2020-2021学年上海南洋模范高二下英语开学考试卷

PAGE\*MERGEFORMAT1Ⅱ.GrammarandVocabularySectionAGrammar(21-40)Directions：Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.（A）DeepdivingexplorationWhilemostphotographersputtheircamerasawaywhenthenight’sdarkcurtainfalls,Zhang.Fangathershisequipmentandstartshisblackwaterdivingadventure.Blackwaterdivinginvolvesphotographingsmall,freefloating（自动浮动的）oceancreaturesthatmoveuptotheocean’ssurface（面）afterdarkorinanyarea___21___thereisseeminglynobottom.StillquitenewinChina,blackwaterdiving___22___（date）backto1984inHawaii,US.Fromsmalleellarva（幼龄鳗鱼）tobig,fiercegreatwhitesharks,eachofZhang’sunderwaterphotographshasa“wow”factor.Butthestorybehindeachphotoaddsmoreemotionalvaluetothework___23___.“Itislikemeetinganoldneighbor,”the35-year-oldphotographerrecalled,speakingofthetouchingmomentwhenhereturnedtoalocationafteralongtimeonly___24___（see）thefishhepreviouslyphotographedstillthere.Whiletheunderwaterwould___25___seemfascinating,it’snotalwaysafairytale.Zhangsaidthatheencounteredmanydangerousmomentsunderwater,including___26___（hit）asaspermwhale（抹香鲸）wentby.Butwhatfascinatedhimmostisthathecanwitnessbigandsmallchangesintheoceanand___27___thesechangescantellhimaboutnature.“Corals（珊瑚）are___28___thefirstindicatorsofclimatechange.Withtheriseintemperature,coralshaveexperiencedaprocesscalled‘bleaching（漂白）’，___29___（2格）theylosetheircolorandaredying.Itisheartbreaking,”heexplained.Thisrisky___30___charmingarthashelpedZhangattractloadsoffans.HisSinaWeiboaccounthasmorethan430,000follower.Hehopesthathisphotosandvideoscanactasawake-upcalltoprotectouroceans.（B）Spaceexplorationhasalwaysbeentheprovinceofdreamers:Thehumanimaginationreadilysoars___31___humaningenuitystrugglestofollow.AVoyagetotheMoon,oftencitedasthefirstsciencefictionstory,waswrittenbyCyranodeBergeracin1649,Cyranowasdeadandburiedfor___32___goodthreecenturiesbeforethefirstmannedrocketsstartedtofly.In1961,whenKennedydeclaredthatAmerica___33___（send）amantothemoonbythedecade’send,thosewords,too,hadadreamlikequality.Theyresonatedwithoptimismandambitioninmuchthesamewayasthemostfamousdreamspeech___34_________（2格），deliveredbyMartinLutherKingtwoyearslater.Bytheendofthedecade,bothvisions___35___（yield）concreteresultsandtransformedAmericansociety.Andyetinmanywaysthetwodreamsendedup___36___oddswitheachother.Thefightforracialandeconomicequalityisintenselypragmaticandimmediateinitsimpact.Theurgetoexplorespaceisjusttheopposite.Itisfigurativelyandliterallyotherworldlyinitsaims.Whenthedustsettled,thespacedreamerslostout.Therewasnograndfollow-uptotheApollomissions.Thetechnologicallycompromised-spaceshuttleprogramhasjustcometoandend,withnosuccessor.Theargumentisthatfundsaretight,and___37___wehavemorepressingproblemshereonEarth.Amidthecurrentconcernsaboutthefederaldeficit,reachingtowardthestarsseemsadispensable（非必需的）luxury—___38_________（2格）savingone-thousandthofasingleyear’sbudgetwouldsolveourproblems.ButhumaningenuitystrugglesonNASAisdevelopingaseriesofroboticprobesthatwillgetthemostbangfromabuck.TheywillserveasmodernMagellans,mappingoutthesolar“systemfor___39___explorersfollow,whethermanormachine.Ontheflipside,companieslikeVirginGalacticareplottingabottom-upattackonthespacedreambymakingitarealitytothepublic.Privatespace-flight___40___liewithinreachofrichciviliansinafewyears.Anotherdecadeortwoanditcouldgomainstream.”SectionBVocabulary(41-60)Directions：Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.