低密度脂蛋白增高对人体有何危害

低密度脂蛋白增高对人体有何危害 增加血液粘稠度,聚集阻塞血管.引起心脑血管疾病. 治疗的话,注意饮食,降糖降脂 使血液中胆固醇升高～引起动脉粥样硬化等等一系列症状～严重的会导致心肌梗死～脑中风～下肢坏死等等。。。 为什么低密度脂蛋白胆固醇增高对人有害, 当你的血液中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇过多时～便有助于形成“斑块”～并堆积在你的动脉壁内。最终～这斑块能够阻塞富含氧气的血液流入你的身体的相应部位。如果斑块聚积于心脏本身的动脉内～心肌就会缺乏氧气～因此可能导致心脏病发作。如果它发生于脑部的血管～则称为“中风”。这两种情况均可以很严重。所以～过多的胆固醇使你处于一种不必要的危险——是你能避免的危险。 这是否意味着你生病了, 高胆固醇本身并不意味着你患病。但它确实意味着～如果你不处理它～就会使你生病。未经治疗的高胆固醇意味着心脏病发作或中风的危险增加。 为什么我们必须服药, 合适的治疗可能因人而异。有些人单单通过改变饮食习惯和进行运动便可控制他们的高胆固醇。例如～你的一些患有高胆固醇的朋友～可能只需通过运动和改变饮食就可以使胆固醇水平回复平衡。 1 虽然运动和适当饮食对你的治疗是很重要的～但你的医生也许决定你同样需要药物。许多人正在以药物来治疗他们的高胆固醇。 在随后部分～你将会了解到你能如何控制你的胆固醇水平。其后～会有一个测试让你自己检查一下～关于高胆固醇的控制你学会了些什么。 甘油三脂高有什么危害, 体检发现甘油三脂指标:4.5mmol/L,范围是0.2~1.74.5mmol/L,超标不少～这会有什么危害,应该怎么办呢, 补充问题 我饮食相当清淡、量也不多～ 不饮酒、不吸烟～也不肥胖～体力活动最近倒是比较少～另外～我的低密度脂蛋白, VLDL ,正常。但是高密度脂蛋白比较偏低。只有0.73毫摩尔 / 升。我觉得高甘油三酯血症是否与此有关～是否说如果有办法提高高密度脂蛋白水平～血液清理能力上升～甘油三酯就会下降, 最佳 血液中理想的甘油三酯水平是多少, 高甘油三酯血症是否为冠心病的独立危险因素一直存在争 议。最近的研究明～高甘油三酯血症是冠心病的独立危险因素。 高甘油三酯血症与冠心病死亡或心血管事件,心绞痛、心肌梗塞, 之间直接相关～或者在伴有低HDL-胆固醇水平时直接相关～或者 在伴有低HDL一胆固醇水平时使这一相关性加强。 高甘油三酯血症是脂蛋白代谢异常的一种反映～往往伴有HDL 2 水平下降和小的致密的LDL水平升高。小的致密的LDL有更强的致动脉粥样硬化作用。此外～高甘油三酯血症时～往往还伴有高胰岛素血症、胰岛素抵抗和高凝状态。Stockholm的研究结果表明～用氯贝丁酯和烟酸治疗高甘油三酯血症后～冠心病死亡率的降低与血液中甘油三酯水平的下降呈显著相关。另一项降低胆固醇和动脉粥样硬化的研究也表明～用考来替泊和烟酸治疗三年后～血管造影证实的冠状动脉粥样硬化进展的延缓～仅见于甘油三酯显著降低的高甘油三酯血症治疗组。 ATPII报告将甘油三酯水平分为四级:正常水平～低于2.3毫摩尔/升,临界高水平～2.3，4.5毫摩尔/升,高水平～45，11.3毫摩尔/升,极高水平～超过11.3毫摩尔/升。甘油三酯处于临界高水平和高水平的患者～常常伴有导致冠心病危险性增加的脂质紊乱～如家族性复合型高脂血症和糖尿病性脂质紊乱血症。甘油三酯水平超过11.3毫摩尔/升的患者急性胰腺炎的危险性大大增加。 我国正常人血脂水平比相应年龄、性别的欧美人为低。理想的血清甘油三酯水平是0.34，1.7毫摩尔/升。血清甘油三酯水平,1.7毫摩尔/升为高血甘油三酯水平。 高甘油三酯血症的治疗 高甘油三酯血症患者的治疗应该改变饮食结构、控制体重、戒烟、参加体力活动。 在饮食方面～应该减少他和脂肪酸和胆固醇的摄入～限制饮 3 酒。每日摄入的脂肪应控制在总热量的30,以下～其中饱和脂肪酸控制在7,以下。对高甘油三酯血症患者而言～少量饮酒也可以导致血清甘油三酯水平的明显升高。因此～饮酒必须限制。同时应该注意的是～饮食中碳水化合物含量明显增加也会升高血清甘油三酯水平～而且降低HDL-胆固醇水平。 肥胖时～机体对游离脂肪酸的动员利用减少～血中游离脂肪酸水平上升～导致血清中甘油三酯水平升高～而减轻体重可以使肥胖患者血清甘油三酯水平下降。 糖尿病患者常合并高甘油三酯血症～积极治疗糖尿病～有助于降低血清甘油三酯水平。 运动和体力活动可以使血清胆固醇、甘油三酯、LDL-胆固醇和VLDL-胆固醇水平明显下降。因此～同高胆固醇血症患者一样～高甘油三酯血症患者也应进行长期、规则的体育锻炼～以维持减轻的体重。 所有血清甘油三酯水平升高的患者都应该进行改变饮食结构、控制体重、戒烟、增加体力活动等非药物的治疗。