数字万用表修理

数字万用表修理 数字万用表检修方法与技巧 数字式仪表具有很高的灵敏度和准确度，其应用几乎遍及所 有企业。但由于其故障出现呈多因素，且遇到问题的随机性大，没有太多规律可循，修理难度较大。 因此，本人将多年工作实际中所积累的一些修理经验整理出来，以供从事本专 业的同仁参考。 一、修理方法 寻找故障应先外后里，先易后难，化整为零，重点突破。其方法大致可分为以下几种:1.感觉法 凭借感官直接对故障原因做出判断，通过外观检查，能发现如断线、脱焊、搭线短路、熔丝管断、烧坏元件、机械性损伤、印刷电路上铜箔翘起及断裂等;可以触摸出电池、电阻、晶体管、集成块的温升情况，可参照电路图找出温升异常的原因。另外，用手还可检查元件有否松动、集成电路脚管是否插牢，转换开关是否卡带;可以听到和嗅到有无异声、异味。2.测电压法 测量各关键点的工作电压是否正常，可较快找出故障点。如测 A/D转换器的工作电压、基准电压等。3.短路法 在前面所讲的检查A/D转换器方法 把里一般都采用短路法，这种方法在修理弱电和微电仪器时用得较多。4.断路法 可疑部分从整机或单元电路中断开，若故障消失，表示故障在断开的电路中。此法主要适合于电路存在短路的情况。5.测元件法 当故障已缩小到某处或几个元件时，可对其进行在线或离线测量。必要时，用好的元件进行替换，若故障消失，说明元件已坏。6.干扰法 利用人体感应电压作为干扰信号，观察液晶显示的变化情况，常用于检查输入电路与显示部分是否完好。二、修理技巧对一块故障仪表首先应检查和判别故障现象是共性(所有功能都不能测量)，还是个性(个别功能或个别量程)，然后 区别情况，对症解决。1、若所有档均不能工作，应重点检查电源电路和A/D转换器电路。检查电源部分时，可取下叠层电池，按下电源开关， 用正表笔接被测表电源负，负表笔接电源正(对数字万用表而言)，开关打到二级管测量档，若显示的是二级管正向电压，则说明电源部分是好的，若偏差大，则说明电源部分有问题。 若出现开路，重点检查电源开关和电池引线等。若出现短路，则需要采用断路法，逐步断开使用电源的元件，重点检查运 算放大器、定时器及A/D转换器等。若出现短路，一般都不止损坏一块集成元件。检查A/D转换器可以和基本表同时进行，相当于模拟式万用表的直流表头， 具体检查方法: (1)被测表的量程转到直流电压最低档; (2)测量 A/D 转换器工作电压是否正常。 根据表内所用 A/D 转换器型号，对应 V+脚和 COM 脚，测量值与它的典型值相比 较是否相符。 (3)测 A/D 转换器的基准电压，目前常用的数字万用表的 基准电压一般都是 100mV 或 1V，即测量 VREF+与 COM 之间的 直流电压，若偏离 100mV 或 1V，可通过外接电位器进行调节。 (4)检查输入为零的显示数，把 A/D 转换器的正端 IN+与 负端 IN-短接， 使输入电压 Vin=0， 仪表显示 “00.0"或 “00.00"。 (5)检查显示器的全亮笔划。把测试端 TEST 脚与正电源 端 V+短接，使逻辑地变成高电位，全部数字电路停止工作。 因每个笔划上都加有直流电压，所以全部笔划亮对位表显示 “1888"， 对位表显示“18888"。若存在缺笔划现象， 检查 A/D 转换器对应输出脚与导电胶(或联线)，与显示器之间是否有 接触不良和断线情况。 2.若个别档有问题，说明A/D转换器和电源部分都工作正 常。因直流电压、电阻档共用一套分压电阻;交直流电流共用 分流器;交流电压与交流电流共用一套 AC/DC 转换器;其它如 Cx、HFE、F等都由独立的不同转换器组成。了解它们之间的 关系，再根据电源图，就很容易找到故障部位。若测量小信 号不准确或显示数字跳动大，则重点检查量程开关的接触是 否良好。3.若出现测量数据不稳，且数值总是累计增大，短接 A/D 转换器的输入端，显示数据不为零的情况，则一般是 0.1μF 的基准电容性能不良所引起的。根据以上，数字万用表的修理基本顺序应是:数字 表头部?直流电压?直流电流?交流电压?交流电流?电阻 档(包括蜂鸣器和检查二级管正压 降)?Cx?HFE、F、H、T 等。 但也不可过分机械，有些明显能看出的问题，可以先处理。 但在进行调校时，则一定要按照上述程序。 总之，一块故障万用表，经过适当的检测，首先要分析 故障可能出现的部位，然后根据线路图找到故障位置进行更 换和修复。因数字万用表是较精密的 A/D转换器，一定要采仪表，更换元件一定要用参数相同的元件，特别是更换 用生产厂家经严格筛选的集成块，否则将出现误差而达不到所需 准确度。新换的A/D 转换器，也需要按前面所述的方法进行检查，切不可因新而置信不疑。 目前，国内生产数字万用表的厂家甚多，质量也有优劣，对双面复铜板的质量问题，在修理中是不易发现的。树脂板 的绝缘强度不够时，主要表现在测量高电压时误差较大，修理时要与分压电阻的阻值变化区别开来。遇到这种情况，最好是采用断路法，寻找故障点。对烧坏碳化的部分要清除干净，达到绝缘要求。遇到由双面连线因过渡孔断裂而引起不 能输入信号时，容易与转换开关不良的现象混淆而难以分开， 这类故障宜采用短路法寻找故障点。 一( 如何利用 7107 测量电源 一( 万用表为什么会归零,7107 归零原理。 二( 各个档位之间切换如何实现, 三( 如何利用 7107 测量电源，电阻写出测量原理与电路 1. 辨认引脚:芯片的第一脚，是正放芯片，面对型号字符，然后， 在芯片的左下方为第一脚。也可以把芯片的缺口朝左放置，左下 角也就是第一脚了。许多厂家会在第一脚旁边打上一个小圆点作 为标记。 知道了第一脚之后， 按照反时针方向去走， 依次是第 2 至 第 40 引脚。(1 脚与 40 脚遥遥相对)。 2. 牢记关键点的电压: 芯片第一脚是供电， 正确电压是 DC5V 。 36 第 脚是基准电压，正确数值是 100mV，第 26 引脚是负电源引脚， 正确电压数值是负的，在 ,3V 至 ,5V 都认为正常，但是不能 是正电压，也不能是零电压。芯片第 31 引脚是信号输入引脚， 可以输入 ?199.9mV 的电压。在一开始，可以把它接地，造成 “0”信号输入，以方便测试。 3. 注意芯片 27,28,29 引脚的元件数值，它们是 0.22uF,47K,0.47uF 阻容网络，这三个元件属于芯片工作的积分 网络，不能使用磁片电容。芯片的 33 和 34 脚接的 104 电容也 不能使用磁片电容。 4. 