江西农大语言学概论试卷历年试卷

江西农业大学语言学概论课程考试 I. Fill in the blanks with proper words (2 points for each correct filling, 20 points in total): 1. Linguistics is the scientific systematic study of _____. language 2. Morphemes may be classified as or free. bound 3. Saussure described study as slicing through the trunk of a tree to study the arrangement of rings. study was then seen as tracing the development of the rings by comparing two synchronic slices. synchronic/Diachronic 4. refers to a relation between two words, in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of the other word. Hyponymy 5. The act is the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning; the act is the intent that the speaker has in uttering the sentence; and the act is the result achieved in uttering the sentence.locutionary/illocutionary/perloculionary 6. ___________ are sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, but are used to do things..Constatives 7. Syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic___________. competence II.In each of the following questions, there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or best complete the sentence (2 pointsⅹ10): 1. Transformational grammar is a type of grammar firstly proposed by ____ in his book language. A. Noam Chomsky B. Sapir C. Saussure D. Firth 2. The pair of words “guest” and “host” are _________. B A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. synonyms D. co- hyponym 3.The distinction between langue and parole was made by________. B N. Chomsky B. F. de. Saussure C. Charles Hockett D. Sir Willilam Jones 4. The smallest meaningful unit of language is________. A A. morpheme B. phone C. phoneme D. allomorpheme 5. What kind of function does the greeting “How are you doing?” have? B A. directive B. phatic C. informative D. evocative 6. The speech act theory was first put forward by . B A. John Searle B. John Austin C. Noam Chomsky D. M.A.K. Halliday. 7. The smallest linguistic unit that can be used independently is ______________. D A. morpheme B. phoneme C. minimal pair D. word 8. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language? A A. competence B. parole C. performance D. langue 9. All words contain a . A A. root morpheme B. bound morpheme C. prefix D. suffix 10. In the following conversation: -- Beirut is in Peru, isn't it? -- And Rome is in Romania, I suppose. The second person violates the . B A. Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relation Maxim D. Manner Maxim III.Define the following terms. Giving examples for illustration if it is necessary(5 pointsⅹ5) 1. inflectional affixes 2. Pragmatics 3. performance 4. conversational implicature 5. illocutionary act IV. Term Translation(1.5 pointsⅹ10) 1. endocentric construction 2. Sociolinguistics 3. Transformational-Generative Grammar 4. 语言决定论 5. 中介语 6. langue 7. Applied Linguistics 8. 转换生成语法 9. 辅音 10. 合作原则 V.Answer the following questions in English （10 pointsⅹ2） 1. What’s the social significance of Linguistics? Present your views in detail. 2. Do you think language is human-specific? Why do you think so? I. Fill in the blanks with proper words (2 points ⅹ5 ) In English, the D-structure can be turned into S-structure through ____________. Transformational rules 2.__________can be simply defined as the study of meaning. Semantics 3. refers to a relation between two words, in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of the other word. Hyponymy 4. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, _________ is a comparatively new branch of study in the area of linguistics. pragmatics 5. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” This sentence means that language has the feature of ___________. arbitrariness II. Indicate the following statements true or false (2 points ⅹ10) Linguists are judges; they know what is right and what is wrong about language. ( ) 2. When we say synchronic descriptions of a language are prior to diachronic descriptions, we mean in describing one state of the language, some knowledge of its previous state is unnecessary. ( ) 3. Language is arbitrary by nature but it is not entirely arbitrary. ( ) 4. Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing. ( ) 5. A perlocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance. ( ) 6. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. ( ) 7. Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive because it sets rules for language users to follow. ( ) 8. The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" is hyponymy. ( ) 9. The quality maxim of requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation. ( ) 10. The speech act theory was first put forward by John Searle. ( ) III. Close Test (2 points ⅹ10) Directions: Choose the right word from the following list to fill in each of the blanks in the passage. Write the corresponding letter on your answer sheet. WORD LIST: A. utterances B. native C. writings D. reinforcement E. description F. method G. experienced H. process I. linguistics J. Behaviorism K. unique L. innate M. universal N. infants O. Knowledge P. argues Q. study R. nature S. Acquisition T. potentialities For L. Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology, and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as “_____”（1）. Behaviorism is a principle of scientific _____（2）, based on the belief that human beings cannot know anything they have not _____（3）. Behaviorism in _____（4） holds that children learn Language through a chain of “stimulus-response _____（5）”, and the adult’s use of Language is also a _____（6） of “stimulus-response”. When the behaviorist methodology entered linguistics via Bloomfield`s _____（7）, the popular practice in linguistic studies was to accept what a _____（8） speaker says in his Language and to discard what he says about it. This is because of the belief that a linguistic _____（9） was reliable when based on observation of unstudied _____（10） by speakers. IV.Define the following terms. Giving examples for illustration if it is necessary(5 pointsⅹ4) 1. parole 2. synchronic study 3. illocutionary act 4. Sociolinguistics V. Term Translation （2 points ⅹ5） 1. langue 2. Applied Linguistics 3. 