英语标点符号

英语标点符号 【妙文赏析】 不要小看英语中的逗号 按照结构，英语句子可以分为三大类，即简单句、并列句和复合句。在简单 句和并列句 中，逗号对句子结构没有影响。例如: 1 . However , he wants to be an engineer . 2 . Hearing the news , he looked very happy . 3 . He works in the company , too . 4 . He , together with his classmates , will see the film . 5 . The man , teaching us English , is from the U . S . A . 6 . Stop here , or you will be fined . 上述六个句子中的逗号只起停顿作用。不管有没有逗号，句1 — 句5都是 简单句， 去逗号也是简单句。句6有逗号是并列句，没有逗号也是并列句。但 是在含有非限制性定语从句或状语从句的复合句中，逗号的作用就至关重要了。 请看下面的例题: 1 . The weather turned out to be very good , _____ was more than we could expect . A . what B . that C . it D . which 此题是考查非限制性定语从句的用法。因为有逗号的存在，我们可以判定逗 号前面的部分为主句，后面的部分为从句，故为D . which 。假如把逗号 改为句号，则原题空白处应填It 。 2 . He has two sons , both of ____ are studying in Australia . A . them B . who C . whom D . they 此题和例题1一样，因有逗号的存在，故答案为C . whom , 这样才能使逗 号后面的部分能充当非限制性定语从句。假如把逗号改成句号，上句便成为:He has two sons . Both of them are studying in Australia . 3 . _____ is known to all , the compass was first made in China . A . What B . It C . As D . That 其实此题也是要考查非限制性定语从句的用法，只不过是把从句放到了主句 前面。由于从句中缺少主语，那么能充当主语的就只能是关系代词As ( 即选项 C ) 。假如去掉逗号，则应将句子改为:It is known to all that the compass was first made in China . 这时that引导主语从句，It为形式主语。 4 . _____ having lessons , you shouldn’t make noises here . A . The students are B . As the students are C . As the students D . Because the students 此题中，逗号后面的部分为主句，逗号前面的部分应为状语。因此，答案应 选用B，以使逗号前面的部分成为状语从句。 5 . _____ , so you should go to help him . A . As he is in trouble B . He is in trouble C . Being in trouble D . He being in trouble 此题中，逗号后面的so为并列连词，逗号前后两个分句应该对等。C，D两 个选项不是分句，可排除;A项是as引导的原因状语从句，不能与so连用。因 此，答案为B 。 6 . ____ , they have to have lessons outdoors . A . The classroom is begin painted B . Being painted C . Having painted D . The classroom being painted 此题中，逗号后面的部分为主句，逗号前面的部分应为状语 ( 从句或短 语 ) 。由于A项不能作状语从句，可以先排除;而B，C两项的逻辑主语与后面 句子的主语不一致，因此也应该将它们排除。D项虽然不是状语从句，但是它是 由状语从句简化而来的独立主格结构，同样能作状语，故答案为D 。 【思维体操】 是 A 还是 B ? 1 . I gave her some money on the understanding that she should spend it on books . A . 以„„为条件 B . 我想 ( 我觉得 ) 2 . Father has made a bed for me . A . 铺好床 B . 做了一张床 3 . I won‘t make the last train . A . 造最后以节车厢 B . 赶最后一班车 4 . Mimi is the black sheep of his family . A . 黑羊 B . 败家子 5 . Xiao Li is really the salt of the earth . A . 好心人 B . 地球之盐 6 . You leave me in the cold , friend . A . 让我受冻 B . 令我扫兴 7 . The child is in hot water . A . 惹麻烦 B . 掉进热水 8 . I answer complaints on the phone . A . 埋怨对方 B . 解答对方所抱怨的问题 9 . The Indians declared that this “ Pass Law ” was unfair . A . 通行证法 B . 被通过的法律 10 . With the help of green houses , the villagers can provide cities and towns with all the vegetables in cold weather . A . 绿色房子 B . 温室 11 . He had a gift for thinking up ways of making political points . A . 形成自己的政治观点 B . 阐述自己的政治观点 12 . There is nothing worse than breaking the suitcase for the trip . A . 弄坏箱子 B . 箱子太小 13 . We are none too early for the train . A . 我们刚好赶上火车。 B . 我们一个都没赶上火车。 参考答案:1 — 5 A A B B A 6 — 10 B A B A B 11 — 13 B B A 三、智能显示 单词拼写对比专练 根据下列每组句子所给汉语注释，写出空白处各单词的正确形式。 1 . _____ ( 鼓舞 ) by the spirit of Comrade Lei feng , more and more people try their best to do good deeds . Our English teacher often _____ ( 鼓励 ) us to practise more spoken English . 2 . We loved visiting China and greatly _____ ( 感激 ) everyone’s kindness . 3 . I haven’t a thing in _____ ( 共同 ) with her . 4 . We had a very _____ ( 令人愉快的 ) trip in this summer vacation . Last night her _____ ( 悦耳的 ) voice made herself heard clearly in the big hall . 