高速公路客运车辆停车上下人对策研究

高速公路客运车辆停车上下人对策研究 长期以来，高速公路客运车辆停车上、下人一直是公安机关交通管理部门的管理难点，《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》(以下简称《道路交通安全法》)及其配套法规、规章颁布后，公安机关交通管理部门如何依法管理呢, 一、道路交通安全法律规定 1、法律禁止机动车在高速公路上停车 《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法实施条例》(以下简称《道路交通安全法实施条例》)第八十二条规定“机动车在高速公路上行驶，不得有下列行为:(一)„在车道内停车„(四)非紧急情况时在应急车道行驶或者停车„”。 2、法律禁止在高速公路上拦截行驶的车辆 《道路交通安全法》第六十九条规定“任何单位、个人不得在高速公路上拦截检查行驶的车辆，公安机关的人民警察依法执行紧急公务除外”。按照本条规定，高速公路交通警察巡逻执勤不属于“执行紧急公务”，因此，伴随着《道路交通安全法》实施，传统的在高速公路上拦截、检查“行驶的车辆”的执法模式结束。 3、《道路交通安全法》及其《道路交通安全法实施条例》中“关于机动车停放、临时停车”的要求 《道路交通安全法》第四章“道路通行规定”第二节“机动车通行规定”第五十六条规定“机动车应当在规定地点停放。禁止在人行道上停放机动车;但是，依照本法第三十三条规定施划的停车泊位除外。 在道路上临时停车的，不得妨碍其他车辆和行人通行”。 《道路交通安全法实施条例》第四章“道路通行规定”第二节“机动车通行规定”第六十三条规定“机动车在道路上临时停车，应当遵守下列规定:(一)在设有禁停标志、标线的路段，在机动车道与非机动车道、人行道之间设有隔离设施的路段以及人行横道、地ultrasound 3 months; superficial vascular Sonography 1 month; Interventional Ultrasound 1 month. Nuclear Imaging: PET/CT 6 months; SPECT 4 months and radionuclide therapy for 2 months. Three, training contents and requirements (a) the 1th to 12th month (phase I) 1. purpose rotary system knowledge and understanding of the basic theory, basic skills and basic operations, master of the discipline involved in common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases of the basic principles of diagnosis and treatment. Understanding of these professional groups work programs, content and the related clinical knowledge. 2. basic requirements (1) Department of Radiology: the mastery: the basic theory of x-ray, including general radiology, CT and MRI Imaging principle and technique. Writing principles of radiographic diagnostic report and complete schedule 1 to the diseases, the number of cases of report writing, requiring trainees diagnostic report written at least 50 a week. Familiar: principles of radiographic methods of observation and analysis, diagnosis, understanding of x-ray diagnostic value and clinical application of limits. About: x-ray radiography, CT, and MRI examination methods of operation. Disease and case requirements: System (inspection) disease/operation name (times) (?) nervous system (dominated by CT and MRI) 15 15 15 brain brain tumor cerebral infarction of cerebral hemorrhage outside the ... ? complete schedule 3 to the technical operation and the writing of the report. Basic skills requirements: disease/operation name cases (times) number (?) actual demonstrates Ray protection principles 5 times radionuclide generator leaching drug operation 5 times shows trace agent of Mark 5 times 131I sucking iodine rate determination 5 times kidney function (kidney figure) determination and the report writing 段，不得停车;(二)交叉路口、铁路道口、急弯路、宽度不足4米的窄路、桥梁、陡坡、隧道以及距离上述地点50米以内的路段，不得停车;(三)公共汽车站、急救站、加油站、消防栓或者消防队(站)门前以及距离上述地点30米以内的路段，除使用上述设施的以外，不得停车;(四)车辆停稳前不得开车门和上下人员，开关车门不得妨碍其他车辆和行人通行;(五)路边停车应当紧靠道路右侧，机动车驾驶人不得离车，上下人员或者装卸物品后，立即驶离;(六)城市公共汽车不得在站点以外的路段停车上下乘客。 《道路交通安全法实施条例》第四章“道路通行规定”第五节“高速公路的特别规定” 第八十二条规定“机动车在高速公路上行驶，不得有下列行为:(一)倒车、逆行、穿越中央分隔带掉头或者在车道内停车;„(四)非紧急情况时在应急车道行驶或者停车„”。 4、法九十条不能处罚客运车辆停车上下人 《道路交通安全法》第九十条规定“机动车驾驶人违反道路交通安全法律、法规关于‘道路通行规定’的，处警告或者二十元以上二百元以下罚款。本法另有规定的，依照规定处罚”。该条中规定了“本法另有规定的，依照规定处罚”。 《道路交通安全法》第九十三条明确规定了“对违反道路交通安全法律、法规关于机动车停放、临时停车规定”的违法行为的处罚规定。 所以，不能以九十条为依据处罚高速公路上客车上下人的行为。 5、法九十三条处罚客运车辆停车上下人的前提 《道路交通安全法》第九十三条一款规定“对违反道路交通安全法律、法规关于机动车停放、临时停车规定的，可以指出违法行为，并予以口头警告，令其立即驶离”。第一款规定的本意是公安机关交通管理部门“对违反道路交通安全法律、法规关于机动车停放、临时停车规定的”的行为，只能采取“指出违法行为，并予以口头警告，令其立即驶离”。本款认为:“违反道路交通安全法律、法规关于机动车停放、临时停车规定的”行为是一种较轻的违法行为，不应受到《道路交通安全法》的处罚。 