转换生成语法 4. 辅音 5. 语言相对论 VI. Answer the following questions in English （10 pointsⅹ2） 1. If you are asked somebody “can you open the door?” he answer “Yes” but does not actually do it, what would be your reaction? why? Try to set it in the light of speech theory. Do you think language is human-specific? Why do you think so? 江西农业大学语言学概论课程试卷 (A) I. Complete each of the following statements, the first letter of the blank is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill ONLY one word in each of the blanks, and you are not allowed to change the first letter given (2%×10)： Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s_____________ study of language. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” This sentence indicates that language has the feature of a________________. Clear ［l］ and dark［l］are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c___________ distribution. M___________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. A________ is a bound morpheme which is added to a word, and changes the meaning or function of the words. H________ is the sense relationship between a more general and a more specific word. The word that is more general in meaning is called superordinate. In syntactic analysis, the D-structure can be turned into S-structure through appropriate t_________________. 8. A general definition is that p___________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 9. Just as regional dialect is associated with separation caused by physical conditions, s__________ has to do with separation brought about by different social conditions. 10. Language a__________ refers to how the child comes to understand and speak naturally the language of his community. II. Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false. Put a T in the bracket for true or an F for false (1%×10): 11. ( ) Linguists are judges; they know what is right and what is wrong about language. 12. ( ) Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i. e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted. 13. ( ) A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning. 14. ( ) The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components. 15. ( ) Every word has a sense just as every word has a reference. 16. ( ) What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. 17. ( ) A perlocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance. 18. ( ) “Alive” and “dead” are a pair of complementary antonyms, and so are “male” and “female”. 19. ( ) The quality maxim of CP requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to the conversation. 20. ( ) Language change can be as simple as this case that all speakers of the language awoke one morning and decided to use the word “mutton” for “sheep meat”. III Each of the following questions is followed with four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer to the question or the one that best completes the sentence (2%×10=20%): 21. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be _________. A. prescriptive B. sociolinguistic C. descriptive D. diachronic 22. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ______________. A. palatal     B. alveolar C. bilabial     D. dental 23. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ___________. A. bound morpheme B. derivational morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme 24. The pair of words “guest” and “host” are _________. A. gradable antonyms B. relational opposites C. stylistic synonyms D. co- hyponyms 25. “Can I borrow your bike?” ________ “You have a bike.” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 26. The utterance “We’re already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.” obviously violates the maxim of __________. A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner 27. What the element ‘-es’ indicates is the third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’ past tense, and ‘-ing’ progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest units of language and meaningful, they are also _____________. A. phonemes B. morphemes C. allophones D. allomorphs 28. Which of the following meanings are the foci of pragmatics? A. Lexical meaning B. Propositional meaning C. Utterance meaning D. Contextual meaning 29. In the sentence “you have left the door wide open.” The speaker has expressed his intention of speaking. i.e, asking someone to close the door. This intention of speaking belongs to _________ act. A. locutionary B. perlocutionary C. performative D. illocutionary 30. is not a native language of anyone but learned informally in contact, used especially as a trade language. A. pidgin B. creole C. diglossia D. bilingualism IV E-C translate the following terms (1%×20): 31. syntagmatic relations 32. Sociolinguistics 33. allomorph 34. endocentric constructions 35. PS rules 36. Speech Act Theory 37. semantic triangle 38. back-formation 39. Critical Period Hypothesis 40. Error Analysis 41. 中介语 42. 语言双重性 43. 区域方言 44. 合作原则 45. 会话含义 46. 文化帝国 47. 方言近义词 48. 粘着语素 49. 语言习得 50. 