5 . Edison showed great ____ ( 兴趣 ) in science when he was a boy . I’m not quite _____ ( 兴趣 ) in this kind of jacket . Please show me another one . 6 . The boy is _____ ( 不断 ) asking me many questions . With the help of man – made satellites , now we can have _____ ( 连 续不断 ) TV programmes every day . 7 . Disny moved to the west _____ ( 海岸线 ) of the U . S . A . . “How beautiful the sea is!”We walked along the _____ ( 海滨 ) without the thought of going back . 8 . We learn twelve subjects , English _____ ( 包括 ) . There are three sweaters in the box . _____ ( 包括 ) the red one . 9 . The _____ ( 演员 ) gave rather a wooden performance . She was too nervous . The _____ ( 演员 ) was so nervous that he couldn’t say anything . 10 . What I have seen is _____ ( 不一样 ) from what I have heard . We talked about _____ ( 各种各样 ) things . 11 . Cotton is growing fine in our country , _____ ( 尤其 ) in Hubei province . Uncle Wang came to Hangzhou _____ ( 特地 ) to see me . 12 . Look! The classroom is very dirty . You must give it a _____ ( 彻 底 ) cleaning . The army made a ____ ( 完全 ) successful attack on the enemy capital . 13 . Please give my best ____ ( 问候 ) to your parents . When I get home , I always say ____ ( 问候 ) to my parents . 14 . Don’t be ____ ( 泄气 ) . Try it harder in some other way . She was very ____ ( 失望 ) at losing the election . 15 . What else did you buy ____ ( 除了 ) this cap? I can take my holidays at any time ____ ( 除了 ) in August . 16 . Does she have enough ____ ( 力气 ) to lift the box? The police and the army have been given special ____ ( 权力 ) to deal with the situation . 17 . When I ____ ( 检查 ) my shopping list , I found I’d forgotten to buy eggs . The doctor ____ ( 检查 ) her carefully and found she had got a high fever . 18 . Thank you for offering us so much ____ ( 信息 ) we needed . There is an important ____ ( 口信 ) for you from your brother . 19 . The man was highly praised for having the ____ ( 勇气 ) to go into the burning house to save the two girls . The soldier showed great _____ ( 勇敢 ) in fighting with the enemy . 20 . My mother likes this kind of soap ____ ( 粉 ) . The ____ ( 面粉 ) can be used for making bread and cakes . 答案:1 . Inspired , encourages 2 . obliged , appreciated 3 . common , same 4 . pleasant , pleasing 5 . interest , interested 6 . constantly , continuous 7 . coast , shore 8 . included , including 9 . actress , actor 10 . different , various 11 . especially , specially 12 . thorough , completely 13 . regards , hello 14 . discouraged , disappointed 15 . besides , except 16 . strength , powers 17 . checked , examined 18 . information , message 19 . courage , bravery 20 . powder , flour 【心中有数】 单元语法发散思维 一、介词形式，被动意义 This new railway is still under construction . 这条新铁路仍在建设中。 本句中的under construction “正在建设中”。介词under构成的短语，如果 在„„过程中”。它可它的宾语是表示动作的名词，通常含有被动意义，意为“ 改换为被动语态。但介词结构使句子言简意赅，避免过多地使用被动语态。这种 介词短语在句中常作表语，也可作补足语或定语。例如: Your suggestion is still under discussion . 你的建议正在讨论中。 He is said to be under arrest fr stealing . 据说他由于偷窃被捕了。 The house under repair is our classroom building . 正在修建的房屋是我 们的教学楼。 常见的这类under短语还有: under attack在进攻中，under arrest在关押中，under consideration在考 虑中，under construction在建设中，under contact在联系中，under discussion 在讨论中，under examination在审查中，under investigation在调查中，under repair在修理中，under review在审议中 under treatment在医治中，under trial在受审中 还有一些介词，如in , on , for , above , beyond , past , out of , within等，也可以构成表示动作的介词短语。