注意接地引脚:芯片的电源地是 21 脚，模拟地是 32 脚，信号 地是 30 脚，基准地是 35 脚，通常使用情况下，这 4 个引脚都 接地， 在 一些有特殊要求的应用中 (例如测量电阻或者比例测量) ， 30 脚或 35 脚就可能不接地而是按照需要接到其他电压上。,, 本文不讨论特殊要求应用。 5. 负电压产生电路:负电压电源可以从电路外部直接使用 7905 等 芯片来提供，但是这要求供电需要正负电源，通常采用简单方法， 利用一个 +5V 供电就可以解决问题。比较常用的方法是利用 ICL7660 或者 NE555 等电路来得到，这样需要增加硬件成本。我 们常用一只 NPN 三极管，两只电阻，一个电感来进行信号放大， 把芯片 38 脚的振荡信号串接一个 20K ,56K 的电阻连接到三 极管“B”极，在三极管“C”极串接一个电阻(为了保护)和一 个电感(提高交流放大倍数)，在正常工作时，三极管的“C”极 电压为 2.4V , 2.8V 为最好。这样，在三极管的“C”极有放大 的交流信号，把这个信号通过 2 只 4u7 电容和 2 支 1N4148 二 极管，构成倍压整流电路，可以得到负电压供给 ICL7107 的 26 脚使用。这个电压，最好是在 ,3.2V 到 ,4.2V 之间。 6. 如果上面的所有连接和电压数值都是正常的，也没有“短路”或 者“开路”故障，那么，电路就应该可以正常工作了。利用一个 电位器和指针万用表的电阻 X1 档，我们可以分别调整出 50mV,100mV,190 mV 三种电压来，把它们依次输入到 ICL7107 的 数码管应该对应分别显示 50.0,100.0,190.0 的数值， 第 31 脚，数码 数码 允许有 2 ,3 个字的误差。如果差别太大，可以微调一下 36 脚 的电压。 7. 比例读数:把 31 脚与 36 脚短路，就是把基准电压作为信号输 入到芯片的信号端，这时候，数码 数码管显示的数值最好是 100.0 ， 数码 通常在 99.7 , 100.0 越好。这个测试是 看看芯片的比例读数转换情况，100.3 之间，越接近 与基准电压具体是多少 mV 无关， 也无法在外部进行调整这个读数。如果差的太多，就需要更换芯 片了。 8. ICL7107 也经常使用在 ?1.999V 量程，这时候，芯片 27,28,29 引脚的元件数值，更换为 0.22uF,470K,0.047uF 阻容网络，并且 把 36 脚基准调整到 1.000V 就可以使用在?1.999V 量程了。 9. 这种数字电压表头，被广泛应用在许多测量场合，它是进行模拟 ,数字转换的最基本，最简单而又最低价位的一个方法，是作为 数 一(万用表为什么会归零,7107 归零原理。二( 各个档位之间切换„ 由爱美丽编辑，转载请注明来源出处。 数字万用表的常见故障分析与维修 数字万用表的常见故障分析与维修数字万用表的工作原理及特点: 双积分 A/D 转换器是数字万用表的“心脏” ，通过它实现模拟量—数字量的转换。 外围电路主要包括功能 转换器、 功能及量程选择开关、 LCD 或 LED 显示器， 此外还有蜂鸣器振荡电路、 驱动电路、 检测线路通断电路、 低电压指示电路、小数点及标志符(极性符号等)驱动电路。 数字万用表的基本构成 A/D 转换器是数字万用表的核心，采用单片大规模集成电路 7106。7106 采用内部异或门输出，可 驱动 LCD 显示器，耗电极省。它的主要特点是:单电源供电，且电压范围较宽，使用 9V 叠层电池，以 实现仪表的小型化，输入阻抗高，利用内部的模拟开关实现自动调零与极性转换。缺点是 A/D 转换速 度较慢，但能满足常规电测量的需要。 下面是常见故障分析， 下面是常见故障分析，及处理方法 (1)查数字万用表的故障，首先应检查和判断故障现象是带共性的(例如所有档都不能测量)，还 是带个性的(例如仅电流档不能测量)，对所有档均不能工作甚至无液晶显示，应重点检查电源电路和 A/D 转换器;若个别档有问题，说明电源和 A/D 转换器工作正常，应参照单元电路去寻找故障。 (2)数字万用表的最小直流电压档(即直流 200mV 档)是三位半数字万用表的基本档，其余档大都 在此 直流电压基基础上扩展而成，因此检修仪表时应先检查该档工作是否正常。 (3)本档不回零。一般是由于分压电阻附近较脏，应擦洗电阻周围使之回零，然后由 直流电压源输入 1V 电压进行校准，校准时调直流电位器。 (4)基准电压不正常，仪表打到哪档始终显示“1” ，检查集成块 7106 的第 35、36 管脚之间有无 100mV 的基准电压，再检查开关 VR1 电位器是否良好、分压电阻 R12(4Ω)和 R13(150Ω)是否准确。 (5)各档显示数字乱跳无法使用。此故障多数是因为测大容量电容时没有放电，也有的是测量时 打错档位，导致双时基集成块 7556 和 7106 损坏。检查时首先在电池两端测电流，若大于 10mA，则 说明 7556 损坏;取下此片，再测，电流还很大，则 7106 损坏;取下此片，再测，电流小于 2.5mA， 则说明其它基本正常。若稍大一点，则说明某些电容有些漏电。对损坏的元件及时更换后，先检查 200mV 档是否正常，再进行其它功能的测试。 (6)蜂鸣器不响。 如指示灯亮， 则可能是 7011 集成块损坏; 如灯不亮， 则可能是集成块 062 损坏， 它的一半管脚管交流电流，一半管蜂鸣器，打到蜂鸣器档，响则说明管蜂鸣器的那一半充好;打到交 流 2V 档，用改锥碰输入端，显示“1” ，则说明管交流的那一半充好。 (7)开机显示“1888” ，是 4070 集成块或 4077 集成块损坏;表的小数点始终亮，除 4070 或 4077 集成块有故障外，还可能是 1MΩ电阻开路所致。 数字万用表要定期清洗，否则易短路导致表不正常工作。 接地电阻表的结构与调修接地电阻表是一种专门测量各种电力系统、电器设备、避雷针等接地装置接地电 阻的仪器，一般分为三端钮(E1、P1、C1)及四端钮(P2、C2、P1、C1)，其中四端钮还 可以测土壤电阻率。一、主要结构及简单工作原理目前使用的接地电阻表以型号 ZC-8 居多，它是以电位计原理，由手摇发电机作为电源，配以相敏整流放大 电路、电位器、电流互感器及检流计组成。接地电阻的测量一般都采用交流进行，这是因为土壤的导电主要依靠地 下电解质的作用，如果采用直流测量就会引起化学极化作用，严重影响测量结果。