英语文章阅读

英语文章阅读 Unit 1 Roles and relationships SECTION 1 – Listening 1.1. Listen to two people talking about the role of men in today's society. Which of the following points do they mention? Do they agree? 1.1 Authentic A I think the biggest thing is, is that men are being asked to do new stuff, shall I, dare I say, feminine stuff, as well as hold on to all the traditional masculine things, so it's kind of like, I mean, if you don't mind me using the characters, it's kind of like you're supposed to be Arnold Schwarzenegger ,Yeah., as well as some very soft Alan Alda all at the same time as the new American male and ... Well, it's not fair, that's too many jobs. B So you think you're getting a bad deal, you think men are getting a bad deal? A I think lately, yeah. I think I'm held up to two opposing standards sometimes, and it gets really difficult in a relationship when you're trying really hard but it turns out you're holding up the wrong standard on the wrong day. B OK, here's a question for you. Do you think that men yet have the option not to work? Like and to stay at home, and do you think that ... A Yeah, just barely, yeah, I think actually they do, but do you know they got to do a lot of explaining for themselves still, whereas women who step out into the work world don't have to do as much explaining for themselves. B Well, except that they do in the sense that we still have a big debate about whether or not women should work full time when they have children, you know, who does the childcare, should women try to be home when the kids are home, should they feel guilty? A Nobody questions them saying, is it right? I mean, they may question themselves but men have to defend themselves greatly if they said they wanted to be a househusband. B Mm-hm. So you still think that it's, it's, men have to justify themselves if they decide to stay home or if there's a man in the playground, with... A Yes, or if they hold up a singularly masculine role of only, you know, a provider ,Yeah.,which twenty years ago back in the, you know, or back in the fifties say when that was, what a male was, after the war, was supposed to do. If a man tries to hold on to that now he's not really a modern guy and he has to defend himself quite a bit, whereas if a woman wants to quote, unquote, have it all, well, that's almost expected, really. I mean that she's allowed to have a fulfilling career, be a perfect mom, and have a lovely tended home. Keys: a) 6) 10) b) 1) Men need to take on both masculine and feminine traits and roles. They're getting a bad deal. They may accept that. 1 1.2 Listen to an extract from an interview with Anthea Fraser, a self-employed businesswoman who started her own recruitment consultancy two years ago. I = interviewer, A = Andrea I Andrea, you have your own company. How successful have you been? A Well, I've been running my own business for just over two years, now, and in that time we've attracted about a hundred and twenty client companies, which is one a week on average. So, I would say pretty successful. I mean, well, the business has been successful right from day one, but for the last six months it's been growing really fast ... I've taken on three new staff members, and recently I've been looking for new offices—there just isn't enough space here any more ... And we, we've also just started up a new web based recruitment service, which is doing really well, it's very popular... I So it's definitely worth making the move to working for yourself? A Well, yes, yes for me, because I've always wanted to be my own boss. And, and it's great, you know, you have the freedom and the independence to do what you want, you, you make all the decisions ... but, well, it is, it is incredibly hard work. You know, it's very hard to ever switch off completely—I mean, I really do work twelve hours a day, six, seven days a week. There's very little free time. Everything else just has to fit in around work, really. Um... I You have an understanding husband, though? A Oh, yes, I'm very lucky that he's extremely supportive, yes, yes. It does help. Keys: 1) They have attracted about a hundred and twenty client companies, which is one a week on average. She has taken on three new staff members, and recently she has been looking for new offices. And they have also just started up a new web based recruitment service, which is doing really well, it's very popular... 2) The main advantages are that she has the freedom and the independence to do what she want and she make all the decisions; the main disadvantages are that the work is incredibly hard and she has very little free time. 1.3 (a) Listen and check your ideas. Is the level of formality the same as you would expect in your country? What do the speakers say to: —introduce themselves and put themselves in context? —introduce another person and put them in context? 1 A Hello. B Hi, could I speak to Andrea Matthias? This is Paul at CPMD. A I‘m afraid he's not here at the moment. Have you got a number he can call you back on? B Yes, I'll give it to you right away. It's 020 7346 2642. A ... 2642. OK. I've got that. B Great. Thanks. Bye. A Goodbye. 2 2 A How do you do, Mr. Schroeder? My name is Rachel Flynn. We spoke on the telephone. B Of course. How do you do, Mrs. Flynn? It's very nice to meet you. I hope you had a pleasant journey. A Yes, it was fine, thank you. Mr. Schroeder, may I introduce my colleague, Anthony Edwards? He'll be working very closely with us on this case. B Pleased to meet you, Mr. Edwards. Welcome to Strasbourg. C Thank you, Mr. Schroeder. I'm very pleased to meet you. B And if I could just introduce my assistant, Johanna Dietmeyer? This is Mrs. Flynn and Mi Edwards from Sacker by Hunter in Boston. D Hello, pleased to meet you ... 3 A Hello, Geraldine Cotton, please. B I'm sorry she's out at lunch. Can I take a message for her? A She doesn't know me. My name's Miranda Richards and I'm calling from a company called CPMD—we're in discussion with Ms Cotton about the possibility of doing some work together. B Can you give me your number, please? A It's 020 7346 2642. B And can I ask what it's about, exactly? A We're waiting for a quotation. B OK, I'll get her to call you as soon as she comes back. A Great. Thanks very much for your help. Bye. B Goodbye. 