如: The writer has finished writing his novel but it is not yet in print . (= „being printed) 作者已经写完了他的小说，但尚未出版。 Grapes from XinJiang are on sale . (=„to be rented) 还有两间房出租。 His virtue is above all praise . (=„can’t be praised completely) 他 的美德赞颂不尽。 The fellow’s insolence is beyond endurance . (=„can’t be endured) 这家伙傲慢无礼，叫人受不了。 His car was out of control . (=„could not be controlled)那部汽车失去了控制。 The pain was almost past bearing . (=„couldn’t be borne) 痛得简直受不了。 The city is already within sight . (=„can be seen already) 城市已经望得见了。(在视野之中) 二、主动形式被动意义 初学被动语态不少同学常将应该用主动形式的句子错用为被动形式。请看如 下句子和两 道高考题: 1. Those programmes are usually easy to receive and not difficult to understand . 2. They were still difficult to read and were very heavy to carry . 3. The sick woman needs ______ ( MET88 – 2 ) A . Looking after B . to be looking after C . to look after D . being looked after (A) 4. We think the film is ______ ( MET85 – 1 ) A . worth to see B . worthy of seeing C . worth seeing D . worthy to see I 句1意思为:这些节目通常很容易接收到而且也不难理解。句2意思为:这 些书籍读起来还是很费劲，拿起来又很重。在学习句1句2时，学生习惯误译为: 1. Those programmes are usually easy to be received and not difficult to be understood . 2. They were still difficult to be read and were very heavy to be carried . 所以一下主动形式表被动意义的情况是十分必要的。 (一) 不定式主动形式表被动意义 1 . 当不定式用在作表语的形容词后，在句中作状语，而句中的主语又是不 定式的逻辑宾语时，通常用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。如上述句1句2。能 带主动语态的不定式而表达被动意义的形容词常见的有:easy、difficult、 heavy、hard、nice、bitter、dangerous、light、interesting、important、 expensive、fit、comfortable、pleasant、impossible等。其句型为S + link v + adj . + infinitive ( 主动语态 ) ，类似这种貌似主动实为被动的系表结 构的又如以下例句。 Habits are easy to make but hard to break . ( Habits是to make、 to break的逻辑宾语 ) 。 The water is fit to drink . The picture is pleasant to look at . 2 . 当不定式所修饰的名词或代词是动词的宾语，而句子的主语也是不定式 的逻辑主语时。例如: Mathilde only has a small cold room to live in . ( Mathilde是to live in的逻辑主语 ) He bought some magazines to read . ( He是to read的逻辑主语 ) 3 . 当不定式所修饰的名词或代词，是及物动词的直接宾语，而间接宾语是 不定式的逻辑主语时。例如: Mother always gives her little daughter some picture books to read . ( Her little daughter是to read的逻辑主语 ) The teacher gave the students some paper to write on . ( The students 是to write on的逻辑主语 ) 4 . 当不定式所修饰的名词或代词，是“there be„. ”结构句中的主语时 ( 此处用主动或被动式，一般说来无意义上的不同 ) 。例如: There are many problems to work out . ( to be worked out ) (二) 在动词want、need、require等后面常用动名词表示被动含义，等于不定式的被动形式。再如: The bike needs ( wants ) repairing ( = to be repaired ) . 自行车需要修理了。 (三) worth后跟动名词主动形式表示被动，但是不跟不定式的被动。再如: This novel is well worth reading。这本小说很值得阅读。 (四) 有些动词不及物动词，只有主动形式，常视为主动表被动。如: 1 . take place、happen、break out等。 A big fire happened / took place / broke out last night . 2 . 感官动词 ( taste ; feel ; smell ; sound ; look ) 用主动形式表示被意思。请看: How sweet the music sounds ! Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth . 3 . write、read、sell、keep、prove、weigh、number、drink、wear、pay、wash、open常用主动形式表被动意义。请看下面句子: The book sells well . ( 这本书销路很好。 ) The door will not open . ( 这扇门就是打不开。 ) This dress washes better . ( 这衣服较好洗。 ) The sign reads as follows . ( 这牌子告示如下。 ) 三、be made of及其他 1 . 制成品中能看出原料，用be made of ; 制成品的原料变化看不出来，用be made from。如: The desk is made of wood . Paper is made from wood . 2 . 用of时可用out of表示语气的加强。如: This cup is made out of glass . We make bread out of flour . (不要省去out。成品(bread)做宾语时， 要说out of。) 3 . 原料前用with , 表示这种原料是这种制成品的主要原料，或能说明其特点 的一种原料，或者强调用什么。如: A fruit cake is made with fruit . Can you make a boat with this piece of wood ? 4 . make„into„意为“将(什么原料)制成(什么成品)”。如: Glass can be made into cups . We can make glass into cups . 