当血清甘油三酯水平升高合并有导致动脉粥样硬化的脂质紊乱如家族性复合型高脂血症时～应该采用药物治疗。在药物的选择方面～可以选用烟酸或烟酸的衍生物～如乐脂平。对血清甘油三酯水平极度升高的患者～使用纤维酸衍生物或烟酸治疗高甘油三酯血症～可以预防急性胰腺炎的发生。 4 无论是胆固醇含量增高～还是甘油三脂的含量增高～或是两者皆增高～统称为高血脂症。高血脂症与冠心病有密切的关系～尤其是胆固醇与甘油三脂皆增高的～患冠心病的危险性更大。当然～有高血脂症～并不意味着一定会患冠心病～但积极治疗高血脂症～却是预防冠心病的重要措施之一。 合理的饮食是治疗高血脂症的有效和必要的措施。由于目前使用的降脂药物均有一定的副作用～所以只在饮食治疗无效时～才考虑药物治疗。若是单纯高甘油三脂～则应限制食物的总量～尤其是要限制糖类食物的摄入～并适当限制动物脂肪和胆固醇的摄入。如果胆固醇与甘油三脂一并增高的～则应将以上的原则结合起来考虑。高血脂症病人的饮食要有节制～每日摄人的食物能量以维持正常体重的需要为准。降脂药种类很多～ 应在 医师指导下服用。病人应多运动～可以促进体内多余脂肪的消耗。 高血脂症可根据发生异常改变的血脂成分的不同～分为以下三种类型: 一、 高胆固醇血症 二、 高甘油酯血症:凡血甘油三酯超过 1.7 毫摩尔 / 升即为 本症。其病因也与饮食有关～长期进食含糖类过多我食品、 饮酒、吸烟～以及体力活动过少都可引起其发生。甘油三酯 明显升高常见于家族遗传疾病～与遗传基因异常有关～这些 患者的血液抽出后～上层往往像奶油状～下层则混浊。他们 5 较易发生急性胰腺炎。糖尿病、胆道阻塞等疾患也可促使 “ 继发性甘甜三酶血症 ” 的产生。甘油三酯增高也很可能 是冠心病和动脉粥样硬化的危险因素～患者还同时有极低密 度脂蛋白, VLDL ,的升高～如果其 HDL-C 明显降低～使更 易促发冠心病。 三、 混合性高血脂症: 只是这一个指标高～不是大问题～只要注意点就行。少吃油重的菜～少吃或不吃肥肉。每天运动一小时左右。晚上吃少点,比如吃稀饭,～不要吃了就睡,让晚饭消化掉,。适当吃一点药,大概一个疗程,～过一段时间就会恢复正常的。我原来3.3～过了一年再去检查～就正常了。 甘油三脂高吃什么好 [学者] 无论是胆固醇含量增高～还是甘油三脂的含量增高～或是两者皆增高～统称为高脂血症。高脂血症与冠心病有密切的关系～尤其是胆固醇与甘油三脂皆增高的～患冠心病的危险性更大。当然～有高脂血症～并不意味着一定会患冠心病～但积极治疗高脂血症～却是预防冠心病的重要措施之一。合理的饮食是治疗高脂血症的有效和必要的措施。由于目前使用的降脂药物均有一定的副作用～所以只在饮食治疗 6 无效时～才考虑药物治疗。若是单纯高胆固醇～则应限制胆固醇的摄入～每天摄入胆固醇应低于200毫克,一只鸡蛋即含胆固醇约250，300毫克～故蛋黄、动物内脏等～皆应控制食用。动物油的摄入也应减少。若是单纯高甘油三脂～则应限制食物的总量～尤其是要限制糖类食物的摄入～并适当限制动物脂肪和胆固醇的摄入。如果胆固醇与甘油三脂一并增高的～则应将以上的原则结合起来考虑。高脂血症病人的饮食要有节制～每日摄人的食物能量以维持正常体重的需要为准。降脂药种类很多～应在医师指导下服用。病人应多运动～可以促进体内多余脂肪的消耗。 高脂血症者应注意 ? 限制高脂肪食品:严格选择胆固醇含量低的食品～如蔬菜、 豆制品、瘦肉、海蜇等～尤其是多吃含纤维素多的蔬菜～ 可以减少肠内胆固醇的吸收。 ? 限制甜食:糖可在肝脏中转化为内源性三酸甘油酯～使血 浆中三酸甘油酯的浓度增高～所以应限制甜食的摄入。 ? 减轻体重:对体重超过正常标准的人～应在医生指导下逐 步减轻体重～最好以每月减重1，2公斤为宜。降体重时的 饮食原则是低脂肪、低糖、足够的蛋白质。 ? 加强体力活动和体育锻炼:体力活动不仅能增加热能的消 耗～而且可以增强机体代谢～提高体内某些酶～尤其是脂 蛋白酯〔酶〕的活性～有利于三酸甘油酯的运输和分解～ 从而降低血中的脂质。 7 ? 戒酒:酗酒或长期饮酒～可以刺激肝脏合成更多的内源性 三酸甘油酯～使血液中低密度脂蛋白的浓度增高引起高脂 血症。因此～中年人还是以不饮酒为好。 ? 避免过度紧张:情绪紧张、过度兴奋～可以引起血中胆固 醇及三酸甘油酯含量增高。凡有这种情况～可以应用小剂 量的镇静剂。对饮食治疗及体育疗法确实无效者～可在医 生指导下适当使用一些降脂药。 高脂血症的预治 首先强调病因预防～去除或控制其可能病因、诱因及其它影响因素: ? 改善膳食～少吃动物脂肪及内脏、甜食及淀粉类,多吃植物蛋 白、油类～蔬菜水果以及鱼类。 ? 减轻体重。 ? 加强体育锻炼～有氧运动每周至少3次～每次30分钟以上。 ? 戒烟～少量饮酒。 ? 控制影响血脂的其它疾病。 ? 已有高血脂症者～尤其40岁以上男性、绝经后女性或者合并 高血压、糖尿病、冠心病等危险人群～均应定期化验血脂～以 期早治。