4 A Hello, Suzanne. How are you? I haven't seen you for ages. B Hi, Darius. How are you? A I'm fine... fine ... yeah. What about you? How was your trip to the States? B Oh, it was great ...,Yeah?, ... yeah, really great. A You were in California, right? B Yeah, mostly ... it was, it was amazing. A How was the food? And the wine? B Oh, amazing. Just so much of it, you know ...Oh, sorry, Darius, this is Martina, from our Italian office. She's going to be looking after all the European accounts. A Hi, Martina, nice to meet you. C Hi, you too. B Darius is our Creative Director. He has all the brilliant ideas. We just sell them. A Well, in theory ... So, you're coming over later this morning? B Yeah, 11.30 in your office. Is that still OK? A Yes, absolutely. 3 B OK. See you at 11.30, then. A Nice meeting you, Martina. C And you. See you later. Bye. Keys: Dialogue 1 address and greet each other — —introduce themselves —leave personal information —say goodbye Dialogue 2 —address and greet each other —put themselves in context —ask about a journey / trip —introduce their colleagues —put their colleagues in context. Dialogue 3 —address and tell the other who he is looking for —tell the truth —leave message —say goodbye Dialogue 4 —address and greet each other —ask about a journey / trip —introduce their colleagues —put their colleagues in context. —make an appointment —say goodbye 1.4. Two people are meeting for the first time before a training course. Listen to the conversation and answer the questions. A Hello. B Hello. A My name is Sandra. Nice to meet you. B I'm Andre. A I'm a bit nervous, you know. It's my first time I've been on a, like this, on a course. B Uh-huh. A I was sent by my company. I work in the city, here in London. What about you? B I arrived in London this morning. A Oh, really? 4 B Yes. A So are you staying somewhere here in London? B I'm staying in a hotel just around the corner. A Oh, really? Oh, what's it like? B It's fine. A Have you got everything you need? B Yes. A Well, that's good. Keys: 1) No, the man's behavior is not acceptable. Because the man always answers with quite short replies. 2) The woman may think the man is unkind, unmeaning and toneless. Because the man always answers with quite short replies which make people feel that he shows no interest in your conversation. 1.5 Listen to a different conversation. It takes place in the same situation. A Hello. B Hello. A Hello. Is there coffee in the pot? B Oh, would you like some? A Oh, yes, please. Thanks. B My name is Akemi. Nice to meet you. A Oh, hello. I'm Stefan Grothgar. Have you just arrived this morning? B Yeah, yeah. A Yeah, me too. B I'm a bit nervous, you know. It's my first time I've been in a, like this, in a course. A Yeah, yeah? Oh, I've done, I've done some others before. Yeah. Very good. B Oh, good, yeah. A Yeah, they're great. B Yeah, not too, not too much pressure I hope. A No, no, no. No, it's really nice and we do get to know each other very well over, you know, the week. B Good, yeah. Well, I was sent by my company. I work in the city. A Oh. Are you from round here then? B Yes, yes. A Ah, right, you live here in...? B Yes, well, it's a Japanese company but I'm a local staff, I live in London, so yes ... A I see, I see. B I've been there for, well, not too long, so, but they sent me here, so, yeah. How about you? 5 A Oh, I've come straight from Germany, you know. B Oh, really? A Yeah, yeah this morning. B I see. A Yeah, I'm staying in a hotel just around the corner. B Oh, really? Oh, what's it like? A Oh, it's nice, you know, it's, it's sort of, simple but clean and breakfast, you know, everything you want. Keys: 1) Showing interest in the other‘s questions or opinions. 2) In a conversation, the two people should exchange the different information by answering questions, asking questions and changing the topics. 3) Respond to the other‘s questions or opinions, and then show your own opinions. SECTION 3 –Reading Passage One Important Words & Expressions: 1. oblige vt. 迫使;责成 e.g. She was obliged to go. 她不得不走。 The police obliged him to leave. 警方强迫他离开。 2. assume v.假定，假设 e.g. I assume you always get up at the same time. 我想你总是在同一个时间起床。 assumable adj.(形容词)可假定的 assumably adv.(副词) 多半，大概 assumer n.(名词) 3. stranger n. 陌生人;异乡人;外国人 e.g: You're quite a stranger -it's ten years since I last saw you. 你真是稀客-我们有十年不见面了。 He is a stranger to Latin. 他不懂拉丁文。 He is no stranger to poverty. 他曾饱尝贫穷之苦。 be a stranger to 对 ...陌生[不熟悉]; 对...没有经验; 对...不习惯 be no stranger to 对...不陌生, 对...熟悉; 对...有经验 I see [spy] strangers. (英国下议院用语)请旁听者退场。 6 make a stranger of sb. 冷淡地对待某人; 把某人当作外人 make no stranger of 亲热地对待; 不把...当外人 put on the stranger 冷淡待人; 疏远 the little stranger [谑]新生婴儿 You are quite a stranger. [口]好久不见了! 你真是稀客! stranger in blood 无亲属关系的人; 外人 n.反馈，回报感应 4.reaction e.g(chain reaction 连锁反应 action and reaction 作用和反作用 What is his reaction to your proposal? 他对你的建议有什么反应? After these days of excitement there was a reaction. 经过这几天兴奋之后又有一段沉闷生活。 5.individual adj.个人的;单独的;独特的 e.g. individual economy 个体经济 an individual style 独特风格 individual saltcellars 各人独用的餐碟 6.talkative adj.健谈的，爱讲话的，多嘴的 taciturn adj. 沉默寡言的 7.extreme adj. e.g. an extreme outpost 最前哨 the extreme corner of the yard 院子的最远角落 the extreme penalty of law 极刑 extreme joy 极度的高兴 go from one extreme to the other 从一极端转到另一极端 go to extremes (=run to an extreme) 走极端, 采取极端手段 go to the extreme of 达到...的极端; 采取极端的手段 in extremes 极端贫困, 陷入绝境, 濒于死亡 7 in the extreme 极度地, 非常地 in an extreme 极度地, 非常地 to an extreme 极度地, 非常地 to the extreme 极度地, 非常地 Extremes meet. [谚]两极相通; 物极必反。 extremes of fortune 盛衰荣枯 8. establishment n. e.g. industrial and mining establishments 工矿企业 research establishment 科学研究中心 war establishment 战时编制 the Civil Service Establishment [英]文职定额 the Establishment newspaper 官方报纸 9. serious adj. 严肃的，庄重的 e.g. a serious thought 谨慎的思想, 严肃的考虑 a serious young man 一个少年老成的人 a serious consequence 严重的后果 a serious illness 重病 and now to be serious 现在来谈正经的 pretending to be serious 煞有介事地 take for serious 当真 10. caution n. 小心，谨慎 e.g. for caution's sake 为慎重起见 give sb. a caution 给某人警告 cast caution to the winds 不顾一切, 莽撞从事 throw caution to the winds 不顾一切, 莽撞从事 fling caution to the winds 不顾一切, 莽撞从事 C-is the parent of safety . [谚]谨慎为安全之本。 C-is the mother of security. [谚]谨慎为安全之本。 8 with a caution 加以警告 课文译文: 在阿帕切人的群体中，如果对社会关系和个人在社会中的行为有怀疑，这类的言论是被回避的。然而长时间的沉默其实很折磨人。因此，不同的群体交往中，将英语作为为母语的人们会先打开话题，因为他们想要建立社会关系，也因为阿帕切人会保持沉默。当阿帕切人中间出现停顿这样做的时候，在此之前，英语讲话者表现得相当不自在，然后他们又继续讲下去。 结果就有了一场由英语国家的人掌控大部分讲话的交谈，包括他们要讲什么话题。而阿帕切人会避开话题，觉得怎么英语国家的人们会这么粗鲁，这么专横，目空一切还有自以为是。而另一方面，英语国家的人们觉得阿帕切人无礼，自大和沉默寡言。事实上，对于所造成这种敌意的结果，是因为双方疏忽了不同群体的人们对语言的理解和使用，敌意就是这样简单地产生了。 Exercise: Choose the best answer 3.1 B 3.2 D 3.3 C 3.4 B 3.5 C Passage Two Important Words & Expressions: 1. progress n.前进，进行，进展 e.g. progress in civilization 文明的进步 the progress of science 科学的进步 in progress 在进行中, 在举行 make progress取得进展, 进步 make progress in 在...方面取得进步[进展] make progress towards 朝着...