当手摇发电机以 120r/min 的速 度转动时，便产生 110Hz 左右的交流电流 I1，I1 从发电机经过电流互感器一次绕组、经被测物 E1、大地、电流探 测针 C1 而回到发电机。由电流互感器二次线圈产生的电流 I2 接于电位器 Rs。电位器 Rs 的旋钮装在仪表面板上并 带有读数盘，调节电位器 Rs 使检流计指示中心刻度线，此时如读数为 N，则被测接地电阻等于 N 与倍率系数(有× 0.1、×1、×10 三档或×1、×10、×100 三档)之积。 二、常见故障及修理 1.检流计无指示(检定时)或变化很小 (1)发电机输出无电压或输出电压很低:检查发电机的“开关”电压线圈是否短路或损坏以及输入电阻是 否损坏，如是，更换或修复。注意:在使用时不要在 C1 和 P1 短路情况下摇动手摇发电机，以免发生故障。(2) 发电机磁钢是否退磁。如是，可充磁。(3)与检流计并联的电容 C1、C2(100μF10V)可能电解液变干，造成短 路或击穿。若是，更换。(4)互感器一次线圈烧坏，在带电测量接地体时，当有大电流流入大地情况下，可将 其烧坏。(5)检流计由于环境的影响，灵敏度降低。如是，对其磁钢充磁。其一般灵敏度为(?25μA30?)。(6) 检流计线圈断，有条件的话，可重新更换线圈。 2.在检某一量程时，调节电位器检流计无法指零，总朝一个方向偏转 (1)此量程分流电阻损坏。如是，更换。(2)互感器二次线圈损坏。如是，更换。(3)电位器 Rs 与其他线 路断开，使之无法起到调节作用，使得流过检流计线路的电流增大。如是，重新焊好线路。 3.所有量程测量误差较大 (1)三极管变质导致性能下降。如是，重新更换。(2)整流二极管 D1、D2 正向电阻阻值相差较大，因为在 不同的电压下正向电阻的阻值是有变化的，所以在选二极管时正向电阻要基本相同。(3)检流计是否变位。如 是，重新调整检流计轴尖与轴承之间的间隙，使其活动自如。(4)检流计可动线圈上的游丝是否变质，使得检 流计变位。如是，可重新调整或更换游丝。(5)如不是以上原因，可仔细调整可调电位器 W1、W2，以消除测量 误差。 小型数字万用表九大故障检修心得故障一:交流各档显示不回零。 现象:交流电流、电压各档，在无电压输入的情况下显示均不为零。 原因一:打开表壳仔细观察后发现，该表因长期使用，开关触片间被严重污染，凡 开关触片经过的地方均有被铜粉末污染的黑色轨迹。这些污染则构成了一定量的容量 不规则的伏打电池，其电压对测量机构产生作用，因此各档显示不能回零。 解决方法:用棕毛刷蘸取航空汽油，清洗开关触片，再用清水洗净污染，晾干后交 流各档显示回零，故障排除。 原因二:在交流电压测量电路中有一只交流放大器，其输出端与输入端有一只反馈 电容相连。反馈电容开路，高频信号将跟随被测信号直接进入测量机构，在无输入的 情况下，外电场的干扰信号也会直接被放大，表现出不能回零的现象。 解决方法:更换交流放大器的反馈电容，故障即消除。 故障二:20MΩ电阻档不能回零，而且测量失效。 现象:在 200Ω、2kΩ、20kΩ等低阻档测量正常，但打至 20MΩ电阻档，无论被测 电阻的大小，总显示出较稳定的固定值，根本无法正确显示被测电阻的阻值。 原因:开箱检查后发现， 电池漏液较严重， 已蔓延至电路板上， 结果形成新的通路， 使部分本无联系的电路彼此相通，估 计漏液的等效电阻为 9MΩ。在低电阻档测量时， 因漏液的电阻 R 漏远大于从 200Ω?2kΩ?20kΩ的量程范围，R 漏上分走的电流很小， 漏液电阻的分流影响可以近似忽略，测量结果所受影响不大。随着量程范围的增大，R 漏的影响开始增大，到达 20MΩ档时，就出现了无论是否有被测电阻，都有稳定 9MΩ 的显示值。 解决方法:用干布擦除所有电池漏液，更换新电池，再开机检查，故障完全消失。 故障三:LCD 显示不完整。 现象:LCD 显示的数字笔画不完整， 用力按压机壳故障消失， 稍一松手， 故障再现。 原因:机壳内显示芯片引脚、引电橡胶及 LCD 显示屏字划电极间接触不良所致。 解决方法:取一片透明的塑料薄膜， 剪成与 LCD 显示屏同大小的一块垫在机壳显示 窗与 LCD 显示屏之间，再上紧后盖板螺丝，迫使内部组件紧密接触，结果 LCD 显示 恢复正常。 故障四:LCD 显示的小数点错位。 现象:电压、电流、电阻各档小数点显示位与应显示位不一致。 原因:开箱检查发现，开关盘定位爪断损，动触片着力不匀而变形，变形后的动触 片在该接通的位置没有接通，却在不该接通的相邻位置接通了，导致了小数点错位。 解决方法:更换变形的动触片后，故障完全消除。 故障五:直流电压档测量结果前后不一致。 现象:对一稳定的 100V 直流电压进行测量，开始显示为 105.1V，2 分钟后变为溢 出显示。 原因:经检定是该万用表所用电池电量不足所致。当电池欠电压时，该万用表模数 变换器中的标准电压不断发生偏离，于是示值误差将随着电池性能的不断下降而增大， 时间越长，示值误差越明显。 解决方法:更换万用表电池即可。 故障六:交流电压高压档总是溢出 交流电压 750V 档测量 50V 交流电压时，居然溢出显示。 原因:显示。 现象: 开箱检查后发现，与输入通道相连的定触片间有电弧烧伤的痕迹。该处胶木 板因被烧伤炭化而被击破，使本应该经分压器分压的外界被测电压直接传到了放大器 的输入端，由于该被测电压远大于放大器正常状态的输入电压，迫使 LCD 溢 解决方法:用刀片剔除电路板上烧伤的焦木，故障排除。 故障七:电容出显示。 档有多档溢出显示。 原因:经查实，因开关定触片上的阻焊膜过多，阻碍定动触片间的良好接触，使得 单稳态电路中的定时电阻没有参与工作，单稳态触发器的 1、2 端就没有电源电压的作 用，结果表现为电容档溢出显示。 解决方法:用刀片剔除触片上多余的阻焊膜，故障被消除。 故障八:基本电压档正常，但其余电压档总显示为零。 原因:直流电压测量电路中的排在首位的分压电阻开路，造成输入信号与测量机构 间的通路被切断。因此，除基本电压档外，无论外加多大的输入电压都不能传入测量 机构，显示始终为零。 解决方法:找到受损的分压电阻，更换后故障被消除。 故障九:电压各档显示不回零。 原因:经细查发现， COM 与 V/Ω之间的污染是主要原因。 如果表的封箱螺丝钉未上 紧，或插座上的密封垫松动，外界潮湿的气体浸入后发生化学反应，随着时间的推移 反应物的浓度不断增加，所带电荷不断积累，最终形成原电池，如果原电池为正，则 LCD 显示正值，反之，则 LCD 显示负值。 