当高血脂症确诊后～首先应进行饮食调整、生活方式 改善以及影响因素的控制。在此基础上～再进行药物治疗。 8 用药中应注意以:防治结合～非药物与药物应用相结合。依据高血脂种类不同而辨型用药。冠心病患者的合适血脂水平应较低于正常人～并尽早用药～控制其它危险因素。长效调脂药～宜每晚服用一次。用药后～至少每3，6个月复查血脂、肝肾功能等～随时调整用药剂量～监测副作用。持续服药～以使血脂水平控制在正常范围内。 生活方式对血脂的影响 (1) 运动:运动和体力活动可影响血清脂质和脂蛋白含量。研 究表明～运动和体力活动能够消耗体内大量的能量～既可以降 低血浆中胆固醇和甘油三酯的含量～又可以提高高密度脂蛋白 的水平～甚至可使部分1型和V型高脂蛋白血症患者的电脉图 谱正常化。因此～运动和体力活动对增强体质、预防动脉粥样 硬化的发生非常有益的。体育锻炼能预防冠心病的奥秘就在于 它能提高体内高密度脂蛋白的水平。但是应注意选择运动种 类～运动量要逐渐增加～并要持之以恒～以保证运动能使其血 脂和脂蛋白朝着有利于健康和防止冠心病的方向发展。 (2) 烟酒:嗜烟者冠心病的发病率和病死率是不吸烟者的2，6 倍～且与每日吸烟支数呈正比。原因之一与嗜烟者,每日超过 20支,血清中总胆固醇及甘油三酯水平升高～高密度脂蛋白、 胆固醇水平降低有关。适量饮酒～可使血清中高密度脂蛋白明 显增高～低密度脂蛋白水平降低。因此～适量饮酒可使冠心病 的患病率下降。大量饮酒不一定都会引起明显的高脂血症～但 9 大多数长期饮酒者都有高脂血症。因饮酒量增多～极易造成热 能过剩而肥胖～同时酒精在体内可转变为乙酸～乙酸使得游离 脂肪酸的氧化减慢,竞争氧化,～脂肪酸在肝内合成为甘油三 酯～而且极低密度脂蛋白的分泌也增多。有的人适应能力很强～ 极低密度脂蛋白分泌增多时～甘油三酯的清除也增快～因此～ 持续饮酒数周后～血清甘油三酯水平可恢复正常。另外一些人 适应能力差～长期大量饮酒～就会出现严重的高脂血症。 甘油三酯高和保健一样～最简単和有效方法是: 1. 多作素食(蔬菜和豆类要兼顧) 2. 每天运动 3. 良好生活习惯 4. 远离煙、油～少应酬～减少出外进食的次数。 5. 不吃动物和魚类的內脏、任何红肉、高脂食物、蛋黄。 以白肉(魚肉、鸡肉)为首選 6. 盐、油、糖、脂要减至平时用量的三分一 7. 祝身体健康: 高甘油三脂血症对身体都有什么危害~::高甘油三脂和高胆固醇比谁危害大, 人的血液中～血浆内所含的脂类称为血脂～包括胆固醇、胆固醇脂、甘油三脂、磷脂和未脂化的脂酸等数种。当胆固醇、甘油三脂等均超过正常值时～则统称为高脂血症。高脂血症是动脉粥样硬化的主 10 要发病因素。常因侵犯重要器官而引起严重的后果～如冠心病、糖尿病、脑血管意外、顽固性高血压及肾病综合症、胰腺炎、结石症、脂肪肝等。动脉硬化的发生和发展～与血脂过高有着密切的关系。养生指南:合理饮食调养人体脂类包括脂肪和类脂两种。高脂血症与饮食 的关系最为密切。人体脂肪的积聚和部分类脂的来源～主 要来自饮食。只有一部分类脂是在体内合成的～称为内生 性类脂。控制饮食对高脂血症的防治是十分重要的。饮食 提倡清淡～基本吃素。但不宜长期吃素～否则饮食成分不 完善～反而可引起内生性胆固醇增高。宜限制高脂肪、高 胆固醇类饮食～如动物脑髓、蛋黄、鸡肝、黄油等。脂肪 摄入量每天限制在30，50克。糖类食品也要限制～不吃 甜食和零食。多吃蔬菜和水果。宜低盐饮食～食油宜用豆 油、花生油、菜油、麻油等。饥饱适度～每餐进食量以下 一餐就餐前半小时有饥饿感为度～不宜采用饥饿疗法～过 度的饥饿反而使体内脂肪加速分解～使血中脂酸增加。绝 对戒烟忌酒香烟中的尼古丁～能使周围血管收缩和心肌应 激性增加～使血压升高～心绞痛发作。不适当饮酒能使心 功能减退～对胃肠道、肝脏、神经系统、内分泌系统均有 损害～应绝对戒烟忌酒。 三. 提倡适量饮茶茶叶中含有的儿茶酸有增强血管柔韧性、弹 性和渗透性的作用～可预防血管硬化。茶叶中的茶碱和咖 啡碱能兴奋精神～促进血液循环～减轻疲劳和具有利尿作 11 用。适量饮茶能消除油腻饮食而减肥。但过多喝浓茶～会 刺激心脏～使心跳加快～对身体有害。 四. 适当运动减肥控制肥胖是预防血脂过高的重要措施之一。 除饮食控制外～提倡坚持体育锻炼～如慢跑、五禽戏、太 极拳、打乒乓球、老年迪斯科等。平时经常参加体力劳动。 要控制体重的增长。 如何用中药进行高脂血症的治疗? 高脂血症是现代医学的病名～是冠心病发病的重要因素。祖国医学无此病名～也无类似记载。但从多年的临床实践观察～与脏腑气血功能失调和人体阴阳消长失衡而产生湿浊、瘀浊有关。据临床所见～以高脂血症而引发冠心病者比率有逐年上升趋势～所以治疗高脂血症对冠心病而言有举足轻重的作用。那么～中医对高脂血症的治疗究竟有哪些方药呢?