（A）A.officiallyB.accessibleC.fingertipsD.affordAB.purestAC.secureAD.displayBC.partnerlessBD.matchedCD.blankestABC.historicallyMostpeoplegetsweatypalmsjuststaringatE1Capitan,abreathtakingrockformationinYosemiteNationalPark,California.AlexHonnold’sstayeddry.AndthisJune,hemanagedtoclimbthe900-meterverticalwall,pullingonedgesbarelybigenoughfor___41___.Honnoldcouldnot___42___anyslips.That’sbecausehecarriednothingotherthanabagofgymnasts’chalk,tokeephisfingersfreeofmoisture.Therewasnoropeto___43___himifthefell.Afterafour-hour___44___ofpowerandprecision,the31-year-oldsafelychallengedhimself.E1Capitanhadbeenclimbed___45___before,includingbyHonnold,butneverinthewayhehas.In2011,anAmericanTVshowabouthisearlier“freesolos”drewseventeenmillionviewers.Inclimbing,“free”meansusingnothingbutrocksforsupport.“Solo”meansfreeofprotection.Itisthesportatits___46___.InYosemite,thebirthplaceofAmericanclimbing,Hannoldhasreacheditspeak.Praisefromfellowclimberswas___47___onlybyreliefathissafereturn.Theachievementmarksthelatestinaseriesofmilestonesforsportclimbing（竞赛攀岩）.In2015,twootherAmericansTommyCaldwellandKevinJorgeson,establishedarouteuptheDawnWall,E1Capitan’s___48___part,afteryearsofattempts.TheymadethefrontpageoftheNewYorkTimesandgotcongratulationsfromBarackObamafortheachievement.Lastyear,sportclimbingwas___49___acceptedintotheOlympicprogramforTokyo2020.Thesehavestrengthenedclimbing’spositioninthesportingcircleinAmericaandelsewhere.GooglehasinvitedJorgesontogiveamotivationaltalktoitsemployees.Climbinggymshaveappearedaroundtheglobeoverthepastdecade,makingtheeventsaferandmore___50___toordinarypeople.Thegymshavebeenparticularlypopularamongyoungsters,whopaymoreattentiontoexperiencesthantobelongings.（B）A.exchangesB.unseenC.buildingD.initiativesAB.jointlyAC.broadeningAD.predictedBC.popularizingBD.mainstreamCD.shoulderingABC.entersSAOPAULO,Oct.31（Xinhua）--MediarepresentativesfromtheBRICScountriesdiscussedthedevelopmentofnewmediatechnologiesandadoptedanactionplantopromotecooperationatthefourthBRICSMediaForumhereonThursday.Theforum,whichwasheldonOct.30-31,gatherednearly100representativesfrom55___51___mediaorganizationsofthegroup’smembercountries—Brazil,Russia,India,ChinaandSouthAfrica.Withthethemeof“StrengtheningMediaCooperationinBuildingtheBRICSCommunitywithaSharedFuture,”theforum,jointlyorganizedbyChina’sNewsAgencyandBrazil’sCMAGroup,isaimedatdeepeningmedia___52___andpragmaticcooperationamongtheBRICScountries.ChenPeijie.China’sconsulgeneralinSaoPaulo,saidinheropeningceremonyspeechthattheachievementsofBRICScooperationandthebloc’sinternationalinfluencecannotbeseparatedfromthemedia’sefforts.AstheBRICScooperation___53___itssecond“goldendecade,”mediacooperationwillbecrucial,shesaid.Heping.editor-in-chiefofXinhuaNewsAgency,saidinakeynotespeechattheeventthattheworldisundergoingprofoundchanges___54___inacentury,andtheBRICScountriesneedmorethanevertotakeonglobalresponsibilities.Aschroniclersofhistory,theBRICSmediaare___55___theimportanttaskofpromotingcooperationandfacearareopportunitytoworkhandinhandforprogress.Hesaid.Heproposedfour___56___tostrengthenthecooperationoftheBRICSmedia.HesuggestedtheBRICSmedia___57___thebloc’sdevelopment,andactivelyreflectingeconomic,cultural,socialandenvironmentalachievementsmadebytheBRICScountries.Hethencalledfortellingstoriesofpeople-to-peopleexchanges.Healsoproposed___58___adigitalmediathatkeepspacewiththetimesandjointlypromotethedevelopmentandapplicationofnewtechnologies.Moreover,hecalledfor___59___theareasofexchangesandmutualassistance.HesaidtheBRICSmedianeedtoexpandcooperationinnewsreporting,professionaltraining,personneltraining,financialinformationservicesandthinktankexchanges.JoeSanchez,co-chairmanoftheforumandpresidentoffinancialinformationproviderCMAGroup,saidinhisspeechthatthemediaoftheBRICScountriesshould___60___raisetheirvoicestopromoteamorefairinternationalpublicopinionlandscape.Ⅲ.ReadingComprehension.SectionA(61-75)Sometimesmodernproblemsrequireancientsolutions.A1,400-year-oldPeruvianmethodofdivertingwatercouldsupplyupto40,000Olympic-sizeswimmingpool’sworthofwatertoLimaeachyear.Itisone___61___ofhowancientmethodscouldsupportexistingmodernonesincountrieswithoutenoughwater.Man-madereservoirsstorerainwaterandwateroverflowforuseduringdriestimes.Butreservoirsarecostly,requireyearstoplanandcanstill___62___tomeetwaterneeds.Peru’scapital,Lima,dependsonwaterfromrivershighintheAndesMountains.Ittakesonlyafewdaysforwatertoflowdowntothecity.Sowhenthedryseasonbeginsinthemountains,thewatersupplyquicklydisappears.Thecity___63___thiswithmodernstructuressuchasman-madereservoirs.Thesereservoirsarenottheonlysolution.___64___.Overathousandyearsago,indigenouspeopledevelopedanotherwaytosolvewaterproblems.Waterdiverted,___65___The1,400-year-oldsystemisdesignedtoincreasethewatersupplyduringthedryseasonbydivertingandslowingwaterasittravelsdownthemountains.This___66___-basedmethodismadeofspecialcanalsthatguidewaterfromitssourcetoaseriesofwaterbodiesandhillsides.Thewatergoes___67___intotheground,thenflowsdownhillthroughthesoiland___68___inwaterbodiesnearthecommunity.Itsaimwastoincreasethewater’straveltimefromdaystomonthsinordertoprovidewaterthroughoutthedryreason.Theresearchers___69___howmuchthesystemslowedtheflowofwaterbyinjectingspecialdyeinthehighlandsandnotingwhenitreappearedinwaterbodies.Thedyedwaterstartedto___70___twoweekslaterandcontinuedflowingforeightmonths—ahuge___71___overthehoursordaysitwouldnormallytake.___72___increaseinsupplyTheresearchersnextconsideredhowusingalargerversionofthesystemcouldhelpLima.TheycombinedwhattheylearnedinHuamantangawiththeknowledgeofphysical___73___ofLima’ssurroundings.TheresultingestimatessaythesystemcouldincreaseLima’sdry-seasonwatersupplyby7.5percentoverallandupto33percentatthestartofthedryseason.Thesystemisalso___74___sound,Ochoa-Tocachi,aresearcher,estimatedthatbuildingcanalssimilartothoseinHuamantangawouldcost10timeslessthanbuildingareservoirofthesamesize.Healsosaidformerhighlandsocietiesinotherpartsoftheworldhadmethodsfordivertingandslowingwaterflow.And,theycouldusethesemethodstodaytosupporttheir___75___modernmethods.61.A.signB.exampleC.explanationD.theory62.A.manageB.failC.operateD.work63.A.equipsB.financesC.resolvesD.constructs64.A.furthermoreB.howeverC.thereforeD.moreover65.A.promotedB.distributedC.driedD.delayed66.A.natureB.economyC.welfareD.technology67.A.swiftlyB.deeplyC.slowlyD.rightly68.A.reappearsB.reservesC.reversesD.resumes69.A.foretoldB.measuredC.estimatedD.assumed70.A.freezeB.fadeC.surfaceD.flow71.A.priorityB.declineC.concernD.improvement72.A.ConsiderateB.SlightC.PredictableD.Sizable73.A.personalitiesB.qualitiesC.altitudesD.populations74.A.geologicallyB.sociallyC.geographicallyD.economically75.A.simplerB.costlierC.betterD.saferSectionBDirections：Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.AWeBuyHouses-SellHousesFast*Doyouwanttosellahousefast?