ultrasound 3 months; superficial vascular Sonography 1 month; Interventional Ultrasound 1 month. Nuclear Imaging: PET/CT 6 months; SPECT 4 months and radionuclide therapy for 2 months. Three, training contents and requirements (a) the 1th to 12th month (phase I) 1. purpose rotary system knowledge and understanding of the basic theory, basic skills and basic operations, master of the discipline involved in common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases of the basic principles of diagnosis and treatment. Understanding of these professional groups work programs, content and the related clinical knowledge. 2. basic requirements (1) Department of Radiology: the mastery: the basic theory of x-ray, including general radiology, CT and MRI Imaging principle and technique. Writing principles of radiographic diagnostic report and complete schedule 1 to the diseases, the number of cases of report writing, requiring trainees diagnostic report written at least 50 a week. Familiar: principles of radiographic methods of observation and analysis, diagnosis, understanding of x-ray diagnostic value and clinical application of limits. About: x-ray radiography, CT, and MRI examination methods of operation. Disease and case requirements: System (inspection) disease/operation name (times) (?) nervous system (dominated by CT and MRI) 15 15 15 brain brain tumor cerebral infarction of cerebral hemorrhage outside the ... ? complete schedule 3 to the technical operation and the writing of the report. Basic skills requirements: disease/operation name cases (times) number (?) actual demonstrates Ray protection principles 5 times radionuclide generator leaching drug operation 5 times shows trace agent of Mark 5 times 131I sucking iodine rate determination 5 times kidney function (kidney figure) determination and the report writing 《道路交通安全法》第九十三条二款规定:“机动车驾驶人不在现场或者虽在现场但拒绝立即驶离，妨碍其他车辆、行人通行的，处二十元以上二百元以下罚款„”。 执法主体实施行政处罚的前提是:执法主体在违法现场。 违法行为人接受处罚的第一个前提是:“机动车驾驶人不在现场”或者“虽在现场但拒绝立即驶离”只要具备两个前提之一就构成了处罚的前提。 违法行为人接受处罚的第二个前提是:违法行为造成了“妨碍其他车辆、行人通行”的后果。 当违法行为满足了以上条件时，违法行为人应该接受的处罚结果是:二十元以上二百元以下罚款。 九十三条二款的规定是建立在高速公路具有完善的防护、安全设施，公民具有较高的交通安全意识的基础上。是为了惩罚“违反道路交通安全法律、法规关于机动车停放、临时停车规定”而且拒绝立即消除违法状态的严重违法行为，同时，规范高速公路交通警察的勤务模式，改变在高速公路上拦车、处罚的执法而设定的。 但是现实中，相当多的高速公路上，凡有人员进出的地方，护网都已经呈陈旧性破坏，高速公路沿线公民的交通安全意识也有待于进一步提高。 二、基层民警的困惑与误区 笔者在高速公路交通警察大队与部分领导和民警的交流中，听到了大多数人的心声:我们是人民警察，国家法律授权我们为人民管理交通，难道我们在高速公路上巡逻中发现了屡教不改的违法停车、停车上下人的行为时，我们就不能处罚违法嫌疑人吗,不处罚怎么震慑违法行为人，不处罚怎么能根治违法行为,如果连高速公路上的违法停车行为都不能处罚，ultrasound 3 months; superficial vascular Sonography 1 month; Interventional Ultrasound 1 month. Nuclear Imaging: PET/CT 6 months; SPECT 4 months and radionuclide therapy for 2 months. Three, training contents and requirements (a) the 1th to 12th month (phase I) 1. purpose rotary system knowledge and understanding of the basic theory, basic skills and basic operations, master of the discipline involved in common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases of the basic principles of diagnosis and treatment. Understanding of these professional groups work programs, content and the related clinical knowledge. 2. basic requirements (1) Department of Radiology: the mastery: the basic theory of x-ray, including general radiology, CT and MRI Imaging principle and technique. Writing principles of radiographic diagnostic report and complete schedule 1 to the diseases, the number of cases of report writing, requiring trainees diagnostic report written at least 50 a week. Familiar: principles of radiographic methods of observation and analysis, diagnosis, understanding of x-ray diagnostic value and clinical application of limits. About: x-ray radiography, CT, and MRI examination