命名

nullnull烷烃 Alkane, Paraffins The names for several of unbranched alkanes are as follows.Table Methane甲 Ethane乙 Propane丙 Butane丁 Pentane戊 Hexane己 Heptane庚 Octane辛 Nonane壬 Decane癸 Undecane十一烷null烷基: Alkyl –ane 变成 -yl: methyl ethyl butyl propyl CH3-H becomes CH3- Me- Methane Methyl CH3CH2-H becomes CH3CH2- Et- Ethane Ethyl CH3CH2CH2CH2-H becomes CH3CH2CH2CH2- Bu- Butane ButylnullNomenclature of Branched-Chain Alkanes Nomenclature of Branched Alkyl Groups null烷基名+idene 二价基 烷基各+idyne 三价基nullNomenclature of Alkyl Halides卤代烃: CH3CH2Cl CH3CH2CH2F CH3CHBrCH3 Chloroethane 1-Fluoropropane 2-BromopropanenullNomenclature of CycloalkanesnullnullnullNomenclature of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes 烯烃 alkenes: -ane变成-ene:Indicate the locations of the substituent groups by the numbers of the carbon atoms to which they are attached.烯基名: 将烯中的-ene换成-enyl: Ethenyl, 1-propenylnullnullNomenclature of Alkynes: -ane换成-yne炔基: -yne换成-ynylnull芳烃 苯 Benzene 苯基 phenyl 甲苯 toluene 甲苯基 tolyl 二甲苯 xylene 二甲苯基 xylyl 1,3,5-三甲苯 mesitylene 三甲苯基 mesityl 苄基 benzyl 苯亚甲基 benzal or benzylidene 萘 naphthalene 恩 anthracene 菲 phenanthrenenull芳烃衍生物 nitrobenzene nitrotoluene benzyl chloride苄氯 benzol chloride氯苯 Chlorobenzene 杂环化合物: Aza 示氮 Oxa 表示氧 Thia 表示硫nullNomenclature of Alcohols: 系统命名是将烷名-e+ol得到null酚: 多用俗名, 结尾一般用ol: Phenol 苯酚 Xylenol 二甲苯酚(CH3)2C6H3OH creosol 4-甲基-2-甲氧基苯酚 picric acid 苦味酸nullEthers: 用基名+ether完成nullAldehydes, ketones and acids: 系统命名中是从烷名-e + al完成, 酮则以烷名-e +one完成, 酸则从烷名-e +oic acid完成, 如: CH3CHO ethanal CH3CH2CH2CHO butanal CH3CH2COCH2CH3 3-pentanone CH3CH2COOH propanoic acid 但有很多俗名, 如: HCOOH formic acid CH3COOH acetic acid CH3CH2COOH propionic acid CH3CH2CH2COOH butyric acidnull醛的命名从酸，将酸中的acid换成aldehyde, 有时将酸命名中的-ic去掉, 和aldehyde连成一个字, 如 formic aldehyde or formaldehyde, acetic aldehyde or acetaldehyde, butyric aldehyde or butyraldehyde 酮的命名是两个烃基 + ketone, 如: CH3COCH2CH3 methyl ethyl ketone CH3CH2COCH2CH3 diethyl ketone CH3COCH3 acetone 酰基: 将酸名-ic + yl形成, 如: CH3CO- acetyl; ethanoyl CH3CH2CO- propionyl, propanoyl HCO- formyl, methanoylnull二元酸俗名:因此酰卤的命名用基名+卤化物形成: CH3COCl acetyl chloride RCOCl Acyl chloride CH3CH2COBr propionyl bromidenull芳酸 benzoic acid苯甲酸 toluic acid 甲基苯甲酸 p-amiobenzoic acid p-氨基苯甲酸 benzoyl chloride 苯甲酰氯 benzamide 苯甲酰胺 phthalic acid 邻苯二甲酸 iso-phthalic acid 间苯二甲酸 terephthalic acid 对苯二甲酸null酸酐: 酸名+anhydride: acetic