消脂减肥茶生首乌30g、生山楂15g、草决明15g、冬 瓜皮20g、乌龙茶3g。先将首乌等四味共煎～去渣～以其 汤液冲泡乌龙茶～代茶饮用～每日1剂。连续饮用二月为 一疗程～一般服用3，5疗程。此方有降脂、活血、降压、 利水等功用。决明子海带汤草决明20g、海带30g。水煎 滤药除渣～吃海带饮汤～每日1次～一月为一疗程～一般 服用1，3疗程～此方有祛脂降压作用～适用于高血脂、 高血压、冠心病或肥胖病人食用。 (3) 首乌片每次口服5片～一日3次～连服2，4个月。本药 的降脂作用～主要机理是滋补肝肾～调整人体阴阳平衡。 12 有关实验研究表明～首乌含大黄根酸～能促进肠道运动～ 阻止或减少脂类在肠道吸收～因而血脂下降。 如何防治高脂血症?在现代医疗条件下～高脂血症是可以防治的～其对策主要有以下几方面合理饮食合理的饮食是治疗高脂血症的基础～任何高脂血症患者在进行药物治疗之前～都应先行饮食治疗～只有在饮食治疗无效或病人不能耐受(常需半年至一年)时方才使用药物治疗～因为饮食治疗是最合乎生理的和有效的措施。不论何种降脂药物～或多或少都有一定的副作用～而且～即使在用药物治疗时～也不应放松合理的饮食措施。适量的体育运动运动锻炼可增加消耗、改善脂质代谢～防止体脂和血脂增多。运动可使高甘油三酯血症患者的血脂含量完全降至正常水平。不仅如此～运动还能提高人体血液中一种对抗动脉粥样硬化的脂蛋白——高密度脂蛋白(HDL)的含量～改善心脏功能～增加心脏的侧支循环～从而也起到防治冠心病的良好作用。健康情况良好～又无冠心病的高脂血症患者～应该进行经常性运动～如长跑、骑自行车、游泳、打球、爬山等。但对已合并有冠心病以及有严重的高血压和糖尿病等疾病者则不宜进行剧烈的运动。这类患者应在医师指导下～根据病情进行适当的医疗体操、太极拳、气功等锻炼。 3、 适当的理疗在实行上述方法效果不好时～应辅以其它的物理治疗～如矿泉浴、肝区电磁疗法等。肝区电磁疗法可以调节肝脏代谢紊乱～从而纠正高脂血症。 4、 药物治疗对顽固而严重的高脂血症～可适当给予药物治疗～目 13 前还没有很合乎生理要求的降脂药物。多数降脂仅有短时疗效～ 而长期用则出现明显副作用。所以～药物治疗应被看作是治疗冠 心病高危者脂代谢紊乱的万不得已的措施～且需与非药物疗法联 合进行。 高脂血症如何进行合理的饮食治疗? 所谓合理的饮食包括着两方面的意义第一是～所采取的饮食措施既要达到降低血脂的目的～又要使病人获得足够的营养供给～才能保证身体健康。那种以素食为主或“三不吃” (肉不吃、蛋不吃、鱼不吃)的片面做法～决不可取。第二是～饮食治疗应根据不同的高脂血症的类型而异～还要因人而别～不可生搬硬套～更不可道听途说。下面对不同类型高脂血症的饮食治疗～作一个原则性介绍高胆固醇血 症 仅有血胆固醇含量增高～而甘油三酯含量正常的患者～ 饮食治疗的要点是限制食物胆固醇～每天总摄入量少于 200mg。病人应忌吃或少吃含胆固醇高的食物～如动物的 脑子、脊髓、内脏、蛋黄(每只鸡蛋蛋黄含250，300mg 胆固醇)、贝壳类(如蚌、螺蛳等)和软体类(如鱿鱼、墨鱼、 鱼子等)。另一方面病人应该摄食适量的胆固醇含量不太 高的营养素～如瘦的猪肉、牛肉、鸭肉、鸡肉、鱼类和奶 类。这些食物胆固醇含量并不高～例如～每瓶牛奶仅含 30mg～其他几种食物每100克中也仅含胆固醇100mg左右～ 不必过分忌口～当然也不要吃得太多。其次是限制动物性 脂肪～适当增加植物油～计算表明～如烹调不用动物油～ 14 则每个患者每月可吃植物油(豆油、玉米油、菜油等)500， 750g比较理想。素油虽好～但也不宜吃过多～否则也会 带来不利的作用。第三～多吃蔬菜、瓜果～以增加纤维的 摄入。第四～多吃些有降胆固醇作用的食物～如大豆及其 制品、洋葱、大蒜、金花菜(草头)、香菇、木耳等。这些 食物中～有的还同时具有抗凝血作用～对预防血栓形成和 冠心病也有好处。高甘油三酯血症 对于仅有血甘油三酯 含量增高～而胆固醇含量正常的患者～其饮食治疗的要点 与上面不同。关键在于限制进食量～降低体重～达到并维 持在标准范围的体重。标准体重可用下列公式计算 男性身高(厘米)-105(公斤)女性身高(厘米)-107.5(公斤)其次是限制甜食～此类患者对糖类特别敏感～吃糖可使其甘油三酯含量更加增高。因此～白糖、红糖、水果糖、蜜糖以及含糖的食品和药物等应尽量少吃或不吃。第三～禁酒～酒可使这类患者的甘油三酯含量增高。第四～适当增加蛋白质～尤其是大豆蛋白。第五～适当限制胆固醇～每天低于300mg～允许病人每周吃3个鸡蛋～其他含胆固醇食物也可适当食用～只要总摄入量不高于上述界限即可。第六～适当限制脂肪～尤其是动物脂肪。混合型高脂 血症 此型患者血胆固醇和甘油三酯含量都增高～饮食治 疗的要点是将上面两型结合起来。