5 . be made up of，意为“由„„组成，由„„构成”，相当于consist of。 如: Our class is made up of sixty students . This machine is made up of hundreds of different parts . 6 . be made in+地点，意为“由(某地)制造，在(某地)制造”。如: This machine is made in China . 【动脑动手】 单元能力立体检测 汉语式典型错误例析(上) 1 . The price of oil is expensive now . 2 . How much is the population of China? 3 . How do you call it in English? 4 . How long have you bought the bike? 5 . The sun rises from the east . 6 . She married with a rich man . 7 . Tom hit her on her back . 8 . How is he like? He is tall and thin . 9 . This is the boy his English is very good . 10 . I want to see how your new pen looks like . 11 . They are lazy . Both of them are not diligent . 12 . He is very easy to get angry . 13 . He suggested me to drink plenty of water . 14 . Cotton is felt soft . 15 . The book is very worth reading . 16 . He longed me to be a good student . 17 . Don’t read under the sun . 18 . There are many people study English . 19 . How should I do with the letter? 20 . I don’t know how to do . 21 . Thought he has worked for ten hours , he felt not a little tired . 22 . Do you know the girl whose name is called Jenny? 23 . They fled away when they saw their teacher . 24 . We should serve for the people heart and soul . 25 . This pair of shoes are a bit tight . Show me another one . 26 . Those who against the plan raise your hands . 27 . The dress spent him a lot of money . 28 . His house broke out a great fire last night . 29 . His hometown has taken great changes since liberation . 30 . We must find a box to put these books . 【答案与解析】 1 . expensive?high 2 . How much?What 3 . How?What 4 . bought?had 5 . from?in 6 . 去掉with或married with?is married to 7 . her?the 8 . How?What 9 . his?whose 10 . 去掉like或 how?What 11 . Both of them are not diligent . ?Neither of them is diligent . 12 . 此句应为:He gets angry easily . 13 . me to drink?my drinking或that I should drink 14 . is felt?feels 15 . very?well 16 . longed?longed for 17 . under?in 18 . 在study前加who 19 . How?What 20. 在do后加it或how?what 21 . not a little?not a bit 22 . 去掉away 24 . 去掉for 25 . one?pair 26 . 在against前加are 27 . spent?cost 28 . 此句应为:A great fire broke out in his house last night . 29 . 此句应为:Great changes have taken place in his hometown since liberation . 30 . 在books后加in 【创新园地】 假如你是景山中学的一名学生，你校将进行一次以“My Future”为主题的英语 演讲会，你作为代表发言，拟定一个讲演稿，内容要点如下: 1、教师是人类灵魂的工程师，孩提时代的梦想就是当教师，所以决定做一名中 学教师。 2、孩子是祖国的未来和希望，我认为孩子是早晨八、九点钟的太阳，我们应该 与孩子建立良好的师生关系。 3、我国师资队伍缺乏，想当教师的人不多，主要原因是工作辛苦，收入不高。 4、随着岁月的流逝，我渐渐地决心献身于教育事业。 注意:要求格式正确。字数110字左右。 (请同学们写好后把答案反馈给我们) 【创新园地】答案 Dear friends , Welcome to China . I’m very glad to tell you what you’re going to do during your stay in Beijing . Our headmaster is to meet you on Monday morning and will introduce our school to you . You’ll be shown the lab building and the library in the afternoon . On Tuesday the students of the two countries are to visit the Great Wall , where Mr Zhang will tell you about it . In the evening a party will be held in Room 402 .On Wednesday you’ll be free to talk with the Chinese students . And you’ll leave for Xi’an by train at 8:45 on Tuesday morning . Have a good time here . Thank you . 【同步题库】 Unit 16 易拼错的 NMET 考纲词汇对比练 1 . A . What he said ______ ( 影响 ) me greatly . B . This book has a great ______ ( 影响 ) on him . 2 . A . He is in ______ ( 负责 ) of the work . B . Great ______ ( 变化 ) have taken place in our country . 