(目标)前进 make progress with 把...向前推进; 在...(方面)取得进展, 进行 move to report progress (在英国议会中)提出暂停辩论的动议(目的常在于阻挠) report progress 到当时为止的进展情; (英国议会中)暂停(辩论)留到他日讨论 progress of events 事情的进展 2. alongside adv. 在…的侧面;傍; alongside of 在...旁边; 与...并排 与...相比 alongside with 与...一起; 除...以外 课文译文: 在欧盟国家里面，有工作的女性人数在最近的几十年来，一直稳步上升。在1960年的中期，大约42%处于工作年龄的女性受到雇用，在1990年末，人数上升到接近70%。今天，女性其实已经在职场上超过了男性——男性从没有试过处 9 于这种位置，而这也反映着他们对自己人生角色的态度。 这种现象正在全球快速蔓延。工作的女性在中国的人数已经从1980年的49% 增加到结晶如今的60%——比世界上其他国家都要高。而非常极端的情况是，在 伊拉克和沙特阿拉伯只有10%的女性在工作。 尽管这些数字在增加，但欧盟1500家顶尖的公司中，只有3%的负责人是女 性。而且，尽管女性已经在很多方面有了进步，比如说照顾小孩和增加弹性工作 制，她们还是在面对很大的歧视。已经做过很多份工作的Tina Knight现正掌管 《商界女人》。她正在为这一问题对议会进行游说。“成功女性犯的一大错误就是， 尝试排挤男人。其实女人和男人是需要并肩作战的。” Exercise: Answer the following questions 3.6 Today women have actually overtaken men in the job market. 3.7 in China 3.8 only 3% of the directors of the UK‘s top 1,500 companies are female 3.9 they are still facing strong discrimination 3.10 One big mistake that successful women make, says Tina, ‗is to try to shut men out. SECTION 4 –Vocabulary & Translating 4.2 Translating Practice: 1. Translate the following English sentences into Chinese. 1)物价又上涨了。 2)人人都笑他。 3)老师给我们讲了一个故事。 4)食物尝起来非常美味。 5)我们每完成一件事，就要记住还有大量的事情等着要做。那种总是在为新 的目标而奋斗，总是要从事新的、令人激动的工作的感觉，能使我们更容易满怀 热情地去应对新的挑战。当然，我们也有权利偶尔感到满足，但时间不能太长， 否则这种满足感会阻碍我们继续前进。 2. Translate the following Chinese sentences into English. 1)The show lasted two hours. 2)The concert takes place next Friday. 3)She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 4)He deemed it wise to refuse the offer. 5)We will not replace the expendable items: soap, shampoo, etc. in your bathroom until they are used up. If you wish earlier replacement, please contact the floor supervisor or the Housekeeping Service Center. 10 When leaving your guestroom, please turn off the power switch and air-conditioner to save energy. SECTION 6 –Grammar 6.3 1)skied;broke 2) met;was staying wanted 3) had gone; 4) got on;realized;had left Unit 2 Looking back SECTION 1 – Listening 1.1 (a) You are going to listen to an interview with Sir Bobby Chariton, one of Britain's best-known sporting heroes. He was a star player for Manchester United, England's most successful football club, in the 1950s and 1960s. Before you listen, decide whether you think the statements below are true (T) or false (F). Then listen and check your ideas. I = interviewer, B = Sir Bobby Charlton B When I first got involved with football, footballers were just as important as they are now, maybe more so. Maybe there was more of an affection towards the footballer because they really in a way were just working, working class people like everybody else, they were not getting any more money than anybody could get in a decent job elsewhere.,Oh, really?, Well, I mean, when I first started, I was on, my first wage was twelve pound and ten in the summer, you know, even just after the war I think the wage was about eight pound, you know, so it's changed in as much as, but, but peo, but footballers were famous, you know. You went down the main street, you know, just as today, you were inundated with people wanting to talk about the game, etc. I But were the pressures the same? B No, no people left you alone. If you played bad, if you played bad there was no sort of recriminations or anything like that, you waited till the next match. No, there was no sort of detailed insight into why it was all wrong, and there were no supporters' bodies, you know, who wanted to know how this was done, and why, and this is wrong, etc. I remember when I used to go to watch Newcastle United play, when I was a young lad, and I remember just after the war, it must have been in the late forties when they put the price of admission up, from two-and-six, from two shilling to two and-six. You know, and it was like questions in the House of Parliament, you know. But there were no supporters' associations that actually went and complained to the club, etc. ,Right.,—it was a government thing. I And did the media kind of hound players like they do today? ,No, not at 11 all., Their private lives were their private lives? B Not at all, it's nonsense. I mean some of the players today, they've got, as soon as they go home they've got to pull the sheet, pull the curtains, you know, it's nonsense really, it's outrageous really, in a way. But it's because they're acknowledged now as film-star type people, you know and what you used to read about in Hollywood—the glitzy stars—it's now about football ... And the more people want the players, you know, the more difficult it is for the players to give it. You know, we give I don't know how many thousands of footballs a week, a year, away. We give them away but they all have to be signed, you know. ,I see., And that was never the case in the old days. You used to finish your training, you would go home, and you would do a little bit of some recreation, whatever you wanted to do, and you'd play the game on a Saturday. But you were never hounded by the media like you are now, you know. But that's, that's one of the big things, really, and I think because of that, the public don't look on the footballers with affection ... its curiosity now. Really. I I see. What was your, what have been your best and worst moments, would you say, during your career? B Well, worst moment was Munich without any question, there was just at the beginning of a great era for Manchester United, and it was, suddenly it's gone... I What about your best moments, what are you most proud of? B Er, many, many, I'm, I mean, every footballer dreams of achieving things, winning an FA Cup, even just becoming a footballer, you know, and I was lucky, I had all sorts of aims like everybody else, and I fulfilled most of mine. I wouldn't like to have finished a career without winning the European Champions Cup... and the World Cup, when you beat the best. ... But it's nice, it's nice that I've, I'm still involved, and still, people still want to see me and ask me about things, and I'm still very much involved in football, which after all this time, you know, is very satisfying, yeah ... (b) Listen to the interview again. Keys: (a) 1)T 2)F 3)T 4)T 5)F 6)T 7)T 8)T 9)T 10)F (b) 1) In the past, footballers were working class people and they were paid not much; no matter whether they won or not, there were not many pressures when they finished a match; there were no supporters' bodies; the media didn't use to hound the players like they do today. 