即适当限制胆固醇和动 物脂肪～控制食量以降低体重～忌吃甜食、戒酒～适当增 加植物油、豆类及其制品～多吃蔬菜、瓜果和某些有降脂 15 作用的食物。 高脂血症对病人有哪些危害? (1) 肾小球硬化等高脂血症可引起血管内皮细胞损伤和灶状脱 落～导致血管壁通透性升高～血浆脂蛋白得以进入并沉积于 血管壁内膜～其后引起巨噬细胞的清除反应和血管平滑肌细 胞增生并形成斑块～而导致动脉硬化～肾动脉硬化、管腔狭 窄～可使肾脏发生缺血、萎缩、间质纤维增生。若肾血管阻 塞则相应区域梗死～梗死灶机化后形成瘢痕。如此导致肾小 球硬化。在肾外则可加速冠状动脉硬化的发生～导致冠心病 和增加患者发生心肌梗塞的危险性。同样～其他部位的动脉 硬化则致相应的疾病～如脑动脉硬化、脑梗塞等。肾小球损 伤高脂血症可引起脂质在肾小球内沉积～低密度脂蛋白可激 活循环中单核细胞并导致肾小球内单核细胞浸润～而引起或 加重炎症反应～同时肾小球的系膜细胞、内皮细胞均能产生 活化氧分子～促进脂质过氧化～氧化的低密度脂蛋白(OX-LDL) 具有极强的细胞毒作用～导致肾组织损伤。另外～高脂血症 还能引起肾小球系膜基质中胶原、层粘连蛋白及纤维蛋白增 加～这些成分均与肾小球硬化直接相关。 减肥有助于降血脂吗?众所周知～高脂血症和低HDL血症是动脉 硬化最危险的因子之一～而肥胖者常常合并脂代谢的异常～并随着肥 胖程度的增加～高脂血症越表现明显,相反～过高的血脂～也同时促 16 进脂肪的过度积累～形成恶性循环。不仅如此～人们还发现血脂的升高与脂肪的分布状态有密切的关系。基塞伯等(Kissebah,AH)等人认为“根据人的脂肪分布进行分类～可分为有体干脂肪沉着显著的中心性肥胖～四肢明显的末稍性肥胖,还有上半身脂肪堆积较多的上半身肥胖和下半身脂肪堆积较多的下半身肥胖。高脂血症和糖尿病等病～以中心性肥胖和上半身肥胖为主～故而积极地采取措施进行减肥～有助于降低血脂。减肥降脂应以综合疗法为主～包括使用中药利湿化痰剂～限制吃高脂肪的饮食～多吃蔬菜～豆制品～瘦肉、鸡肉、海蜇等～尽可能地多吃含纤维素较多的蔬菜～可以减少肠内胆固醇的吸收～洋葱、大蒜、木耳、山楂、香菇都有较好的降脂作用～炒菜用油最好以植物油为主。限制病人的饮食热量～少食甜食～加强运动～增加消耗～戒烟酒～避免过度紧张～生活要有规律～选用降脂药物如脉通、益寿宁、月见草油丸等～平素常饮泽泻汤(泽泻10g、干荷叶一张)能保持较好疗效～同时也减少了诱发其他疾病的危险。哪些中药可以降低血脂?近年来临床研究证明～许多中药都具有降低血脂的作用～如草决明、泽泻、何首乌、蒲黄、山楂、大黄、红花、银杏叶、虎杖、月见草、茵陈、麦芽等。草决明 又叫决明子～为豆科一年生植物钝叶决 明或决明的成熟种子。是一种味甘苦微寒的中药～主要含 有植物固醇及蒽醌类物质～具有抑制血清胆固醇升高和动 脉粥样硬化斑块形成的作用～降血脂效果显著。临床上常 用草决明50克～加水适量～煎后分2次服用。连服1月～ 可使胆固醇逐渐降至正常水平。何首乌 为蓼科多年生草 17 本植物何首乌的根块～气味苦寒～含有大黄酸、大黄素、 大黄酚、芦荟大黄素等蒽醌类物质～能促进肠道蠕动～减 少胆固醇吸收～加快胆固醇排泄～从而起到降低血脂～抗 动脉粥样硬化的作用。临床常用何首乌片口服～每次5 片～每日3次～连用 1，3个月～有效率可达89%。何首 乌有补肝肾、益精血～通便泻下等功效～尤其适用于老年 高血脂症兼有肝肾阴虚、大便秘结的病人。 (3) 泽泻 为泽泻科多年生沼泽植物泽泻的块茎～味甘淡性寒～ 含有三萜类化合物～能影响脂肪分解～使合成胆固醇的原 料减少～从而具有降血脂～防治动脉粥样硬化和脂肪肝的 功效。常用泽泻降脂片～每次3片～每日3次～2，3个 月为1疗程。 (4) 蒲黄 为香蒲科水生草本植物水烛蒲黄的花粉～性味甘平～ 含有谷甾醇、豆甾醇、菜油甾醇等植物甾醇～能抑制肠道 吸收外源性胆固醇～从而起到降低血脂的作用。但只有生 蒲黄有作用～蒲黄油及残渣无此药效。临床上所用片剂或 冲剂～每日量相当于生蒲黄30克～1，2个月为1疗程～ 有显著的降胆固醇作用。 (5) 山楂 为蔷薇科落叶灌木或小乔木植物野山楂的果实～性 味酸甘微温～含山楂酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸等类物质。有扩 张血管～降低血压～降低胆固醇～增加胃液消化酶等作用。 临床上常用山楂片～每次2，3片～每日3次～1个月为1 18 疗程。也可用山楂果50克～加水煎～代茶饮。 (6) 大黄 为蓼科多年生草本植物掌叶大黄或唐古特大黄的根 状茎。味苦性寒～含大黄素、大黄酸、大黄酚、大黄素甲 醚等蒽醌衍生物。具有降低血压和胆固醇等作用。临床治 疗高脂血症病人～口服大黄粉每次0.25克～每日4次～1 个月为1疗程～降低胆固醇有效率84%～甘油三脂也有一 定程度下降。生大黄有攻积通便～活血化瘀作用。