methods of operation. Disease and case requirements: System (inspection) disease/operation name (times) (?) nervous system (dominated by CT and MRI) 15 15 15 brain brain tumor cerebral infarction of cerebral hemorrhage outside the ... ? complete schedule 3 to the technical operation and the writing of the report. Basic skills requirements: disease/operation name cases (times) number (?) actual demonstrates Ray protection principles 5 times radionuclide generator leaching drug operation 5 times shows trace agent of Mark 5 times 131I sucking iodine rate determination 5 times kidney function (kidney figure) determination and the report writing 国家要我们干什么,～ 2004年3月4日与政协委员座谈时，温家宝总理的一句话概括了法制的精髓“治国者必先受制于法”。国家的法律，首先为政府、执法机关的行为划定了一个界限。法律详细列出了政府、执法部门可以行使的权力，除此之外的一切权力，都是非法的;政府、执法部门的一切行为，都必须有明确的法律依据，且严格按照程序行使。[1] 三、高速公路上客运车辆停车的根源 1、“防护设施缺陷”是产生客车停车上下人的根本原因 《高速公路交通》第二条规定“本办法所称的高速公路，是指经国家公路主管部门验收认定，符合高速公路技术标准，并设置完善的交通安全设施、管理设施和服务设施，专供机动车高速行驶的公路”。高速公路在通车之际，都设置了“完善的交通安全设施”。由于人为破坏，或者疏于维护，高速公路上行人活动的区域随处可见陈旧性的“出入口”，给高速公路上产生客车上下人提供了可靠的物质保障。 2、“利益驱动”是客车“以身试法”的原因 商人逐利，自古如此。高速公路上有乘坐需求的客观环境，导致客车停车后上人。旅客要求在高速公路下车，导致客车停车后下人。而商人违法逐利的行为丧失了法律上的处罚约束，后果不堪设想。 3、违法处罚无法根治客运车辆停车上下人 公安机关交通管理部门为了减少行人上高速公路和客运车辆在高速公路上的停车上下人行为，强行在高速公路上违法拦截行驶的车辆，并处罚车辆驾驶人的行为，投入大，效果差，治标不治本。造成客运车辆在利润面前与公安机关交通管理部门玩“猫捉老鼠”的游戏。 4、疏于“对高速公路经营管理者的管理”是渎职 ultrasound 3 months; superficial vascular Sonography 1 month; Interventional Ultrasound 1 month. Nuclear Imaging: PET/CT 6 months; SPECT 4 months and radionuclide therapy for 2 months. Three, training contents and requirements (a) the 1th to 12th month (phase I) 1. purpose rotary system knowledge and understanding of the basic theory, basic skills and basic operations, master of the discipline involved in common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases of the basic principles of diagnosis and treatment. Understanding of these professional groups work programs, content and the related clinical knowledge. 2. basic requirements (1) Department of Radiology: the mastery: the basic theory of x-ray, including general radiology, CT and MRI Imaging principle and technique. Writing principles of radiographic diagnostic report and complete schedule 1 to the diseases, the number of cases of report writing, requiring trainees diagnostic report written at least 50 a week. Familiar: principles of radiographic methods of observation and analysis, diagnosis, understanding of x-ray diagnostic value and clinical application of limits. About: x-ray radiography, CT, and MRI examination methods of operation. Disease and case requirements: System (inspection) disease/operation name (times) (?) nervous system (dominated by CT and MRI) 15 15 15 brain brain tumor cerebral infarction of cerebral hemorrhage outside the ... ? complete schedule 3 to the technical operation and the writing of the report. Basic skills requirements: disease/operation name cases (times) number (?) actual demonstrates Ray protection principles 5 times radionuclide generator leaching drug operation 5 times shows trace agent of Mark 5 times 131I sucking iodine rate determination 5 times kidney function (kidney figure) determination and the report writing 疏于“对高速公路经营管理者的管理”，造成部分行人上高速公路和客运车辆在高速公路上停车上下人，公安机关交通管理部门却又错误地选取在“高速公路上拦截、检查行驶的客运车辆”，将本应该由“高速公路经营管理者”承担的责任转化为“客运车辆”承担责任。同时，也掩盖了其本身不适应新形势下交通管理工作的核心问题～“违法实施处罚”是执法者践踏法律，是依法行政幌子下的司法腐败～直接侵害了纳税人的合法权益～ 四、公安机关交通管理部门的应对 公安机关交通管理部门必须改变现行的执法模式，在依法行政的前提下，管理好交通。 1、依法履行“监督高速公路经营管理者依法履行职责”是根本 在高速公路出入口以外的地方出现客车上下人的需求，首先必备的前提条件是:具有方便行人出入高速公路的陈旧性“出入口”。而这样的“出入口”在行人经常活动的地点，到处都是。 