2) Yes. 3) I think that sportspeople today have more difficult lives than in the past. Because there are more pressures on sportspeople, such as critical analysis after matches, the media hounding their private lives and so on. 1.2 (a) Listen to two social conversations between colleagues at work. In each case, make a note of the topics they discuss. Conversation 1 A You know I told you we were getting a new research assistant? 12 B Yes... A Well, they've finally appointed someone. He starts next week. B Mm. And what's he like? A Well, his name is Michel and he's from France, obviously, and ... B Oh, really? OK. Have you actually met him yet? A Not exactly. I was away when the interviews were happening. B Uh-huh. Oh, talking of France, you know we're going skiing there in January? A Are you? Whereabouts? B Val d'Isere. We went there last year—the skiing was fantastic. A Oh, that sounds great. How can you afford to go every year? B It's not really that expensive. I mean, the price includes, let's see, hotel accommodation, ski rental... A Anyway, I was telling you about Michel. He's been working in London; he has three children, a lot of experience... Conversation 2 A ... and all being well, I'm hoping to visit East Africa for the first time in the autumn. B That's great. How long are you planning to go for? A Well, it depends how the project develops... C By the way, did anyone see that story in the news about Ethiopia? It's so awful, what's going on there at the moment. B Yeah, things are really bad again, aren't they? The war and famine, it just seems to go on and on, doesn't it? C And it doesn't seem to matter how much aid goes in, you know, it's not enough... B No... A Anyway, as I was saying, I'm probably going to Kenya in the autumn, and then Tanzania and possibly Uganda. B Wow! Sounds really exciting. What are you doing there, exactly? A Well, I haven't been before, so I need to meet people, get to know how things work. I've planned my visits and I've got some good contacts. B Yeah, you can never have too many contacts. C You know, talking of contacts, did I tell you I met this really interesting guy in London last week? He was telling me about this website where, if you're looking for a new job overseas, you can post your details and say what you're looking for. And then people contact you directly. It's like a kind of online employment agency. B Mmm ... sounds an interesting idea. A I think it sounds a bit suspicious, actually... B So, anyway, we were talking about your trip to East Africa. A Yes, well, as I was telling you, it's Kenya first, then Tanzania, possibly Uganda, and then after that... 13 1.3 Listen to four people talking about their childhood memories. Were their experiences mainly positive or negative? 1 I remember going fishing with my older brother when I was a child—we used to go a lot in the summer. But then I became a vegetarian and it just seemed cruel, so I stopped going. I hated to see the fish with hooks in their mouths. I remember being quite upset about it, but I certainly don't regret giving it up. 2 Every year we used to go on a walking holiday in Wales. My parents really enjoyed walking, but the problem was that my father always liked to keep going. We never used to stop during the walk, even if it was raining. Sometimes we didn't even stop to have lunch. My father would try to entertain us with stories and jokes, he tried hard, you know, but it didn't really work. I haven't been back to Wales since I was about fourteen. I always hated walking—I still do. 3 Well, when I was a teenager I really used to enjoy dressing up to go out with my friends. I really liked going to parties and clubs, and I would borrow my sister's clothes or jewellery—she was older than me and she had some really lovely things. But I always remembered to put them all back exactly as I'd found them. I don't think she ever found out what I was doing. 4 I remember having to do a lot of sport at school. I wasn't very athletic, and in particular I couldn't stand cross-country running. I always used to make up an excuse not to have to do it. Sometimes I would try pretending I was ill, but I regret to say it never worked. Funnily enough, I really enjoy running now; in fact I'd like to do it more often, but now that I've got my own kids, I don't know, I don't seem to have the energy. 1.4 (a) Listen to these two telephone conversations. The content of both conversations is the same, but the register is different 1 A Mediatech, good morning. B Could I have extension 2131? A Who's calling, please? B Louisa Jordan from Scott Financial. A One moment, please, I'll try to connect you. C Peter Andersson. B Good morning. This is Louisa Jordan speaking. I'm calling about the arrangements for the project meeting, and I believe that you are the project manager at Mediatech. C Yes, that's right. Did you have any particular day in mind? B Well, I was thinking about next Wednesday, in the afternoon if that would suit you? C Mm-hm. Yes, that would be fine. B Shall we say two o'clock here at my office? C Excellent. B Right, well, I look forward to meeting you next Wednesday, then. Goodbye, 14 now. C Goodbye. 2 A Hello, Mediatech. B This is Louisa Jordan. Could I have Peter Andersson, please? A Sorry, what did you say your name was? B Louisa Jordan. A OK, just a moment. C Peter Andersson. B Hi, Peter, it's Louisa. How are things? C Fine. You? B Yeah, great. Listen, about the project. We really need to meet. Would next Wednesday after lunch be OK? C Just a moment ... Yeah, sounds fine. B Two o'clock at my office? C Fine. B Brilliant. Thanks, Peter. C No problem. See you then. B Bye. C Bye. (b) Listen again and write down the key words and expressions that helped you to decide the level of formality or the relationship between the two people. 1.5 Listen to this conversation. The operator is having some difficulty in understanding the caller. A Good morning. Can I help you? B This is Ralph Kinnock from Mediatech. Could you put me through to Maria Delosantos, please. A Sorry, the line's really bad. Could you speak up a bit, please? B Yeah, sorry, I'm on a mobile. It's Ralph Kinnock from Mediatech. Maria Delosantos, please. A I'm afraid she's on the other line at the moment. Would you like to leave a message? B Yes, could you tell her I called and that ... A Sorry, sorry, could you spell the name of the company? B It's M-E-D-I-A-T-E-C-H. Mediatech. A And what was your name again? B Ralph Kinnock. Could you tell her that I've made the addendum to the joint venture agreement, but that in any case the meeting's been postponed till a week on Friday. A ... Meeting a week on Friday, sorry, I didn't quite get the first part. B That I've made the addendum to the joint venture agreement. A You've made a what, sorry? 