解决方法:打开表壳，在 COM 与 V/Ω插座间用卫生纸吸潮后用酒精棉清洗，待晾 干后通电检查，故障消除。 袖珍式数字万用表的正确使用之我见 数字万用表是测量工作中应用最广泛的计量器具之一，具有新颖、直 观、携带、检测使用方便的特点，是电子、电工、电工计量及维修工作的必 备仪表。如何正确使用袖珍式数字万用表，取得准确无误的测量数据，在使 用中应做到以下几点: 1.在使用仪表之前，应仔细阅读产品使用说明(因为随着产品结构的不同， 其使用方法也不一样)，熟悉开关、功能键、插孔、旋钮及仪表附件(如测温 探头、高频探头)的作用。还应了解仪表的极限参数，出现过载显示、极性 显示、低电压指示和其他标志符号显示以 及声光报警的特征，掌握小数点位 置的变化规律。 2.某些仪表(如 UT53、UT54、UT56、DT9102 等)具有自动关机功能。使用 中如发现液晶显示器 LCD 数字显示突然消失，并非仪表出现故障，而是电 源被切断，使仪表进入了“睡眠”状态。这时只需重新按下电源开关，即可恢 复正常。倘若仅是最高位显示“1” 其它位均消隐，证明仪表已发生过载，要 ， 选择更高的量程。 3.当使用红、黑笔测试线时，黑线通常是连接到万用表负的接线柱“COM”插 孔，内部与电池“-”端相连带负电或测试设备的地线;而红线测试插头则用来 接“VΩ”插孔，内部与电池“+”端相连带正电或直接用来连接具体的被测试点。 4.在测量比较大的电压时需注意安全，当电压达几百伏时应单手操作，即先 把黑笔固定在被测电路的公共端，再持红表笔去接触测试点，测量接近 1000V 的电压时，必须使用高压探头，探头的端部最好带弯钩或鳄鱼夹，便 于固定。 .当用其测试电流时应正确选择量程，如果电流大小不知道，开始时应放在 最大量程，然后再根据读数的大小逐渐转换到合适的量程以防过载。 6.当用其仪表电阻档检测晶体二极管、三极管和电解电容等需要区别极性元 器件时，必须注意极性，同时还要注意用电阻档测量时，各档测试的电压和 最大测试电流不完全一样(按其使用说明书的指标)，由于电阻档所能提 供的测试电流很小，不适宜直接测试晶体管的正向电阻。 7( 利用 hFE 插口检查发光二极管质量好坏时，测量时间应尽量短，测 量时间过长会降低叠层电池的使用寿命。 8.利用万用表的逻辑测试档(LOGIC)，可代替逻辑测试笔测量逻辑电平，快 速检查 TTL、CMOS 数字电路的 志符(或 LOW);检测高电平时，LCD 显故障。检测低电平时，LCD 显示低电平标 示高电平标志符(?或 HIGH)。 9.用 2MΩ电阻档时， 显示值需经过数秒钟才能趋于稳定， 200Ω档测量时， 用 应先将表笔短路，测出两表笔引线的阻值(约 0.1Ω,0.3Ω)，每次的测量值 应减去此值，才是实际值，否则将影响测量结果的准确性。 10.不能使用其仪表的电阻档去检测液晶显示器 LCD 的好坏， LCD 显示只能 用交流方波来驱动，不允许加直流电压。 11.当显示器出现“”符号时，必须更换电池，更换电池时，电源开关必须拨至 “OFF”位置。 12.严禁在接通测量状态下改变量程开关，注意首先选择较大量程进行测量， 测量电阻时，应防止带电测量，注意人体电阻的影响，同时还应注意用毕随 手关机(把电源开关拨至“OFF”的位置，可以延长电池的使用寿命)。如长期 不用，应取出电池，以免产生漏电损坏仪表。 13.这种仪表不宜在阳光及高温、 高湿的地方使用与存放。 它的工作温度(0, 40)?，湿度小于 80%。 三位半数字万用表的故障检修 数字万用表损坏的原因大多为使用者操作不当。 仪表损坏的主要器件有:?A/D 转换器 ICL7106 或 ICL7136 损坏。?运算放大器 TL062 损坏。?双时基电路 ICM7556 损坏。?四与非门 CD4011 损坏。 ?电阻档过压保护电路的三极管 Q1(C9014)及保护电阻 PO1(1.5kΩ)损坏。 ?电容 C9(35V、 0.33μF)漏电， 导致基准电压变化，引起测量误差。下面具体介绍检修方法。 1.检修电源故障 检修电源故障流程数字表检修工作一般先从电源开始，开关接通后，如无液晶显示，应首先检查 9V 电池是否无电或电池电压太 低。如果电池电压正常，就应检查 A/D 转换器 ICL7106 的 V+(脚 1)与 V-(脚 26)之间有无 9V 电压。只有当 ICL7106 电 源电压工作在正常状态下，才能向下寻找故障原因。寻找故障应按照先查重点集成，比如 A/D 转换器 ICL7106 基准 工作电压是否工作正常，显示器能否正常显示。如图所示为数字万用表电源故障检修流程图。 2.检修故障实例 (1)基准电压不准或不稳定:一数字万用表显示正常，但在检定时，发现测量值明显偏低。测其基准 电压只有 75mV 左右， 通过仔细检查， 发 现基准分压电器 R12、 13、 1 附近有油污， R W 导致印刷板漏电， 绝缘下降，致使 R12 减小。用无水酒精清洗并烘干后，故障排除。 (2)一数字表无论打到哪档均显示“-1”，用户反映无法使用。测其工作电流达 5mA，而仪表正常工 作时为 1.2mA 左右。其基准电压也不对。更换 ICL7106 后，故障依旧。从数字表原理分析，ICM7556 双时基电路极易过载而损坏。去掉 ICM7556 后，工作电流下降到 1.2mA 左右。其基准电压 VREF(36 脚) 与 COM 之间电压为 100mV，正常。除电容档外，其余各档恢复正常。从故障分析看，使用者在测电 容时，在电容器上的电荷没有泄放完，便对电容进行测量，导致 ICM7556 损坏。使得流过 ICM7556 的电流过大，引起 COM 电位抬高，从而降低了基准电压。 (3)一数字表显示正常，但在检定时发现误差较大，测量基准电压明显偏低，而且不稳定。刚接 通电源时，测其工作电压为 100mV，但过一会儿，电压会下降。由此现象分析，说明电路某一部分 出现软击穿。首先按下 ICM7556 后，故障依旧。再更换 ICL7106，工作电流仍偏大，基准电压不 正常。再查找各点对公共地的电压，发现各点对地电压都有不同程度的变化。而此时 9V 电池电压是 稳定的。但发现其正、负极对地电压有变化，由此可知，这种现象发生在共用电源的器件上。由于 CD4011 只在蜂鸣器档工作。故重点查 TL062 双运算放大器。断开其正负极电源，再测仪表工作电 流为 1.2mA，基准工作电压为 100mV 左右，且稳定不变。