《收费公路管理条例》(中华人民共和国国务院令第417号发布，2004年11月1日施行)第二十六条规定“收费公路经营管理者应当按照国家规定的标准和规范，对收费公路及沿线设施进行日常检查、维护，保证收费公路处于良好的技术状态，为通行车辆及人员提供优质服务”。第五十条规定“违反本条例的规定，有下列情形之一的，由国务院交通主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府交通主管部门依据职权，责令改正，并根据情节轻重，处5万元以上20万元以下的罚款:„(二)未按照国家规定的标准和规范对收费公路及沿线设施进行日常检查、维护的„”。 发现高速公路经营管理者“未按照国家规定的标准和规范对收费公路及沿线设施进行日常检查、维护”的行为时，高速公路公安机关交通管理部门可以按照《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》第二十九条第二款“公安机关交通管理部门发现已经投入使用的道路存在交通事故频发路段，或者停车场、道路配套设施存在交通安全严重隐患的，应当及时向当地人民ultrasound 3 months; superficial vascular Sonography 1 month; Interventional Ultrasound 1 month. Nuclear Imaging: PET/CT 6 months; SPECT 4 months and radionuclide therapy for 2 months. Three, training contents and requirements (a) the 1th to 12th month (phase I) 1. purpose rotary system knowledge and understanding of the basic theory, basic skills and basic operations, master of the discipline involved in common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases of the basic principles of diagnosis and treatment. Understanding of these professional groups work programs, content and the related clinical knowledge. 2. basic requirements (1) Department of Radiology: the mastery: the basic theory of x-ray, including general radiology, CT and MRI Imaging principle and technique. Writing principles of radiographic diagnostic report and complete schedule 1 to the diseases, the number of cases of report writing, requiring trainees diagnostic report written at least 50 a week. Familiar: principles of radiographic methods of observation and analysis, diagnosis, understanding of x-ray diagnostic value and clinical application of limits. About: x-ray radiography, CT, and MRI examination methods of operation. Disease and case requirements: System (inspection) disease/operation name (times) (?) nervous system (dominated by CT and MRI) 15 15 15 brain brain tumor cerebral infarction of cerebral hemorrhage outside the ... ? complete schedule 3 to the technical operation and the writing of the report. Basic skills requirements: disease/operation name cases (times) number (?) actual demonstrates Ray protection principles 5 times radionuclide generator leaching drug operation 5 times shows trace agent of Mark 5 times 131I sucking iodine rate determination 5 times kidney function (kidney figure) determination and the report writing 政府，并提出防范交通事故、消除隐患的建议，当地人民政府应当及时作出处理决定”的规定，向当地人民政府提出“消除隐患的建议”，由“当地人民政府及时作出处理决定”，消除高速公路道路设施不够完善造成的隐患。对于收费公路经营管理者拒绝履行职责的行为，报请“国务院交通主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府交通主管部门”由国务院交通主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府交通主管部门依据职权，责令改正，并根据情节轻重，处5万元以上20万元以下的罚款。 2、对行人加强管理是出路 如果高速公路上没有行人，如果高速公路上的行人没有乘车需求，高速公路上乘客没有下车需求，那么，客车违法上人的现象将不存在。 如果管理的力度致使乘客不敢在出口以外的地方下车，那么，客车下人的现象将不存在。 所以，治理高速公路上客车上下人的根本出路在对行人的管理。 3、对行人加强管理的可行性 (1)法律禁止行人上高速公路 《道路交通安全法》第六十七条规定“行人„不得进入高速公路„”。 (2)法律授权处罚行人 《道路交通安全法》第八十九条规定“行人、乘车人、非机动车驾驶人违反道路交通安全法律、法规关于道路通行规定的，处警告或者五元以上五十元以下罚款„”。 五、依法改变执法模式 《道路交通安全法》及其配套法规实施已经半年多时间。公安机关交通管理部门还在高ultrasound 3 months; superficial vascular Sonography 1 month; Interventional Ultrasound 1 month. Nuclear Imaging: PET/CT 6 months; SPECT 4 months and radionuclide therapy for 2 months. Three, training contents and requirements (a) the 1th to 12th month (phase I) 1. purpose rotary system knowledge and understanding of the basic theory, basic skills and basic operations, master of the discipline involved in common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases of the basic principles of diagnosis and treatment. Understanding of these professional groups work programs, content and the related clinical knowledge. 