15 B An addendum. A Oh, an addendum. Sorry, the line's so bad, I can hardly hear you. B That's all right. A OK. I've got all that. Does she need to call you? B No, I don't think so. Thanks for your help. A You're welcome. Bye. B Bye. SECTION 3 –Reading Passage One Important Words & Expressions: 1. boot n. 引导，自举 习惯用语 as old boots (=like old boots) 劲头十足地; 极厉害地; 彻底地 be in sb.'s boots 处在某人的地位, 设身处地为别人想一想 beat sb. out of his boots [口]彻底打败某人 bet one's boots 敢用一切担保; 有把握, 必然, 一定 die with one's boots on (=die in one's boots) 死于非命, 暴死; 在工作时期 死去 get the boot [俚]被解雇, 被开除, 被抛弃 get the boot on the wrong foot 错怪, 错赏, 误解 put the boot on the wrong foot 错怪, 错赏, 误解 get the boot on the wrong leg 错怪, 错赏, 误解 put the boot on the wrong leg 错怪, 错赏, 误解 get too big for one's boot [口]变得自高自大, 自以为了不起, 摆架子 grow too big for one's boot [口]变得自高自大, 自以为了不起, 摆架子 get too big for one's breeches [口]变得自高自大, 自以为了不起, 摆架子 get too big for one's shoes [口]变得自高自大, 自以为了不起, 摆架子 get too big for one's trousers [口]变得自高自大, 自以为了不起, 摆架子 grow too big for one's breeches [口]变得自高自大, 自以为了不起, 摆架子 grow too big for one's shoes [口]变得自高自大, 自以为了不起, 摆架子 grow too big for one's trousers [口]变得自高自大, 自以为了不起, 摆架子 give sb. the boot [俚]解雇某人, 开除某人; 突然抛弃某人 give sb. the order of the boot [俚]解雇某人, 开除某人; 突然抛弃某人 go down in one's boots [口]吓坏了,吓得魂不附体 go it boots [口]起劲地干,加油干 go to bed in one's boots 酩酊大醉 I'll eat my boots if ... (赌咒语)要是...我就不是人; 我决不... 16 in seven-league boots 飞速, 极快 lick sb.'s boots 向某人屈服, 迁就某人, 奉承某人 lick sb.'s feet 向某人屈服, 迁就某人, 奉承某人 lick sb.'s shoes 向某人屈服, 迁就某人, 奉承某人 lick sb.'s spittle 向某人屈服, 迁就某人, 奉承某人 lick the boots off 使惨败 move one's boots [口]动身, 出发, 离开 start one's boots [口]动身, 出发, 离开 put the boot in 猛踢 采取决定性的行动 rise out of one's boots 飞快地起床, 从床上飞快地跳起 Scotch boot [废]木靴子(一种夹脚的刑具) shake in one's boots 吓得发抖 shiver in one's boots 吓得发抖 strike in the boots 【史】给犯人穿木靴子 The boot is on the other foot . 责任在其他方面 错怪了人 事实恰恰相反 The boot is on the other leg. 责任在其他方面 错怪了人 事实恰恰相反 wipe one's boots on sb. 侮辱某人 boot and saddle 急速; 加快; 骑兵上马的军号 boots and all [澳, 新]不受拘束地, 全力以赴地 boot out 强行解雇 2. announce v.宣告，预告，预言 e.g. announce guests 通知客到 announce dinner 通知开宴[饭] It has been announce d that Mr. A and Miss B will be married next week. 已正式宣布A先生与B小姐将于下星期结婚。 His earlier work announced a lyric talent of the first order. 他的早期作品显露了一流的抒情才华。 He announces three programs a week. 他每周广播三个节目。 3. immense adj. 巨大的;无边的;无量的 e.g. an immense territory 广大的领土 an immense improvement 巨大的改进 The performance was immense. 演出好极了 17 习惯用语: an immense territory 广大的领土 an immense improvement 巨大的改进 the dark immense of air 黑暗无边的天空 4. commodity n.便利;利益 e.g. commodity money 商品货币 The prices of the -ties are quite stable this year. 今年各种物价相当稳定。 习惯用语 a commodity of brown paper 廉价处理的次品， 不值钱的货， 无用的东西 5. apart adv.成零碎，成距离 far apart 离得很远 wide apart 离得很远 joking apart 别说笑话; 认真地说; 说正经的 jesting apart 别说笑话; 认真地说; 说正经的 lay apart for 把(某物)留给... put apart for 把(某物)留给... set apart for 把(某物)留给... lay sth. apart for 把(某物)留给... put sth. apart for 把(某物)留给... set sth. apart for 把(某物)留给... quite apart from 更何况; 更不用说 take... apart 把...拆开 tell ... apart 区分; 分辨(两种事物) know... apart 区分; 分辨(两种事物) apart from离开; 除...之外 6. abundant adj. 丰富的，充足的 e.g. an abundant harvest 丰收 an abundant year 丰年 The country is abundant in natural resources. 这个国家天然资源丰富。 习惯用语 abundant in 富于...;...很丰富 课文译文: 回顾过去与展望未来:比尔?盖茨卸任微软 今天，比尔?盖茨离开微软以专注于他的慈善基金会的工作。 彼得?布赖特最新报道，2008年6月27日上午7:10，康奈提格州 18 也许用类似“一个时代的终结”这样的人们已经听得很多了，但今天要离开微软的比尔 盖茨绝对受之无愧。盖茨两年前就宣布他会减少在微软的工作量二集中精力在“比尔和梅琳达•盖茨基金”上。在自己一手创立的公司里，他会工作到在六月底之前。 无论人们是怎么看微软和盖茨他本人的，两者对于电脑的发展前景的影响都是不可估量的。比尔盖茨和保罗艾伦在1975年创立的公司，生产出来第一台Altair 8800的BASIC解释程序。当时盖茨就已经预见了台式电脑的前景，他觉得电脑不应该只是科学家、工程师和那些买Altair 8800的无关重要的人，而是给任何人，给所有人使用。而这状况都因为IBM PC电脑的大批量生产而变成了历史。 这种商品化的重要性是难以夸大的;没有它，我们今天所见到的这些极其物美价廉、产品丰富的计算机将不存在。 随着个人计算机运行DOS(磁盘操作系统)，然后运行Windows系统，比尔?盖茨的梦想变成了现实。在西方，我们在每一张桌面上(和在每一个家庭，甚至在不久以后我猜想在每一间卧室里)至少有一台电脑。如果没有比尔?盖茨和微软，那将不可能出现。 Exercise: Choose the best answer 3.1 B 3.2 C 3.3 A 3.4 D 3.5 A Passage Two 课文译文: 1958年2月6日下午，曼联足球队的8名球员在慕尼黑的一次飞机失事中悲惨身亡。包括年轻的博比?查尔顿和他们经理人马特?巴斯比在内的整支球队正从贝尔格莱德踏上了英格兰返乡路程。在前一年赢取英国足球冠军后，他们正在参加欧洲冠军杯的比赛，并且刚刚赢得了与(南斯拉夫)贝尔格莱德红星队的一场重要比赛。 班机离开贝尔格莱德时天气晴朗，但是在德国的天气状况并不是很好;天正在下雪并且气温已经降至零度以下。飞机在慕尼黑着陆加油，但是飞行员已经发现发动机有一些问题，飞机有所延误以对飞机作一些检查。在飞行员完成加油后，他通过无线电向机场指挥塔台传送信息说他准备好起飞了。 飞行员尝试两次起飞，但他都没有成功，他不能从发动机获得足够的动力。当他正在尝试第三次起飞的时候，灾难发生了。飞机正不断加速，在它似乎突然失去动力时，它已经几乎跑到了跑道的尽头。在失去控制的情况下，它撞进了一些建筑物，然后爆发出火光。 此次空难共有23人丧失，包括8名球员、管理人员、记者和全体机组人员。马特?巴斯比的梦想是曼联队成为欧洲冠军，伴随着他培养的球队大多数球员的身亡，那天这个梦想在慕尼黑消逝了。那个梦想的最终实现是在10年之后。 Exercise: Answer the following questions 3.6 They were traveling home to England from Belgrade. 19 3.7 It was not so good; it had been snowing and the temperature had fallen to below zero. 3.8 No, he didn‘t. Because he couldn‘t get enough power from the engines. 3.9 23. 3.10 Manchester United football team became European Champions. SECTION 4 –Vocabulary & Translating 4.2 Translating Practice: 1. Translate the following English sentences into Chinese. 1)他遭到了全班同学的嘲弄。 2)别着急，一切都会及时得到处理的。 3)大地震使这家著名的歌剧院几乎全部毁坏。 4)医生建议我父亲戒烟。 5)如果您对我们提供的服务任何方面不满意，或者感觉受到了不公平对待，您 可以致电分公司。他们会为您妥当处理。如果您仍不满意并希望进行正式投诉， 您应该和总公司联系。具体的方法详见本手册封底。 2. Translate the following Chinese sentences into English. 1)If there is no coal, charcoal can be used instead. 2)Shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony? 3)The highway was being widened. 4)The resolution has been unanimously adopted. 5)It‘s hard to think of a business that had a more positive effect for customers than the PC business. The rate of product improvement, the kind of empowerment it provides, this ability to create and stay in touch. You know the closest comparison is when publishing came along and people had books. Of cause books created a problem. SECTION 5 –Pronunciation and Intonation 5.1 Listen to two people discussing the advertisement. Underline the words they stress in these sentences. Mark the places where they pause. Why do they pause in the places marked? A I think it sounds fantastic and it's just what we've been looking for. B Well, it certainly looks like a lovely place but it seems really expensive. 5.2 (a) Mark where you think the stresses and pauses will come in these sentences. a it looks like a really interesting job and it's very well paid. b She seems very nice but there's something about her I don't quite trust. c It sounds like the perfect house for us and it's got lots of space and a huge garden. 