说明 TL062 内部有软击穿，更换该片 后，故障排除。 (4)一用户由于误操作，在电阻档测电压，导致用电阻档测电阻无反应。从测量电阻的电路查得保险 PO1(1.5k?)损坏，造成了电阻档测电阻无反应。更换电阻后，故障排除。产阻 生故障的主要原因是 电阻档误测电压时， 三极管 Q1(C9014)反向击穿， 使通过 PO1 电阻的电流迅速增大而烧坏 PO1 电阻。 如果 PO1 电阻未坏，而 Q1(C9014)反向击穿短路，会造成电阻档开路时不显进“1”。同时应注意与 Q1 并联的电容有时也会同时被击穿短路。此类故障在 DT890、DT9101、DT9108、DT9107 等 类型数字表上也经常出现。 (5)一数字表原来均不能测量，更换 A/D 转换器 ICL7136 后(原来此表用的为 ICL7106)，电流、 电压、 电容档均正常。 但电阻档不能测量。 开路时， 数字有跳变现象， 无法稳定。 按原理分析 ICL7106 与 ICL7136 可以互换，但在实际应用上还是有差异。从 ICL7136 与 ICL7106 典型电路分析，适 当增加 I-CL7136 上的积分电阻、降低积分电容，有助于改善电阻档的稳定性，通过试验将积分电 阻由原来的 56k? 增大到 330k? 左右， 电阻档工作正常， 测量结果准确。 同时不影响其它档的使用。 此现象在 DT890、DT9101、DT9102、DT9107、YDM-301 等类型数字表将 ICL7106 换成 ICL7136 后均会出现，通过增大积分电阻以解决。 指针式万用表常见故障及基本维修方法 故障一: 故障一:测试时，指针不偏转或来回摆动不停。 产生原因: 测试表笔断。?保险丝管烧坏。?动圈开路。? 产生原因:?测试表笔断。?保险丝管烧坏。?动圈开路。?与表头串 联电阻损坏开路。?表头保护装置(晶体二极管)击穿短路。? 联电阻损坏开路。?表头保护装置(晶体二极管)击穿短路。?表头线脱焊。 解决方法: 表笔损坏重新更换。?换合适的保险丝管。? 解决方法:?表笔损坏重新更换。?换合适的保险丝管。?动圈损坏更 换。?更换损坏的电阻。?更换损坏的二极管。? 换。?更换损坏的电阻。?更换损坏的二极管。?重新焊好脱焊点。 2:机械调零时，指针在零位处有变位或卡滞现象。 故障 2:机械调零时，指针在零位处有变位或卡滞现象。 产生原因: 轴承与轴尖间的间隙过紧使指针变位。 的间隙过紧使指针变位。? 产生原因:?轴承与轴尖间的间隙过紧使指针变位。?表芯与极掌间隙 如铁屑或纤维， 阻碍可动部分自 由活动。 仪表游丝粘连或跳圈。 ? 中有毛刺， ?平衡锤松动或变形。?指针与表盘之间有磁化物质阻碍指针自由运动。? 平衡锤松动或变形。?指针与表盘之间有磁化物质阻碍指针自由运动。? 可动线圈变形。 解决方法: 重新调整轴承与轴尖的间隙，使活动部分摆动自如。? 解决方法:?重新调整轴承与轴尖的间隙，使活动部分摆动自如。?清 用细钢丝插入间隙中利用钢丝被磁化的原理吸出铁 除极掌或铁芯上的铁屑， 屑。再用皮老虎清除其中的纤维。?平整游丝到正常位置。? 屑。再用皮老虎清除其中的纤维。?平整游丝到正常位置。?重新焊好平衡 ? 锤并调整好与指针之间的角度。 清除指针与表盘之间存在的带磁性的物质。 ?有条件的情况下，更换可动线圈。 故障三:有一个或几个档在测量时表无指示。 故障三:有一个或几个档在测量时表无指示。 产生原因: 该档转换开关接触不良，触点氧化或烧坏。? 产生原因:?该档转换开关接触不良，触点氧化或烧坏。?该档元件严 重损坏或氧化。 解决方法: 解决方法:?重新调整好转换开关的位置，用无水酒精清洗触点氧化层。 ?更换损坏的元件。 故障四: 故障四:电阻档不能使用。 产生原因: 电池失效。?电阻档电阻损坏。? 产生原因:?电池失效。?电阻档电阻损坏。?电池正负极与接触片没 ? 有接触上或接触片连线不通。 表头公共电路部分电阻测量线路与表头串联 的专用电阻不通。? 的专用电阻不通。?电阻档调零电阻接触不良。 解决方法: 更换失效电池。?更换损坏的电阻。? 解决方法:?更换失效电池。?更换损坏的电阻。?调整好触片位置使 之与电池正负极接触好。?更换电阻测量线路中与表 更换电阻测量线路中与表头头串联的专用电阻。? 之与电池正负极接触好。? 串联的专用电阻。? 清洗电阻档调零电阻。 故障五: 故障五:交流档不能使用。 产生原因: 整流电路中有二极管损坏。? 产生原因:?整流电路中有二极管损坏。?交流电压档专用的与表头串 联的电阻断路。? 联的电阻断路。?交流电压档中最小量程中的分压电阻损坏。 解决方法: 更换损坏的整流二极管。? 解决方法:?更换损坏的整流二极管。?检查与表头串联的电阻是否损 坏或接触不良，如是，更换重焊。? 坏或接触不良，如是，更换重焊。?检查最小电压档的分压电阻是否损坏， 如是则更换。 故障六: 故障六:各档指示无规律变化。 产生原因:转换开关位置串动(MF-30、MF-40 等类型的表易出现)。 产生原因:转换开关位置串动(MF-30、MF- 等类型的表易出现) (MF 解决方法:正确调整好开关位置，并使开关触点接触好每一档触点位置。 解决方法:正确调整好开关位置，并使开关触点接触好每一档触点位置。 故障七: 故障七:交流测量时，指针有抖动现象。 产生原因:?可能是轴承与轴尖配合太松，使指针晃动。?电路中旁路 产生原因: 可能是轴承与轴尖配合太松，使指针晃动。? 电容变质。 解决方法: 重新调整好轴承与轴尖的间隙。? 解决方法:?重新调整好轴承与轴尖的间隙。?更换变质的电容。 数字万用表的修理方法和技巧一、修理方法 寻找故障应先外后里，先易后难，化整为零，重点突破。其方法大致可分为以下几种: 1.感觉法 凭借感官直接对故障原因做出判断，通过外观检查，能发现如断线、脱焊、搭线短路、熔 丝管断、烧坏元件、机械性损伤、印刷电路上铜箔翘起及断裂等;可以触摸出电池、电阻、晶体管、 集成块的温升情况，可参照电路图找出温升异常的原因。另外，用手还可检查元件有否松动、集成电 路脚管是否插牢，转换开关是否卡带;可以听到和嗅到有无异声、异味。 2.测电压法 基准电压等。 3.短路法 在前面所讲的检查 A/D 转换器方法里一般都采用短路法， 这种方法在修理弱电和微电仪器 测量各关键点的工作电压是否正常，可较快找出故障点。如测 A/D 转换器的工作电压、 时用得较多。 4.断路法 把可疑部分从整机或单 元电路中断开，若故障消失，表示故障在断开的电路中。