*Haveyourecentlybeenrelocatedandneedafasthomesale?*AreyoutiredofthetimeconsumingForSaleByOwnerprocess?*DoyouwanttogetTopDollarforyouHome?WebuyandSellHousesandHomesFast-AnyconditionWewillCallyoutodayforaFast,Free,NoObligationConsulationWeareanationalgroupofrealestateprofessionalsHYPERLINK"http://www"http://www.pcfinvestments.com/www/localoffices.htmthatspecializesinhelpinghomeownersselltheirhomeasquicklyandeasilyaspossible.Thereisnoupfrontcostandnoobligationbecausewearedevotedtoprovidingyouwiththebestoptionforafasthomesale.Weroutinelybuyandsellalltypesofproperty,inanycondition,andinmostlocations.Inmanycaseswecancloseonyourhousequickly,oftenin9daysorless,withallcashandatnocosttoyou.Weareexperiencedprofessionalsthatcanselljustaboutanyhouse,nomatterwhattype,size,location,orcondition.Infact,dependingonthesituation,wecanoftenmakeyouanoffertodayandbuyyourhousewithin24hours!Weknowthatsellingyourhomecanbeintimidatingprocess,butwecanhelpmakeitamucheasier,faster,andlessstressfulexperience.Wewanttohelpyousellyourhouseasquicklyaspossible.Ournationwidenetworkofknowledgeablerealestatespecialistsareavailabletodiscussindetailallavailableoptions,fromquickcashclosingstoamoretraditionallistingarrangements.Weunderstandthateverysituationisunique;thereforewedonotprovideaone-size-fits-allsolution.Wewanttoworkwithyou,understandyourneeds,andhelp,youfindthebestsolutionforyourspecificcircumstances.ThebestpartisthatourservicesabsolutelyFreetoyou,thehomeowner.Wewanttohelpyousellyourhousefast,andwewanttohelpyoutoday.ThereisNoObligation,NoRisk,andNoCostforourservices!76.Whoaresupposedtobeinterestedinthisadvertisement?A.Thosewhowanttobuyanewhouse.B.Thosewhoneedtorentanapartment.C.Thosewhohaveextrahousesforsale.D.Thosewhowanttohavefreehouses.77.Whichistheprobableexplanationfortheunderlinedword“relocated”?A.Borrowingmoney,frombanks.B.Movingtoanewplace.C.Promoted.D.Tired.78.Whatcanbeinferredfromtheadvertisement?A.Itusuallytakestwoweekstosellahouse.B.Theycansellallkindsofhouseseverywhereintheworld.C.Theyhavefreeconsultantstoansweryourquestions.D.Theycanbuyyouanewhousewithin24hours.BOpendata-sharersarestillintheminorityinmanyfields.Althoughmanyresearchersbroadlyagreethatpublicaccesstorawdatawouldacceleratescience,becauseotherscientistsmightbeabletomakeadvancesnotforeseenbythedata’sproducers,mostarereluctanttoposttheresultsoftheirownlaboursonline(seeNature461,160-163;2009).WhenWolkovich,forinstance,wenthuntingforthedatafromthe50studiesinhermeta-analysis,only8datasetswereavailableonline,andmanyoftheresearcherswhomshee-mailedrefusedtosharetheirwork.Forcedtoextractdatafromtablesorfiguresinpublications.Wolkovlch’steamcouldconductonlylimitedanalyses.Somecommunitieshaveagreedtoshareonline-geneticists,forexample,postDNAsequencesattheGenBankrepository,andastronomersareaccustomedtoaccessingimagesofgalaxiesandstarsfrom,say,theSloanDigitalSkySurvey,atelescopethathasobservedsome500millionobjects-buttheseremaintheexception,nottherule.Historically,scientistshaveobjectedtosharingformanyreasons:itisalotofwork;untilrecently,gooddatabasesdidnotexist;grantfunderswerenotpushingforsharing;ithasbeendifficulttoagreeonstandardsforformattingdataandthecontextualinformationcalledmetadata;andthereisnoagreedwaytoassigncreditfordata.Butthebarriersaredisappearinginpartbecausejournalsandfundingagenciesworldwideareencouragingscientiststomaketheirdatapublic.Lastyear,theRoyalSocietyinLondonsaidinitsreportScienceasanOpenEnterprisethatscientistsneedtoshiftawayfromaresearchculturewheredataisviewedasprivatepreserve.Fundingagenciesnotethatdatapaidforwithpublicmoneyshouldbepublicinformation,andthescientificcommunityisrecognizingthatdatacannowbeshareddigitallyinwaysthatwerenotpossiblebefore.Tomatchthegrowingdemand,servicesarespringinguptomakeiteasiertopublishresearchproductsonlineandenableotherresearcherstodiscoverandcitethem.Althoughexhortationstosharedataoftenconcentrateonthemoraladvantagesofsharing,thepracticeisnotpurelyaltruistic.Researcherswhosharegetplentyofpersonalbenefits,includingmoreconnectionswithcolleagues,improvedvisibilityandincreasedcitations.Themostsuccessfulsharers-thosewhosedataaredownloadedandcitedthemostoften-getnoticed,andtheirworkgetsused.Forexample,oneofthemostpopulardatasetsonmultidisciplinaryrepositoryDryadisaboutwooddensityaroundthewould;ithasbeendownloaded5,700times.Co-authorAmyZanne,abiologistatGeorgeWashingtonUniversityinWashingtonDC,thinksthatusersprobablyrangefromclimate-changeresearcherswantingtoestimatehowmuchcarbonisstoredinbiomass,toforesterslookingforinformationondifferentgradestimber.“Iwouldmuchprefertohavemydatausedbythemaximumnumberofpeopletoasktheirownquestions,”shesays“It’simportanttoallowreadersandreviewerstoseeexactlyhowyouarriveatyourresults.Publishingdataandcodeallowsyoursciencetobereproducible.”79.Whatdomanyresearchersgenerallyaccept?A.Itisimperativetoprotestscientist’patentsB.RepositoriesareessentialtoscientificresearchC.OpendatasharingismostimportanttomedicalscienceD.Opendatasharingisconductivetoscientificadvancement80.Whatistheattitudeofmostresearcherstowardsmakingtheirowndatapublic?A.OpposedB.AmbiguousC.LiberalD.Neutral81.Accordingtothepassage,whatmighthinderopendatasharing?A.ThefearofmassivecopyingB.ThelackofaresearchcultureC.ThebeliefthatresearchisprivateintellectualpropertyD.Theconcernthatcertainagenciesmaymakeaprofitoutofit82.Dryadservesasanexampletoshowhowopendatasharing___.A.isbecomingincreasinglypopularB.benefitssharesandusersalikeC.makesresearcherssuccessfulD.savesbothmoneyandlaborCEconomicallyspeaking,arewebetteroffthanweweretenyearsago?Twentyyearsago?Intheirthirstforevidenceonthisissue,commentatorsseizedontherecentreportbytheCensusBureau,whichfoundthataveragehouseholdincomeroseby5.2%in2015.Unfortunately,thatconclusionputstoomuchweightonauseful,butflawedandincomplete,statistic.AmongthemoresignificantproblemswiththeCensus’smeasurearethat:1)itexcludestaxes,transfers,andcompensationlikeemployer-providedhealthinsurance;and2)itisbasedonsurveysratherthandata.Evenifpreciselymeasured,incomedataexcludeimportantdeterminantsofeconomicwell-being,suchasthehoursofworkneededtoearnthatincome.Whilethinkingaboutthequestion,wecameacrossarecentlypublishedarticlebyCharlesJonesandPeterKlenow,whichproposesaninterestingnewmeasureofeconomicwelfare.Whilebynomeansperfect,itisconsiderablymorecomprehensivethanaverageincome,takingintoaccountnotonlygrowthinconsumptionperpersonbutalsochangesinworkingtime,lifeexpectancy,andinequality.Moreover,itcanbeusedtoassesseconomicperformancebothacrosscountriesandovertime.TheJones-Klenowmethodcanbeillustratedbyacross-countryexample.SupposewewanttocomparetheeconomicwelfareofcitizensoftheU.S.andFrancein2005.In2005,astheauthorsobserve:realconsumptionperpersoninFrancewasonly60%ashighastheU.S.,makingitappearthatAmericanswereeconomicallymuchbetteroffthantheFrenchonaverage.However,thatcomparisonomitsotherrelevantfactors:leisuretime,lifeexpectancy,andeconomicinequality.TheFrenchtakelongervacationsandretireearlier,sotypicallyworkfewerhours;theyenjoyahigherlifeexpectancy,presumablyreflectingadvantageswithrespecttohealthcare,diet,lifestyle,andthelike;andincomeandconsumptionaresomewhatmoreequallydistributedtherethanintheU.S.Becauseofthesedifferences,comparingFrance’sconsumptionwiththeU.S.’soverstatesthegapineconomicwelfare.SimilarcalculationscanbeusedtocomparetheU.S.andothercountries.Forexample,thiscalculationputseconomicwelfareintheUnitedKingdomat97%ofU.S.levels,butestimatesMexicanwell-beingat22%.TheJones-Klenowmeasurecanalsoassessaneconomy’sperformanceovertime.Accordingtothismeasure,asoftheearly-to-mid-2000s,theU.S.hadthehighesteconomicwelfareofanylargecountry.Since2007,economicwelfareintheU.S.hascontinuedtoimprove.However,thepaceofimprovementhasslowedmarkedly.Methodologically,thelessonfromtheJones-Klenowresearchisthateconomicwelfareismulti-dimensional.Theirapproachisflexibleenoughthatinprincipleotherimportantquality-oflifechangescouldbeincorporated—forexample,decreasesintotalemissionsofpollutantsanddeclinesincrimerates.83.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthe2015reportbytheCensusBureau?A.Itiswidelyusedtocomparetheeconomicgrowthacrosscountries.B.Itrevolutionizesthewayofmeasuringordinarypeople’slivelihood.C.Itfocusesonpeople’sconsumptionratherthantheiraverageincome.D.Itisamorecomprehensivemeasureofpeople’seconomicwell-being.84.WhatdoJonesandKlenowthinkofthecomparisonbetweenFranceandtheU.S.intermsofrealconsumptionperperson?A.Itreflectedtheexistingbiggapbetweenthetwoeconomies.B.Itneglectedmanyimportantindicatorsofpeople’swelfare.C.Itcoveredupthedifferencesbetweenindividualcitizens.D.Itfailedtocountintheirdifferenceinnaturalresources.85.WhatisanadvantageoftheJones-Klenowmethod?A.Itcanaccuratelypinpointacountry’scurrenteconomicproblems.B.Itcanhelptoraisepeople’sawarenessoftheireconomicwell-being.C.Itcandiagnosethecausesofacountry’sslowingpaceofeconomicimprovement.D.Itcancompareacountry’seconomicconditionsbetweendifferentperiodsoftime.86.WhatcanweinferfromthepassageaboutAmericanpeople’seconomicwell-being?A.ItismuchbetterthanthatoftheirEuropeancounterparts.B.Ithasbeenonthedeclineeversincetheturnofthecentury.C.IthasnotimprovedasmuchasreportedbytheCensusBureau.D.Ithasnotbeenaccuratelyassessedandreportedsincemid-2000s.SectionCDirections：Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.A.Recyclingpapermaterialscanbeexpensiveinbothmonetaryandenvironmentalterms.B.Howevertoughth