5.3 (a) Listen to these phrases from the conversation. Mark the words that are 20 stressed. Why are these words stressed? B Hello. A Good morning. Could I speak to Roberta Lee, please? B She's not in today but she should be in tomorrow. A Well, do you think you could tell me where I could reach her? B I don't know where she is, but I could find out from a colleague. A Has she got a mobile phone? B I'm not sure, let me just check—no, I'm afraid she hasn't. A Is there anyone else I could talk to? B Everybody is at lunch, but if you give me your name and number I'll get someone to call you. A Well, can I leave a message? B Yes, of course. A Could you tell her that Gavin Milsom called. That's M-I-L-S-O-M. From Mediatech in Dublin. And if she could ring me after ten o'clock your time. B OK. So that's Gavin Milsom from Mediatech in Dublin, and you want her to call you after ten o'clock our time. A That's it. Thank you for your help. B You're welcome. Bye. SECTION 6 –Grammar 6.1 Past tense review, used to/would 1) Highlight the past tense forms in these sentences. a After the pilot had completed the refueling, he radioed the control tower. b The pilot made two unsuccessful attempts to take off. c As he was trying to take off, the disaster happened. d The plane crashed into some buildings, and then burst into flames. e The temperature had fallen to below zero. f The pilot had been having some problems with the engines. 2) Which past tense form do we use to describe: (1) something in progress at a particular time in the past? (Past Continuous) (2) a past action or situation that happened earlier than another past action or situation? (Past Perfect) (3) a longer action or situation that began at one point in the past and continued until a more recent point in the past? (Past Perfect Continuous) (4) completed or repeated actions and situations in the past? (Past Simple) 4) Used to and would can both refer to actions or habits in the past. (1) Which form contrasts the way things were in the past with the way they are now? (used to) (2) Which form refers to a sequence of actions in the past? (would) 21 6.2 More about infinitives and gerunds 1) Look at these sentences based on the interview with Richard Smith. Two of them are wrong. Which ones, and why? a I even considered to remove everything personal. , removing b I didn't want to risk creating the wrong impression. c Should I offer to show him round the house? d I managed making him a coffee,... , to make 2) A number of common verbs are normally followed either by a gerund (verb + -ing) or an infinitive form (to + verb). Put these verbs into the correct box. verb + ... -ing verb + to... admit consider refuse offer enjoy deny decide want finish risk agree imagine expect miss hope manage suggest Practice: 1. Underline the correct verb form, using the information in italics. 1) I didn't know she (skied/was skiing). I didn't think she knew how to ski. 2) I remembered that Jack (lived/had lived) in London. Jack doesn't live in London any more. 3) She (had been sitting/had sat) at the computer all day. Her eyes were tired and her back hurt. 4) He realized someone (was/had been) in the next room. He wasn't alone in the house. 5) I (left/was leaving) the room when Ann came in. I met Ann in the doorway. 6) When I got home I realized I (had lost/had been losing) my keys. They weren't in my bag or my pockets. 3. Complete the sentences and then discuss them with your partner. 1) Until I was about 18 I had never realized / noticed that father was getting old. 2) I used to think that college students had a lot of time to do their own things. 3) This time last year I was travelling in Singapore. 4) Until recently I had never been to a cinema with a girl. 5) People didn't use to see movies on the Internet./ surf on the Internet. 6) While I was traveling to work this morning, I saw a traffic accident. 7) When I was younger I would make a good plan for my life. 8) Before I started my present job, I had been a salesman in my uncle‘s store. 4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past tense. 1) I only skied_ (ski) for five minutes when I broke_ (break) my leg. 22 2) She_met_ (meet) him while she_was staying_ (stay) in a hotel in Paris. 3) They had never_gone_ (go) to the US before, that's why they_wanted_ (want) to go. 4) As I_got on_ (get on) the train, I__realized_ (realize) I_had left_ (leave) my briefcase in the taxi. 5. Underline would where it is possible to use it in place of used to. 1) My father used to / would have an old MG sports car. He used to/ would spend hours working on it. At weekends, he used to/ would sometimes take it out for a drive, but he used to/ would never take it out in the rain. 2) Until a few years ago we used to / would do all our work over the phone, or we used to/ would write a letter or send a fax. It used to/ would take us hours to do the simplest task. Now we just use email. 6. Match the beginnings of these sentences with a suitable ending. 1) d 2)b 3)e 4) h 5) f 6) c 7) a 8) g Self-study Materials---Telephoning &Social Conversation 1. Look at these phrases used on the phone. Decide which would be said by the person answering the phone (A), and which would be said by the person making the call (C). A: e, f, g, h, k, l, n, o, p C: a, b, c, d, i, j, m 23 Unit 3 Travel and time SECTION 1 – Listening 1.1 Listen to this interview with Mark Ellingham, series editor and founder of Rough Guides. Answer the questions. I = interviewer, M = Mark Ellingham I What countries have particularly fascinated you? M Well, I suppose really the ones that I've personally written books about, because you have to get completely inside a country when you, when you write about it. When you write a guidebook, you have to, you have to become interested in just about every aspect of the country, whether it's the ancient monuments, the ancient history, the beer, the football teams, I mean, just every aspect of the culture which ... Normally when you're traveling, or when you're on holiday, there are two or three things you're really interested in seeing, but you just have to become a kind of polymath. So I suppose the ones that have interested me most have been Morocco and Greece, which were two of the books I've written most of, and also Spain which I've had a sort of a long relationship with Spain over the past twenty years. I had very close Spanish friends at university, so I've been going back and forth for for a long time. I And of the countries that you haven't visited, but the Rough Guides do guides on, which ones would you like to visit? M Well, I think almost all of them, I don't think I've been put off by reading anything that we've published so far. I'd like to do some traveling in Latin America if I get the chance, and I'd like to travel more in Asia as well. I And this year are you