所以～ 尤适用于偏实证及大便干结的高血脂病人。 (7) 红花 为菊科二年生草本植物红花的花～味辛而性温～含 有红花甙、红花油～红花黄色素、亚油酸等～其有扩张冠 状动脉～降低血压以及降低血清总胆固醇和甘油三脂的作 用。临床上常用量每次20毫升～每日3次～口服～连续 4，5个月～降胆固醇有效率为72%。 (8) 银杏叶 为银杏科落叶乔木植物银杏树的干燥叶～含莽草 酸、白果双黄酮、异白果双黄酮、甾醇等成分。实验研究 和临床证明～有降低血清胆固醇、扩张冠状动脉的作用。 对治疗高血压～高脂血症及冠心病心绞痛有一定作用。单 用或配川芎、红花。如银川红片～用量每日5，10克。 (9) 血脂过高危险性很大～很容易引起动脉粥样硬化、高血压 及心脑血管疾病等～因此～除应给予降脂药物治疗外～家 庭膳食治疗也不可忽视。下面介绍几种能够降脂的食品。 (1) 豆制品 包括豆浆、豆腐、豆芽等。现代营养学研究证明～ 19 豆制品不仅含有丰富的营养～还有降低血脂的作用。如果每日摄入30，50克大豆蛋白～能显著降低血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、及甘油三脂水平～而不影响高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平。研究者指出～大豆的降脂作用明显地与原来血脂水平高低有关。原血脂越高者～大豆的降脂作用越显著。大蒜 具有舒张血管～化解血小板过度聚集的功效～并有阻止胆固醇生物合成及抗氧化的作用。有报告指出～每天服用大蒜粉或大蒜精以及坚持吃大蒜～经过4，5周后～血压会降低10%～血清总胆固醇会降低8%，10%。如果每人每天吃一头大蒜～即可预防心脑血管疾病发生。 (3) 洋葱 具有促进血凝块溶解～降低血脂～扩张冠状动脉和增加外周血管血流量的作用。国外学者研究认为～中老年人多吃洋葱～可以防止高脂血症、动脉硬化、脑血栓、冠心病的发生和发展。 (4) 黑木耳 近年来研究证实～黑木耳有抗血小板聚集～降低血脂和防止胆固醇沉积的作用。同时～还发现黑木耳有抗脂质过氧化的作用。脂质过氧化与衰老有密切关系～所以～老年人经常食用黑木耳～可防治高脂血症、动脉硬化和冠心病～并可延年益寿。 (5)海带 具有软坚散结～利水降压～降低血脂～促进脑血管病患者康复的作用。经常食用～对预防高血压、高脂血症和动脉硬化有益。 (6)山楂 含有大量的维生素C和微量元素～具有活血化瘀、消食健胃、降压降脂及扩张冠 20 状血管的作用。 高脂血症合理的饮食习惯与膳食结构 2003年7月3日 10:19 [关键词] 高脂血症 合理饮食 膳食结构 健康网讯: 高脂血症合理的饮食习惯与膳食结构应该是?保持热量均衡分配～饥饱不宜过度～不要偏食～切忌暴饮暴食或塞饱式进餐～改变晚餐丰盛和入睡前吃夜宵的习惯。?主食应以谷类为主～粗细搭配～粗粮中可适量增加玉米、莜面、燕麦等成分～保持碳水化合物供热量占总热量的55%以上。?增加豆类食品提高蛋白质利用率～以干豆计算～平均每日应摄入30g 以上～或豆腐干45g或豆腐75-150。?在动物性食物的结构中～增加含脂肪酸较低百蛋白质较高的动物性食物～如鱼、禽、瘦肉等～减法陆生动物脂肪～最终使动物性蛋白质的摄入量占每日蛋白质总量摄入量的20%～每日总脂肪供热量不超过总热量的30%。?食用油保持以植物油为主～每人每日用量以25-30g为宜。?膳食成分中应减少3饱和脂肪酸～增加不饱和脂肪酸,如以人造奶油代替黄油～以脱脂奶代替全脂奶,～使饱和脂肪酸供热量不超过总热量的10%～单不饱和脂肪酸占总热量7--10%。?提高多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值。西方膳推荐二者的比值为0.5-0.7～我国传统膳食中因脂肪含量低～多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值一般在1以上。?膳食中胆固醇含量不宜超过300mg/日。?保证每人每日摄入的新鲜水果及蔬菜达400g以上～并注意增加深色或绿色蔬菜比例。?减少精制米、面、糖果、甜糕点的 21 摄入～以防摄入热量过多。,11,膳食成分中应含有足够的维生素、矿物质、植物纤维及微量元素～但应适当减少食盐摄入量。,12,少饮酒～最好不饮。,13,少饮含糖多的饮料～多喝茶。咖啡可刺激胃液分泌并增进食欲～但也不宜多饮。 健康网心脑血管专台 (.00024000X06.) 高脂血症饮食疗法选择的标准与目标 2003年7月3日 10:19 [关键词] 高脂血症 饮食疗法 健康网讯: 治疗高胆固醇血症～将血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,LDL-c,视为降低胆固醇治疗的主要目标。