此法主要 适合于电路存在短路的情况。 5.测元件法 当故障已缩小到某处或几个元件时，可对其进行在线或离线测量。必要时，用好的元件 进行替换，若故障消失，说明元件已坏。 6.干扰法 利用人体感应电压作为干扰信号，观察液晶显示的变化情况，常用于检查输入电路与显示 部分是否完好。 二、修理技巧 对一块故障仪表首先应检查和判别故障现象是共性(所有功能都不能测量)，还是个性(个别功能或个 别量程)，然后区别情况，对症解决。 1.若所有档均不能工作， 应重点检查电源电路和 A/D 转换器电路。 检查电源部分时， 可取下叠层电池， 按下电源开关，用正表笔接被测表电源负，负表笔接电源正(对数字万用表而言)，开关打到二级管测 量档，若显示的是二级管正向电压，则说明电源部分是好的，若偏差大，则说明电源部分有问题。若 出现开路，重点检查电源开关和电池引线等。若出现短路，则需要采用断路法，逐步断开使用电源的 元件，重点检查运算放大器、定时器及 A/D 转换器等。若出现短路，一般都不止损坏一块集成元件。 检查 A/D 转换器可以和基本表同时进行，相当于模拟式万用表的直流表头，具体检查方法: (1)被测表的量程转到直流电压最低档; (2)测量 A/D 转换器工作电压是否正常。根据表内所用 A/D 转换器型号，对应 V+脚和 COM 脚，测量值 与它的典型值相比较是否相符。 (3)测 A/D 转换器的基准电压，目前常用的数字万用表的基准电压一般都是 100mV 或 1V，即测量 VRE F+与 COM 之间的直流电压，若偏离 100mV 或 1V，可通过外接电位器进行调节。 (4)检查输入为零的显示数，把 -短接，使输入电压 Vin=0，仪表显示 “00.0"A/D 转换器的正端 IN+与负端 IN 或“00.00"。 (5)检查显示器的全亮笔划。把测试端 TEST 脚与正电源端 V+短接，使逻辑地变成高电位，全部数字 电路停止工作。因每个笔划上都加有直流电压，所以全部笔划亮对位表显示“1888"，对位表显示“1 8888"。若存在缺笔 A/D 转换器对应输出脚与导电胶(或联线)，与显示器之间是否有划现象，检查 接 触不良和断线情况。 2.若个别档有问题， 说明 A/D 转换器和电源部分都工作正常。 因直流电压、 电阻档共用一套分压电阻; 交直流电流共用分流器;交流电压与交流电流共用一套 AC/DC 转换器;其它如 Cx、HFE、F 等都由独立 的不同转换器组成。了解它们之间的关系，再根据电源图，就很容易找到故障部位。若测量小信号不 准确或显示数字跳动大，则重点检查量程开关的接触是否良好。 3.若出现测量数据不稳，且数值总是累计增大，短接 A/D 转换器的输入端，显示数据不为零的情况， 则一般是 0.1μF 的基准电容性能不良所引起的。 根据以上分析，数字万用表的修理基本顺序应是:数字表头部?直流电压?直流电流?交流电压?交 流电流?电阻档(包括蜂鸣器和检查二级管正压降)?Cx?HFE、F、H、T 等。但也不可过分机械，有 些明显能看出的问题，可以先处理。但在进行调校时，则一定要按照上述程序。 总之，一块故障万用表，经过适当的检测，首先要分析故障可能出现的部位，然后根据线路图找到故 障位置进行更换和修复。因数字万用表是较精密的仪表，更换元件一定要用参数相同的元件，特别是 更换 A/D 转换器，一定要采用生产厂家经严格筛选的集成块，否则将出现误差而达不到所需准确度。 新换的 A/D 转换器，也需要按前面所述的方法进行检查，切不可因新而置信不疑。 目前，国内生产数字万用表的厂家甚多，质量也有优劣，对双面复铜板的质量问题，在修理中是不易 发现的。树脂板的绝缘强度不够时，主要表现在测量高电压时误差较大，修理时要与分压电阻的阻值 变化区别开来。遇到这种情况，最好是采用断路法，寻找故障点。对烧坏碳化的部分要清除干净，达 到绝缘要求。遇到由双面连线因过渡孔断裂而引起不能输入 信号时，容易与转换开关不良的现象混淆 而难以分开，这类故障宜采用短路法寻找故障点。 万用表检修 万用表检修 1、数字表显示溢出检修一例 一只芯片为 7106 的数字表，开机时液晶显示屏左侧显示溢出符号“1”， 一般来说出现这种现象时，芯片损坏的可能性较大。经测试发现芯片的?脚对地 为 2(8V，基准电压(即 36 脚对 35 脚)为 100mV，完全正常，看来芯片并没有损 坏。 分析能够引起过载溢出的原因只能是芯片的输入端 VIN 的电压高于基准电压 100mV。 实际测量 31 脚对地的电压小于 100mV 时， 发现故障表上的溢出符号“-1” 消失，而显示出一定的数字。经仔细分析判断是 c1 的一只引脚焊点不良(见图中 “故障点”所指处)，造成芯片的 31 脚实际上同外围元件完全断开，其上的感应 电压超过了 100mV 而引起的过载。实际测量 31 脚对地电压时，由于外围元件的 钳位作用恰好使电压值小于 100mV。处理好故障点后，31 脚对地电压为 0V，显 示屏显示“000”，故障排除。 2、数字万用表显示“1888”故障 数字表故障为“各挡均显示 1888”;这是一种三位半数字万用表，该仪 表主要芯片是 ICL7106。由于是因“用错量程，损坏仪表”且显示为“1888”大 多为 ICL7106 第?脚与第 37 短路损坏，换同型号芯片即可。判断方法如下: 打开仪表，从线路板上断开 IC7106 第?脚和第 26 脚，把电池接入第?脚 (正)、第 26 脚(负)，用一台正常数字表黑表笔接“COM”，红笔分别测量这两脚 电压，正常时，?脚+2(8v(不得超过+3(2v)，26 脚-5(8v(随电池电压高低而 不同。 如果以上电压正常，再测 Ic7106 第 37 脚(电压应为负值)，如接近?脚电压说 明第 37 脚外围元件与?脚短路， 重点检测第 37 脚外围元件， 但这种情况较少见。 2(如果?脚、26 脚电压不正常，且第 37 脚仍有正电压，则说明 Ic7106，内部 第?脚与第 37 脚短路，必须更换同型号 ICL7106。 3、DT980A 数字万用表故障检修一例 故障现象:用电压挡测量稳定电压时，显示数由大到小跳变，最终大致于 电压实际值的四分之三左右。 检修:此故障显现的时间随元件损坏的程度不同而不同。有时刚一打开电 源开关，显示数马上开始由正确示数下跳;而有的则稳定显示正确示数几分钟之 后才下跳。无论是哪一种情况，在示数下跳稳定后对 ,D 转 换芯片 7106 的?