严式标音 V Define the following terms and give examples for illustration if it is necessary (5%×2): 51. cultural transmission 52. intercultural communication VI Answer the following question in English (10%×2): 53. Linguistic textbooks are all crammed with dry concepts, boring theories and serious-looking faces of linguists. Since the study of language is a tough mental task and apparently a disinteresting job, how can we justify our efforts and linguists’ devotion in this field? Please air your views in no less than 150 words. 54. If you asked somebody “can you open the door?” he answered “Yes” but did not actually do it. What would be your reaction? Why? Try to set it in the light of Speech Act Theory? I. Each of the following questions is followed with four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer to the question or the one that best completes the sentence (2%×10=20%): 1. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are _______.   A. gradable antonyms            B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms                    D. stylistic synonyms 2. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be _________. A. prescriptive B. sociolinguistic C. descriptive D. diachronic 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __________. A. unusual          B. something to be feared   C. abnormal        D. natural 4. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ___________. A. bound morpheme B. derivational morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme 5. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows: _________.   A. They cannot pronounce/n/   B. Interlingua interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue   C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method   D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called a ____________word.   A. polysemous    B. synonymous    C. abnormal    D. multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is _________.   A. informative    B. phatic    C. directive    D. performative 8. The utterance “We’re already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.” obviously violates the maxim of __________. A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner 9. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the (      ) theory. A. speech act                         B. transformational-generative C. principles-and-parameters            D. minimalist programme 10. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as ________.   A. +animate, +male, +human, -adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult C. +animate, -male, +human, -adult   D. +animate, -male, +human, +adult II Complete each of the following statements, the first letter of the blank is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill ONLY one word in each of the blanks, and you are not allowed to change the first letter given (1%×10=10%)： 11. Chomsky defines “c__________” as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 12. Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v _______, while all vowel sounds are v _________. 13. M __________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14. Utterance is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a c _________. 15. A speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, i __________ act and p___________ act. 16. The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c___________ period for first language a____________. III. Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false. Put a T in the bracket for true or an F for false (1%×10): 17. ( ) Linguists are judges; they know what is right and what is wrong about language. 18. ( ) Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i. e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted. 19. ( ) A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning. 20. ( ) The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components. 21. ( ) Every word has a sense just as every word has a reference. 22. ( ) What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. 23. ( ) A perlocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance. 24. ( ) “Alive” and “dead” are a pair of complementary antonyms, and so are “male” and “female”. 25. ( ) The quality maxim of CP requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to the conversation. 26. ( ) Language change can be as simple as this case that all speakers of the language awoke one morning and decided to use the word “mutton” for “sheep meat”. IV E-C translate the following terms (1%×20): 27. 中介语 28. 文化传递性 29. 区域方言 30. 合作原则 31. 会话含义 32. 文化帝国 33. 方言近义词 34. 粘着语素 35. 语言习得 36. 严式标音 37. syntagmatic relations 38. Sociolinguistics 39. allomorph 40. endocentric constructions 41. PS rules 42. Speech Act Theory 43. semantic triangle 44. back-formation 45. Critical Period Hypothesis 46. Error Analysis V Define the following terms and give examples for illustration if it is necessary (5%×2): 47. langue and parole 48. phone and phoneme VI Answer the following question in English (15%×2): 49. Why do you think language is human specific? 50. Explain in English the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. re-   un-   anti-   -wise   -ize   江西农业大学语言学概论课程试卷 (A) I. Complete each of the following statements, the first letter of the blank is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill only ONE word in each of the blanks, and you are not allowed to change the first letter given (1%×15=15%)： Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary v_______ symbols used for human communication. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s _______ study of language. By d_________, one of the he design features, language can be used to refer to things not present at the moment of communication in time and space. An essential difference between consonants and v______ is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any obst