planning any trips? M This year I'm probably going to Morocco in a month or two ... My wife is actually, her family's from Sri Lanka, so we're probably going to Sri Lanka again, either towards the end of the year, or probably more likely early next year ... I Are there any countries that you'll never visit, or you'll never have time to visit, do you think? M I'm sure, yes. I'm never quite sure how many countries there are in the world. I think very few people get around much of the Pacific, for example, it's just too time-consuming and too remote for most people. There are actually countries that we don't, you know, we deliberately don't publish guides to. The obvious example is Burma, where the democratic opposition, if one calls them opposition since they were actually elected, have asked for a tourism boycott of the country, so we wouldn't publish a book on Burma, just as we in apartheid days wouldn't have published a book on South Africa. I In the next ten years or so do you think the places where people will be visiting are going to change? I mean, what are going to be the really popular places, do you think? M Just looking at Europe, obviously Croatia's going to be coming back very soon as a major destination, having been a kind of huge package destination, and then gone to sort of no tourism at all, that's going to come back. I think it's just a sort of steady 24 process of everywhere becoming easier and more popular. Certainly, you know, if you're living in Europe, southern India has become much much more accessible than it used to be, and non-stop flights to Goa and Kerala, you know, has led to this extraordinary thing of people actually going to southern India for a week, I don't think that could possibly have been the case, you know, five or ten years ago. So I guess that will, will escalate. I And at Rough Guides here, what plans do you have for the future? M We're producing about, I think about twelve or fifteen new destinations each year ... And we're also doing quite a number of sort of general reference guides. We see Rough Guides as a kind of brand that applies not just to travel but to accessible popular reference. So we've moved into popular cultural areas. We've produced a series of music reference guides. We also produce a hugely best-selling little guide to the Internet, that sells about 300,000 copies a year ... We're looking at a weather guide, a health guide, possibly a book about magic ... ,So all kinds of things., All kinds of things, yeah but again trying to sort of bring a very accessible popular kind of slant to it and explaining things in a straightforward language without in any way kind of dumbing down and being too simplistic. Keys: 1)A travel guide writer has to be interested in just about every aspect of the country. 2)Morocco, Greece and Spain. 3) He would like to do some traveling in Latin America if he gets the chance, and he would like to travel more in Asia as well. 4)He is going to visit Sri Lanka. Because his wife is from Sri Lanka. 5)The Pacific. 6)Burma. Because of the democratic opposition. If one calls them opposition since they were actually elected, he/she has asked for a tourism boycott of the country. 7)Croatia. Because it's just a sort of steady process of everywhere becoming easier and more popular. 8)Southern India. Because southern India has become much more accessible than it used to be, and non-stop flights to Goa and Kerala. 9)Rough Guides are producing about twelve or fifteen new destinations each year. And they are also doing quite a number of sort of general reference guides. 10)All kinds of things, but again trying to sort of bring a very accessible popular kind of slant to it and explaining things in a straightforward language without in any way kind of dumbing down and being too simplistic. 1.2 (a) Match the verbs and verb phrases in Box 1 with the nouns in Box 2. 2) 1) an airline (a) plane a town/city/country get into/out of board (a) taxi an airport your destination go/travel by arrive at/in a terminal home underground/metro fly with go through customs a station land in/at get on/off (a) train (a) ferry 25 Keys: go/travel by --- (a) train go on/ off --- underground/ metro get on/off --- (a) train get on/off --- (a) ferry get into/out of --- (a) taxi go through --- customs land in/at --- an airport arrive at --- home arrive in --- a town/city/country board --- (a) plane/(a) ferry/(a) train arrive at/in --- a terminal/ your destination fly with --- an airline (b) Listen to two people describing difficult journeys. As you listen, check the combinations you created in 1.2(a). Which ones did they use? Did they use any combinations you didn’t think of? A I think possibly the worst journey in my life was when I went to Italy for the first time. I was going there to live. B To live? A Yes, and I wanted to take as much luggage with me as possible, so I decided to go by train. I was living at my brother's house about thirty kilometers from London at the time. So I decided to go on the underground to Victoria station, where I had to get on a train for Dover, and then I went by ferry to Calais. B So this was before the Channel Tunnel, then? A Yes, they hadn't finished building it then. Anyway, so I got off the ferry at Calais and got on another train to Paris, where I had to change stations. I had to take a taxi from the Gare du Nord down to the Gare de Lyon, I think it was. But I was traveling with a couple of other people and we couldn't all get into the taxi with all our luggage, so we actually had some of it hanging out of the windows. B You're joking. A When I got out of the taxi and had to pay, I realized I'd lost my wallet, at least I thought I had. In fact, I wasted so much time trying to find it that I missed my train. B No. A I finally arrived in Milan about thirty-six hours after leaving London. What about you? Have you had any disastrous journeys? B Well, I was just trying to think. I once had to fly from Mumbai to London. I'd decided to fly with Air India because it was quite a bit cheaper. The flight there was fine, but coming back it was a nightmare. I had to wait in the airport for over twelve hours, then we flew from Mumbai to Delhi rather than going direct to Heathrow. Well, I thought the problems would be over when we landed at Heathrow, but there'd been a bomb scare ... A No. B ... and it took ages to go through customs, and then of course I'd lost my luggage. I didn't get home till three o'clock the next morning. Keys: go by train go on the underground get on a train get off the ferry get into/out of the taxi go through