脚电压为 3( 5-4V(正常电压为 地测量电池正极或 A 2( 8v)。 相应 A,D 转换芯片 7106 的 36 脚基准电压也由正常的 100mV 提高到 130mV 左右。正是由于基准电压的提 高使示数下跳。引起该电压升高的原因是万用表交直流转换部分的钽电容 (0(33uF)漏电，它拉低了地与电池负极的负电位差。此电容位于大电路板右下 方，双运放 062 的左上角，为一红色或橘黄色钽电容。如果手边没有相同的钽电 容可以用 0(33u 的独石电容代替，还可不考虑极性问题，效果很好。 4、浅谈维修数字万用表经验 数字万用表灵敏度高，读数直观，携带方便，但比较脆弱，常因使用不当 而造成损坏。现提供如下维修经验，供参考。开机后，显示屏无显示时应查电池 电压，供电线路、显示器是否老化或损坏。显示不正常时，应检查 4070、4077 及附加线路，如为数字缺划，应查显示器与导电橡胶。直流电压挡不正常主要由 A/D 转换器引起， 将 IN+与 36 脚短接显示基准电压，一般为 100mV;再将 IN+与 IN-短接，如显示为零，则故障在 A,D 转换器之前的直流电压输入部分。 在直流电压挡正常的情况下，若直流电流挡出现异常，一般是由于电流挡的 I,V 转换电路损坏所致，有时为保险管烧断。交流电压挡出现异常，通常是 AC ,DC 转换器(TL062)损坏。同样，电路中隔直电容和滤波电容损坏也会造成此故 障。 在直流电流和交流电压挡正常时，交流电流挡通常不会出现异常，如异常则 为转换开关损坏。欧姆挡出现异常，一般为热敏电阻断路，如指示值偏差过大， 则为转换开关接触不良，清洗即可。电容挡损坏，通常为误测带电电容所致，常 见 ICM7556 集成块损坏。 进行测量时，如各挡误差都较大，应调整基准电压值。如某挡误差大，则应 查分压、分流电阻。交流电压挡误差大，可调整 AC,Dc 转换电路中的校准电位 器。电容挡调试与交流电压挡相同。 5、T980A 数字万用表故障检修一例 故障现象:用电压挡测量稳定电压时，显示数由大到小跳变，最终大致于 电压实际值的四分之三左右。 检修:此故障显现的时间随元件损坏的程度不同而不同。有时刚一打开电 源开关，显示数马上开始由正确示数下跳;而有的则稳定显示正确示数几分钟之 后才下跳。无论是邪一种情况，在示数下跳稳定后对地测量电池正极或 A,D 转 换芯片 7106 的?脚电压为 3( 5-4V(正常电压为 2( 8v)。 相应 A,D 转换芯片 7106 的 36 脚基准电压也由正常的 100mV 提高到 130mV 左右。正是由于基准电压的提 高使示数下跳。引起该电压升高的原因是万用表交直流转换部分的钽电容 (0(33uF)漏电，它拉低了地与电池负极 方，双运放 062 的左上角，为一红色或的负电位差。此电容位于大电路板右下 橘黄色钽电容。如果手边没有相同的钽电 容可以用 0(33u 的独石电容代替，还可不考虑极性问题，效果很好。 6、维修 DT890F 型数字万用表 故障现象:在电阻挡不显示“1”，表笔短路时不为零;显示低压符号(电 地是新的);蜂鸣器有轻微的响声。小数点及测量单位变换正常。 检修:首先从 LCD 不显“1”，着手，查 V,Ω 孔与 COM(模拟地)之间的 浪涌吸收元件 AG20(如果 AG20 击穿或漏电都会导致上述故障)完好。 再检查 7106 ?脚与 26 脚电压低于 5v(正常值为电池电压 9V);?脚与 32(模拟地)电压约有 1(25V，均偏低;开机检查，摸 7106 有微热，逐一检查外围元件无异常，故而 判断 7106 损坏。取下测量发现?脚与 32 脚间短路。更换新件后，除电阻挡能显 示“1”外，其它故障依旧。试测量电容挡无反应，其余各挡虽能测，但误差很 大。 根据 LCD 板上显示低压符号表明:电路中可能存在某种短路，造成电压偏 低。 将电路板和转换开关拆除， 低压符号仍然存在。 从而初步判断故障在主板上。 测其工作电压低于 5v，再测其工作电流(把测试表串入电池正极)，高达 60mA(正 常时只有 2,4mA)的确存在短路故障。 对电容挡不能测量这现象上分析，电容挡的厚膜电路损坏的可能性较大。拆 下厚膜块(HD-04R)测量时， 发现其?、 ?、 ?脚明显击穿。 此时再测量工作电流、 电压都恢复了正常(3mA、9V)，更换原膜块后，经细调 36 脚外接电位器使之达到 基准值 100mv。而后再校验各挡位测值恢复正常。 维修小结:分析该表是因用电容挡误测未放电的电容而导致的故障。此外， 一般三位半数字万用表多采用 7106 作 A,D 转换器，从 7106?脚电压能基本反 映出 7106 的好坏，从 36 脚电压能反映出仪表测量结果的准确程度，测量时应选 择 32 脚作为“地”端，不要把电池负极作“地”。 7、DT-890A 数字万用表故障检修一例 刚接通电源时各档位测量量结果正常，数分钟后各档位显示都不稳定;用 一标准表对照测量。发现故障表的读数比正常值约低三分之一。 由于此故障在各档位均出现，故先查公用电路。刚接通电源时测总工作电 流 约 1mA，数分钟后电流逐渐增为 1(6mA(且随机摆动，此现象说明某一电路元件 已经软击穿。 根据显示紊乱的情况， 怀疑 A,D 转换器(TC7106)有故障。 拔下 7106 后测电流仍异常，进一步查各点对公共地(模拟地)的电压，发现各点电压都有不 同程度的随机变化。而 9V 层迭电池两端的电压是稳定的，但其正极对地的电压 增加，负极对地的电压降低。这种故障应发生在双电源供电的器件。而 A,D 转 换器已经排除，CD4011 是蜂鸣器电路，只在二极管档才工作，故重点查 TL062 双运算放大器。断开该器件的正负极电源，再测各点对公共地的电压稳定，总电 流也稳定在 1mA，说明 TL062 内部与电源负极击穿。更换该件后故障排除。 由于 TL062 内部与电源负极软击穿，造成地电位下降，势必引起各点的电压 变化。本例中由此变化引起 A,D 转换器 7106 36 脚基准电压不稳定、升高约三 分之一，所以测得读数比正常值低三分之一。 8、GY-5605 数字万用表检修一例 该数字万用表在新电池装入后使用几次，便显示“LOBAT”，并且测试误差 增大，交流档显示紊乱，将电池取出，测电压正常，怀疑表内耗电过大。 此表 A,D 芯片采用 7106，输入双运放使用的、是 TL082。由故障现象看， 故障部位应在交流输入部分。测外围各元件正常，怀疑 TL082 损坏。