2. basic requirements (1) Department of Radiology: the mastery: the basic theory of x-ray, including general radiology, CT and MRI Imaging principle and technique. Writing principles of radiographic diagnostic report and complete schedule 1 to the diseases, the number of cases of report writing, requiring trainees diagnostic report written at least 50 a week. Familiar: principles of radiographic methods of observation and analysis, diagnosis, understanding of x-ray diagnostic value and clinical application of limits. About: x-ray radiography, CT, and MRI examination methods of operation. Disease and case requirements: System (inspection) disease/operation name (times) (?) nervous system (dominated by CT and MRI) 15 15 15 brain brain tumor cerebral infarction of cerebral hemorrhage outside the ... ? complete schedule 3 to the technical operation and the writing of the report. Basic skills requirements: disease/operation name cases (times) number (?) actual demonstrates Ray protection principles 5 times radionuclide generator leaching drug operation 5 times shows trace agent of Mark 5 times 131I sucking iodine rate determination 5 times kidney function (kidney figure) determination and the report writing 速公路上拦截车辆，为了罚款暂扣证件不开强制凭证，现场撕罚款单处罚违法行为。一时间，到处是执法者在违法处罚当事人。执法者的违法行为，增加了违法行为人的抵触情绪，警民关系空前紧张。 在执法三要素-法律、执法者、执法对象中，第一要素“以人为本的《道路交通安全法》”是好的，第三要素即广大群众也需要法律、需要秩序，两者的利益是一致的，而第二要素即执法者在落实国家法律、维护群众利益时为什么被群众拒绝，使工作陷于困境呢,[2] 笔者认为，当前高速公路交通警察的紧迫任务应该是: 针对法律要求，首先改变在高速公路上拦截车辆的勤务模式，抓住高速公路经营管理者依法履行职责这个根本，从规范个案车辆(乘客)的违法行为转变为依法监督高速公路经营管理者完善“道路设施”，彻底铲除行人在高速公路上的方便之门，同时发挥高速公路巡逻警车的作用，依法加强对“行人”的管理，才有可能达到规范高速公路客运车辆行车秩序，有效治理高速公路客车停车上下人的交通隐患。 注: [1]引自《维护权利与权力的平衡点-2004年的公共生活》作者:秋风 [2]根据山西省永济市公安局交通警察大队廉勤泽大队长讲话整理

山西省公安厅交通警察总队高速公路支队?邵军 ultrasound 3 months; superficial vascular Sonography 1 month; Interventional Ultrasound 1 month. Nuclear Imaging: PET/CT 6 months; SPECT 4 months and radionuclide therapy for 2 months. Three, training contents and requirements (a) the 1th to 12th month (phase I) 1. purpose rotary system knowledge and understanding of the basic theory, basic skills and basic operations, master of the discipline involved in common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases of the basic principles of diagnosis and treatment. Understanding of these professional groups work programs, content and the related clinical knowledge. 2. basic requirements (1) Department of Radiology: the mastery: the basic theory of x-ray, including general radiology, CT and MRI Imaging principle and technique. Writing principles of radiographic diagnostic report and complete schedule 1 to the diseases, the number of cases of report writing, requiring trainees diagnostic report written at least 50 a week. Familiar: principles of radiographic methods of observation and analysis, diagnosis, understanding of x-ray diagnostic value and clinical application of limits. About: x-ray radiography, CT, and MRI examination methods of operation. Disease and case requirements: System (inspection) disease/operation name (times) (?) nervous system (dominated by CT and MRI) 15 15 15 brain brain tumor cerebral infarction of cerebral hemorrhage outside the ... ? complete schedule 3 to the technical operation and the writing of the report. Basic skills requirements: disease/operation name cases (times) number (?) actual demonstrates Ray protection principles 5 times radionuclide generator leaching drug operation 5 times shows trace agent of Mark 5 times 131I sucking iodine rate determination 5 times kidney function (kidney figure) determination and the report writing