andhydride succinic anhydride maleic anhydride acetic propionic anhydride 酯: 与无机化合物中盐的命名是相同的, 是烃基+酸根: CH3COOCH2CH3 ethyl acetate(C4H9O)3PO = (C4H9)3PO4 tributyl phosphatenull(C4H9O)3PO = (C4H9)3PO4 tributyl phosphate无机酸根: 最常见的酸根的词尾为-ate; -ite为亚酸根; 在-ate前加per-者为高酸根; 在-ite前加Hypo-者为次酸根, 如: ClO4- perchlorate ClO3- chlorate ClO2- chlorite ClO- hypochlorite SO4= sulfate for example: soldium sulfate: Na2SO4 SO3= sulfite, soldium sulfite: Na2SO3nullNO3- nitrate potassium nitrate: KNO3 NO2- nitrite soldium nitrite: NaNO2 PO43- phosphate PO33- phosphite null酰胺: 则将酸名中的acid改为amide, 但常将-ic两字母省去而连在一起: acetic amide or acetamide formic amide or formamide succinic amide or succinamide butyric amide or butyramide maleamide (maleic amide) 酰亚胺: 改acid为imide: succinic imide or succinimide N-bromosuccinimide(NBS)null腈: 可以用烃基+cyanide, 也可以根据水解后能够得到的酸名, 将acide改为nitrile, CH3CN methyl cyanide or acetic nitrile or acetonitrile; CH3CH2CN ethyl cyanide or propionic nitrile or propiononitrile; 类似于氰基的几个基团名称: -CN cyanide cyano- -NC isocyanide isocyano -OCN cyanate cyanato- -NCO isocyanate isocyanato- -ONC falminate -SCN thiocyanate thiocyanato- -NCS isothiocyanate isothiocyanato-null含氮含硫化合物: 硝基: nitro group CH3NO2 nitromethane CH3CH2NO2 nitroethane 亚硝基: nitroso group C6H5NO nitrosobenzene NH2CONH(CH3)NO 1-methyl-1-nitrosoureanull胺: amine; 作为取代基则是amino- group CH3CH2NH2 ethylamine CH3CH2NHCH3 methylethylamine (ClCH2CH2)2NH 2,2’-dichlorodiethylamine or bis(2-chloroethyl)amine CH3NH- methylamino- H2NCH2CH2- 2-aminoethyl NH2- amino 芳胺 aniline toluidine 甲苯胺 benzylamine 苄胺null季铵化合物: 以ammonium 命名, 是onium compounds化合物中的一类 (CH3)4N+Cl－ tetramethylammonium chloride C6H5CH2N+(CH2CH3)Cl－ triethylbenzylammonium chloride 硫代化合物 thio CH3CH2SH ethanthiol (普通命名:ethylmercaptan, 从mercury capture来, mercapto)null硫代化合物 thio CH3CH2SH ethanthiol (普通命名:ethylmercaptan, 从mercury capture来, mercapto) CH3SCH3 dimethyl sulfide CH3SSCH3 dimethyldisulfide CH3SOCH3 dimethylsulfoxide RSO2R sulfone CH3CH2SO2CH2CH3 diethylsulfone CH3SO3H methanesulfonic acid CH3C6H5SO3H p-toluenesulfonic acid (tosylate) CH3SO2H methanesulfinic acid CH3SOH methanesulfenic acid 都是烃基的全名+酸名null立体化学Stereochemistry 对映异构体: enantiomer 非对映异构体: diastereoisomer 内消旋体: meso form 外消旋体: racemic form 差向异构体: epimernull碳水化合物carbohydrates, 又称为糖sacharrides, 单糖 monosacharrides 双糖 disacharrides 多糖: polysacharrides 氨基酸和蛋白质 几乎都是用俗名的