3 . A . This plane is in the ______ ( 过程 ) of the flight . B . What ’ s the ______ ( 原因 ) of the accident ? C . Where is the ______ ( 源头 ) of the river ? 4 . A . It ‘ s ______ ( 肯定的 ) that he ’ ll pass the examination . B . They asked a boy to draw the ______ ( 幕布 ) . 5 . A . It ‘ s ______ ( 容易的 ) to finish the work . B . He wrote an ______ ( 文章 ) on reading . 6 . A . A little light ______ ( 闪现 ) on the wall . B . The Great Wall was made not only of stone , but of the ______ ( 肉 体 ) and blood of millions of men . C . These are ______ ( 新鲜的 ) vegetables . 7 . A . He asked the man in the water to ______ ( 抓 ) the rope . B . The people ______ ( 喘气 ) at the cruelty of the bad boss . 8 . A . We shouldn’t take anything for ______ ( 假定„„正确 ) . B . A Swede wanted to join Napoleon ‘ s ______ ( 伟大的 ) Army . 9 . A . He came back ______ ( 迟 ) last night . B . Have you seen him ______ ( 近来 ) ? ) for his 10 . A . The Department of Education gave him a ______ ( 奖章 good work . B . This spear is made of ______ ( 金属 ) . C . Many ______ ( 式样 ) of bicycles are on show . D . Fill in the blanks with proper ______ ( 情态的 ) verbs . 11 . A . There are seven ______ ( 奇迹 ) in the world . B . I saw him ______ ( 徘徊 ) in the street . 12 . A . He took me by the ______ ( 手腕 ) . B . Her ______ ( 腰 ) measure is 23 inches . 13 . A . The boy was ______ ( 发抖 ) with cold . B . There is a ______ ( 寺院 ) on the top of the hill . 14 . A . He ______ ( 摸 ) me on the forehead with his left hand . B . The boss is very ______ ( 粗暴 ) . 15 . A . We have friends ______ ( 遍及 ) the world . B . The Xiang River flows ______ ( 通过 ) Changsha . C . The doctor gave the boy a ______ ( 彻底的 ) examination . D . ______ ( 虽然 ) he is a student , he knows a lot . 16 . A . The old man was ______ ( 挨饿 ) to death . B . The teacher ______ ( 凝视 ) the class into silence . 17 . A . The whole nation was in deep ______ ( 悲哀 ) at this news . B . The road is so ______ ( 狭窄的 ) that two cars can ’ t pass . 18 . A . She got a ______ ( 严重的 ) illness . B . Don ‘ t be ______ ( 好奇的 ) about everything . C . He felt ______ ( 紧张的 ) when he said it to her . 19 . A . There are seven head of ______ ( 牛 ) in the meadow . B . The ______ ( 战斗 ) was over soon . C . How many ______ ( 瓶 ) of beer are there on the table ? 20 . A . Beijing is the ______ ( 首都 ) of China . B . He is a ______ ( 上尉 ) in an army . 21 . A . This ______ ( 技术的 ) school was set up in 1960 . B . The violinist ’ s ______ ( 技巧 ) was excellent . 22 . A . I ______ ( 想 ) he ‘ ll pass the examination . B . He is an ______ ( 专家 ) on foreign affairs . 23 . A . The ______ ( 质量 ) of this kind of paper is quite good . B . He has a large ______ ( 数量 ) of books . 24 . A . He injured his hands in the ______ ( 车间 ) . B . Helen ______ ( 崇拜 ) her mother . 答案:1 . A . affected B . effect 2 . A . charge B . changes 3 . A . course B . cause C . source 4. A . certain B . curtain 5 . A . easy B . essay 6 . A . flashed B . flesh C . fresh 7 . A . grasp B . gasped 8 . A . granted B . grand 9 . A . late B . lately 10 . A . medal B . metal C . models D . modal 11 . A . wonders B . wandering 12 . A . wrist B . waist 13 . A . trembling B . temple 14 . A . touched B . tough 15 . A . throughout B . through C . thorough D . Though 16 . A . starved B . stared 17 . A . sorrow B . narrow 18 . A . serious B . curious C . nervous 19 . A . cattle B . battle C . bottles 20 . A . expect B . expert 21. A. technical B. skill 22. A. expect B. expert 23 . A . quality B . quantity 24 . A . workshop B . worships