测”和“可能”   He should take care of his parents as they are old enough not to live on themselves. 由于父母亲老了,不能自理,他应当照顾他们。   He should be there now. 他可能到了。   should have done在虚拟语气中表示“责备或后悔”   6. ought ,只有一种形式,即ought后必须加to,然后跟接动词原形表示“有义务”或“必要”做某事,译为“应当,应该”   4)The traditional goal of science is to discover how things are,not how they ought .   [A] to[B] to be[C] be[D] have been   5)You are quite right;I am inferring in my comments [A] that McGraw had not ought to [B] have broken [C] in the room without his permission [D] .   7. dare 可以用作情态动词,后面跟不带to的动词不定式,这主要用于否定句中,它本身可有现在时第三人称单数,词尾加s,它还可以有ing分词形式(daring)和过去式及ed分词形式(dared)   6)Although Oriental ideas of woman's subordination to man prevailed in those days,she meet with men on an equal basis.   [A] did not dared [B] dared not [C] dared not to [D] did dare not to   二、情态动词在一般时否定句中的用法   can't(can not,cannot) 表示“不可能”,may not 表示“不可以”,mustn't(must not)表示“一定不要”,“不许可”,needn't (need not)表示“不必”,dare not +动词原形 表示“不敢”   He can't finish his essay by this time. 现在他不可能写完论文。   He may not sleep now. 他或许现在没在睡觉。   You mustn't criticize her in that way. 你不应那样批评她。   You needn't come tomorrow. 你明天没必要来了。   He dared not meet his fiance. 他不敢见女朋友。   三、例题解析   1)正确答案为A。由于情态动词can要求跟动词原形,所以B和C都不对,can后虽然有被动形式,但在意义上和语法上与横线后部分都无法衔接,所以D也错。   2)D错。改为develop。may后要求跟动词原形,而developing是现在分词,显然不符合要求,所以应改为develop。   3)A错。改用 must occur,此处叙说的是客观现象,而非强调正在发生的事,故用一般现在时。   4)B为正确答案。  5)B错。改为ought not to。 6)B为正确答案。 四、must+have+ed分词:用于肯定句,表示对过去情况的一种肯定推测,表示“肯定,一定”   1)It around nine o'clock               when I drove back home because it was already dark.   [A] had to be [B] must have been [C] was to be [D] must be   2)John's score on the test               is the highest in the class.   [A] he should study last night   [B] he should have studied last night   [C] he must have studied last night[D] he must had to study last night   3)After searching [A] for evidence in the house,the police concluded [B] that the thief must have come in [C] through the window and stole [D] the silver while the family was asleep.   五、may (might)+have+ ed分词:用于肯定句和否定句,表示对已发生事情的不肯定的推测,相当于“可能,大概,”其中might较may 语气更弱,把握更小   She might have gone to see her doctor last week,but I am not sure. 上星期或许她去看医生了,但我不敢肯定。 Don't worry,your husband may not have been hurt seriously.   别急,你丈夫也许伤得不厉害。   六、should(ought to)+have+ ed分词:肯定句表示过去本应发生的事却没有发生;否定句表示已发生了本不该发生的事。前者可译为“本应,”后者为“本不该”   You should have apologized to her for not soon replying to the letter. 你本应向她道歉,为什么没能及时回信。(可你没这么做)   4)You yesterday if you were really serious about your work.   [A] ought to come [B] ought to be coming [C] ought to have come [D] ought have come 七、can(not)+have+ ed分词   He is an hour late —— He can have been delayed by fog. Of course,that's a possibility.他迟到了1小时,可能因为大雾而耽搁了。当然这只是可能性问题。   The poem can not have been written by her since she was only five years old then.这诗不可能是她写的,因为她那时才5岁。   八、“could+have+ ed分词”有时用于表示过去的时间,说明某事可能或不可能已发生;有时可表示过去本来可以做某事,但却未做   I simply can't understand how he could have made such a mistake. 我简直不明白他怎么会犯那样的错误。   He walked there,but he could have taken a taxi. 他走着去了,可当时完全可以坐出租。   “couldn't+have+ ed分词”还表示无论如何也不可能或没有做到   I couldn't have called you. I wasn't near a telephone. 反正我也不可能给你打电话,我附近没有电话。   5)“We didn't see him at the lecture yesterday.”He it.   [A] mustn't attended[B] couldn't have attended[C] would have not attended[D] needn't have attended   九、needn't+have+ ed分词:表示对过去不必做的事情却做了,可译为“其实不必”   6)You all these parcels yourself.The shop would have delivered the    if you had asked a shop assistant.   [A] didn't need to carry[B] needn't have carried[C] needn't carry[D] didn't need carry   十、used to 表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在已不存在,在否定陈述句中,一般用didn't use
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