将 TL082 电源端断开后装上电池“LOBAT”消失， TL082 耗电为 45mA， TL082 更换后， 测 将 故障排除。 9、DT-890A 数字万用表电容漏电导致测量误差 DT-890A 数字万用表误差大，当测同一电压时，交换两表笔测得的电压正值 和负值的绝对值明显不一样，后者的数值偏小许多。查得 ICM7106 的 30 脚(IN-) (022uF 电容漏电，造成上述故障。其它数字万用表如与 31 脚(IN+)之间的 0 有 伺样故障不妨检查此电容。 10、数字万用表维修四例 市面大多数三位半数字万用表，如 DT830、DT890 等，大都采用 7106 或 7136 三 位半单片 A,D 转换器作为核心测量部件，在测量直流电压的基础上增加其它附 加电路，以实现多量程测量。下面以维修实例供此类万用表维修时参考。 [例 1]一块 9205 型三位半数宇万用表。20M 欧姆挡及 ACV 挡不能使用: 分析: 欧姆挡其它量程能用， 且短接两表笔时能显零， DCV 挡测量干电池， 用 电压基本正常，故怀疑欧姆挡 20M 量程分压 9M 电阻损坏，把电阻拆下，用数字 表测量，果然电阻为无穷大，换之此挡使用正常。ACV 挡不能使用多半是 TL062、 AC,DC 转换 IC 损坏。测其外围元件无异常，只是测量结果不准。用另一只表作 为参照测交流电调整 RP2(2(2K)可变电阻。校准修复。 [例 2]另一块 9025 型三位半数字万用表，开机后在测通断挡蜂鸣器一直响， ACV 挡也不能使用。 ACV 挡检查和如上例，蜂鸣器响不停，估计故障主要出在蜂鸣器振荡 CD4011 及前面电压比较运放部分，先检测 CD4011 外围元件无异常，而能振荡说 明 CD4011 正常，停止振荡发声需给 4011 一个高电平，用表测 TL062 输出有高电 平，在测量时偶然发现有时不发声，仔细检查发现其输出脚虚焊，焊好后故障全 部排除。 [倒 3]一 9202 型三位半数字万用表开电源时无显示。 测量电池电压只有 7v， 故怀疑电源的问题，换了一个 9V 电池，先测其工作电流，有几十毫安，肯定是 电源电路有短路现象或 7106 损坏， 查其电路板找到有 2 只 100uF,10V 滤波电容。 发现其中有一只漏液， 拆下测量发现漏电， 换一只电容后显示正常， 但电流较大， 怀疑问题出在电路板上电容漏出的电流液，用酒精清洗后，工作电流正常，但显 示结果均不正确，且电容挡显示为 1，怀疑电容挡的 TL062 损坏，更换后，全部 功能正常，显示正确。 [例 4]一只 9206 型数字万用表，短接表笔不能显示零。其它量程读数均有 些误差。 数字万用表 DC 电压挡量程读数有问题， 显然与 7106 的基准电压有直接关系。 先检查万用表电源及 7106 外围 部分无异常，先试着调整 RP1，使 Uref=2(8V， 这时合上后盖，DCV 挡都正常。短接表笔时均显示零。再检查其它量程，显示正 确，该表故障主要由于 7106 的基准电压不准造成的。 11、数字万用表的调整 三位半以上的数字表已相当普及。下面介绍国产 890 型数字表的调试方 法。 对以 7106,7136 系列 A,D 芯片为核心的数字表，只要把 7106 的 31 脚(即 IN+，输入+)与 36 脚(即 Vref+，基准电压+)短接，然后调整基准电压校正电位 器(见附图的 RP1)，使屏幕显示值为 1(000，即校正完毕。实际上除电阻挡外， 按上述方法短接 31 与 36 脚，不用调任何部位，屏幕上也会出现 1000(7106 允许 有最末位一个字的误差)，但小数点的位置是由具体挡位决定的，如 DC2V 挡显不 1(000，DC20v 挡显示 10(00 等。如果不出 1000 字样，就说明 7106 没有正常 工作，芯片自身或外围电路异常。 DT-890 表内部设有三个电位器，用于调整测量准确性。RP1 用于调整基本量 程，要首先调准，否则其它调整没有实际意义。RP2 用于 Ac,Dc 转换器调整， 它的用途是使 Ac,Dc 转换器准确地把 200 毫伏以下的交流电压转换成 200 毫伏 以下的直流电压。Ac 电压电流各挡及电容各挡均使用上述 Ac,Dc 转换电路(只 有调整好该电路后，才能调整电容挡。 基本量程校准最好用一只高档的数字表如 930 型四位半表作对比测量。 调整 RP1，使二者读数相同。 调整 Ac,Dc 转换器 RP2 的方法与上述相似，但要使用交流电压源。在保证 分压电阻良好的情况下，直接用 220V 市电校验较方便。 最后调整电容挡。一般找一个高精度的无极性电容，例如 1200pF，插入电 容插孔，在 2000pF 挡 RP3，使显示屏上指示正确即可。 强调一点，上述三项调整与电阻挡无关，调整 千万不要试图用一只高精度电阻去 检验调校情况。 12、数字万用表的业余调校 一台 DT890A 数字万用表烧坏后，过程中调过有关电位器。致使 DCV、 DCA、ACV、ACA 的测量误差均大。笔者采用下述方法调校，简便易行:DCV 档的 调校直接用 DT890A 的 LCD 显示器进行，将档位开关旋至基本档"200mV”处，再 将 ICL7106 31 脚(IN+端)与 36 脚(VREF 端)短接，调节基准电压调整电位器 W1， 使 LCD 显示“100(0”即可。基本档调好后，DCV 的其余各档和 DCA 各档只要分 压电阻和分流电阻完好，一般不需调校。对于 AC 档的调校，正规方法是用精度 优于 3 1,2 位数字电压表的交流电压表作标准来调校“ACV200mV”档，因不具 备这样的表，笔者采用模拟式 MF14 万用表作标准。如图连接电路，MF14 置 “AC1V”档，被校 DT890A 置“ACA2mA”档，调电位器 W 使 MFl4 指针满偏(电压 1V)， 再调 DT890A 的 AC,DC 转换器中的电位器 W2， LCD 显示“1( 使 000”即可。 其原理是:模拟万用表与其它电工仪表一样，示值相对误差在指针满偏时最小。 MF14 交流电压档的灵敏度为 1000Ω,V，在 1V 档满偏时电路中电流为 1mA，用 此 电 流 校 准 DT890A 的 “ACA2mA” 档 ， 对 业 余 使 用 精 度 已 是 够 了 。 同 样 ， “ACA2mA”档调校好后，“AC”其余各档也一般不需调校。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.