根据血清LDL-c水平～要达到的降低LDL-c的目标以及是否患有冠心病～选择饮食疗法的标准与目标也不同～分如下3类 ?无冠心病或其他动脉粥样硬化症～伴有两种以下其他冠心病危险因素者～血清LDL-c的降低目标为,4.1mmol/L;?无冠心病～伴有两种及两种以上其他冠心病危险因素者～LDL-c的降低目标为,3.4mmol/L;? 患有冠心病者～LDL-c的降低的目标为,2.6mmol/L。 健康网心脑血管专台 (.00024000X06.) 高脂血症患者的食物烹饪方法 2003年7月3日 10:18 [关键词] 高脂血症 食疗 健康网讯: 食物的加工制作方法很多～根据高脂血症患者需用低脂低热量饮食要求～下面介绍几种适合高脂血症患者的烹调方法 ,1,炖将食物洗净切块后下锅～并注入适量清水～放入调料～臵武火上烧开～撇去浮沫～再臵文火上炖至熟烂～其食物特点是质地软烂～原汁原味。 ,2,煨是指用文火或余热对食物进 22 行较长时间加热的烹制方法。具体操作方法有二一是将食物臵于容器中～加入调料和适量的水～再放臵文火中慢慢煨熟至软烂～一是传统的方法～用菜叶、荷叶等将食物包裹扎紧～外敷黄泥糊～再臵火灰中～利用火秋的余热将其煨熟。其食物特点是熟酥 ～味香浓。 ,3,蒸是利用水蒸气的高温烹制。具体操作是将食物拌好调料后～隔水煮熟。有用米粉包蒸的叫粉蒸～有用荷叶或菜叶包扎蒸的叫包蒸,也有将食物直接放入容器中隔水蒸的小哺蒸。可在食物中加入清水或汤汁～也可不加入清水或汤汁蒸。蒸食的特点也是原汁原味～是饮食保健的烹调中使用最广泛的一种方法。 ,4,煮煮也是最常用的烹制方法之一～将食物下锅加水～先用武火煮沸后～再用文火煮熟。一般适宜于体小易熟 的食物制作～煮的时间较炖为短。其食物特点是味道清鲜～食物的有交成分较好地溶解于汤汁中。 ,5,熬熬是在煮的基础上进一步用文火熬至汁稠粑烂～比炖的时间更长。多适用于含胶质重的食物。其食物特点汁稠味浓～粑烂易化～适宜于老弱之人食用。 ,6,凉拌是生食或近于生食的一种烹制方法。一般将食物 清洗干净、切细之后～有开水烫过～再加调料拌匀即可。此种加工方法一般适用于蔬菜类食物～它能较好地保持食物的营养素和有效成分。其特点鲜嫩而脆、清香可口。 高脂血症患者不宜采用的烹饪方法有焖、炒、炸、烧等。降血脂的食物有哪些高血脂症是指高胆固醇、高甘油三脂、极低密度脂蛋白增 23 高和高密度脂蛋白降低的脂蛋白代谢异常性疾病。高血脂症是动脉粥样硬化、高血压、冠心病、糖尿病的危险因素～严重威胁着人类身体健康。高血脂症是一种顽固性疾病～不是一朝一夕就能治好的～饮食治疗及保健是治疗高血脂症的关键～必要时辅以药物治疗。如果能够长期坚持～方法得当～一些食物疗法往往会收到意想不到的效果。下面介绍几种具有降血脂作用的食物玉米含有丰富的钙、镁、硒等物质以及卵磷脂、亚油酸、维生素E～它们均有降低血清胆固醇的作用。燕麦含有极丰富的亚油酸～占全部不饱和脂肪酸的35%-52%,维生素E含量也很丰富～而且燕麦中含有皂甙素。它们均有降低血浆胆固醇浓度的作用。牛奶含有羟基、甲基戊二酸～能抑制人体内胆固醇合成酶的活性～从而抑制胆固醇的合成～降低血中胆固醇的含量。此外～牛奶中含有较多的钙～也可降低人体对胆固醇的吸收。洋葱其降血脂效能与其所含的烯丙基二硫化物及少量硫氨基酸有关。这些物质属于配糖体～除降血脂外还可预防动脉粥样硬化～对动脉血管有保护作用。还含前列腺素A～有舒张血管～降低血压的功能。大蒜大蒜的降脂效能与大蒜内所含物质--蒜素有关。大蒜的这一有效成份有抗菌、抗肿瘤特性～能预防动脉粥样硬化、降低血糖和血脂等。杏仁杏仁不含胆固醇～仅含7%的饱和脂脂酸。高血脂病人病天吃30g杏仁～可替代含高饱和脂肪酸的食品。 菊花有降低血脂功效和较平稳的降血压作用。老年人在绿茶 24 中掺杂一点菊花～对心血管有很好保健作用。鸡蛋过去认为鸡蛋含胆固醇量高～多吃易致冠心病。现已证实鸡蛋含有卵磷脂～能使人体血中胆固醇和脂肪保持悬浮状态而不在血管壁沉积～从而有效降低血脂水平。建议每天吃一个鸡蛋为宜。大豆含有丰富的不饱和脂防酸～维生素E和磷脂。高胆固醇患者每天食用大豆蛋白质60，100g,约有90%的人会痊愈或好转。 凉拌芹菜取芹菜梗200g～海带100g～黑木耳50g～先将黑木耳和海带用水洗净切丝、用沸水焯熟～嫩芹菜梗切3cm长～沸水稍煮捞起。上述原料冷却后加调料拌和～主治高血脂症、高血压病。 25 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 26 party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 27 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 28 Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 29 Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 30 of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 31 to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 32 a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 33 total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 34 real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 35 implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 36 exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 37 be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 38 convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 39 of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 40 of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 41 made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 42 expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 43 organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 44 processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 45 the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 46 the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 47 of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 48 around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 49 size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 50 relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 51 new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 52 comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 53 of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 54 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 55 blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 56 should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 57 with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 58 with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 59 the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 60 must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 61 held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 62