customs fly with Air India 26 1.3 Listen to Mustapha Bakali and Clare Leavenworth Bakali talking about the concept of time in Morocco and the United States. M = Mustapha, C = Clare M In Morocco I think time is not the most important thing, it's actually eventually being there that's the most important thing. Dinner parties or weddings obviously with family and friends, people often turn up late and turn up when maybe an hour or two later than they're supposed to, but that's not considered impolite or rude, it's just a generally widely accepted thing, but I don't think in the States that would be well looked upon, would it? C No, I think that people tend to want you to be where you're going to be on time. And expect you to call if you're not going to be on time. And that's pretty much every, you know, kind of business meeting, or lunch or, or even social. If it's a dinner, an arranged dinner at someone's house, you're expected to be there roughly on time if they give you a time, because the meal will be planned a certain way. People are very planning-conscious. And whereas if you, a party is very flexible, and of course the earlier you are to a party the less fashionable it is, so it's customary to just show up, whenever. The later the better. M It's not to do with fashion in Morocco, I think it's just the way people are, it's almost kind of a genetic thing, that you just turn up a couple of hours late, knowing that everybody else will be doing the same. C Yeah, no, I think that definitely Americans, you know, you need to be on time or with an excuse. I mean, if I were meeting friends at a restaurant, and, if I was ten minutes late I wouldn't worry, if I was fifteen minutes late I wouldn't worry, twenty minutes late I would call the restaurant and leave a message and tell my friends I was late and to start without me. M But that's what you're like in the States, you know, everything has got to be on time, you've got to to get things done, you know, it's almost ... C Time for some flag-waving now. M No, it's almost the pleasure of letting things happen, and sort of letting it just, the evening or the party or whatever rolling on and taking its own course is somewhat inconceivable in the States. C Yeah, probably, I mean, you know, everybody has to be, because there's always the next thing, do you know what I mean, if you've scheduled a lunch, then you presumably have scheduled the rest of your day and so you have to be at lunch because then after lunch you have to be back at the office and then have meetings, and then you have this person blocked in for a certain amount of time. Everything is sort of put in blocks. Keys: 1)An hour or two later. Because in Morocco time is not the most important thing. 2)Because the meal will be planned a certain way. 3)I would call the restaurant and leave a message and tell my friends I was late and to start without me. 4)It's not to do with fashion in Morocco, it's just the way people are, it's almost kind of a genetic thing, that you just turn up a couple of hours late, knowing that everybody 27 else will be doing the same. 5)It's almost the pleasure of letting things happen, and sort of letting it just, the evening or the party or whatever rolling on and taking its own course is somewhat inconceivable in the States. 6)Because there's always the next thing, everything is sort of put in blocks. 1.4 (a) Listen to two people trying to arrange a meeting and make a note of the details of their meeting. Hello, design group. A B Paola Ferrara, please. A Speaking. B Hello, Paola this is Daniel Ferlin. A Hi, Daniel, how are you? B Fine, thanks. How are you? A I'm fine, thank you. It's nice to hear from you. So, what can I do for you? B Well, I was wondering if you'd got my email about our meeting next week. A Yes, I'm just writing a reply to you. B Well, perhaps we could arrange the time of the meeting now, and then some of the points for the agenda. A OK, that sounds like a good idea. B So, would Wednesday morning at nine o'clock suit you? There's an early flight from Stockholm. A Ah, I'm afraid Wednesday's going to be difficult. The problem is, we have a group of visitors from the UK. I think, you know, Tuesday would be better for me. B Oh, sorry, no, I can't make it on Tuesday. I'm afraid I have to be in Frankfurt all day. Now, let's see ... Well, could you manage Thursday morning? A Just a moment, I'll look in my diary ... I'm sorry, it looks as if I'm going to be busy all morning. Could you make it in the afternoon? B Well, the problem is that doesn't give us very much time. A Well, yes ... perhaps we could just continue into the evening, or do you need to go back to Stockholm? B Yes, that'll be fine, that's no problem. Shall we say two-thirty, then? A If it's OK with you, I think I'd prefer to make it a little later, because I have a working lunch with the marketing director, and these lunches, you know, they go on and on. What about three-thirty? B OK, that's fine. So that's three-thirty on Tuesday. A Thursday. B Sorry did I say Tuesday? I meant Thursday. A Yes, OK, but actually I'll need to check with Gianni and the others first. I'll email you later this afternoon to confirm. B OK, fine. Now about the agenda points ... (b) Listen again. Make a note of one or two phrases they use to: B So, would Wednesday morning at nine o'clock suit you? There's an early flight 28 from Stockholm. A Ah, I'm afraid Wednesday's going to be difficult. The problem is, we have a group of visitors from the UK. I think, you know, Tuesday would be better for me. B Oh, sorry, no, I can't make it on Tuesday. I'm afraid I have to be in Frankfurt all day. Now, let's see ... Well, could you manage Thursday morning? A Just a moment, I'll look in my diary ... I'm sorry, it looks as if I'm going to be busy all morning. Could you make it in the afternoon? Keys: 1)suggest a day/time --- Would Wednesday morning at nine o'clock suit you? 2)respond positively --- I'm afraid Wednesday's going to be difficult. 3)make an alternative suggestion --- I think, you know, Tuesday would be better for me. 4)refuse politely --- Oh, sorry, no, I can't make it on Tuesday. 5)give an explanation. --- The problem is, we have a group of visitors from the UK. SECTION 3 –Reading Important Words & Expressions: 1. comprehensive adj. including all or everything; broad in scope 综合的，广泛的，全面的 e.g. comprehensive analysis 综合分析 comprehensive quality 综合素质 comprehensive evaluation 综合评价 comprehensive reading 综合阅读 Motto : comprehensive in its talent, hard work and honesty. 座右铭:做全面的人才，勤奋和诚实。 2. monument n. a structure erected to commemorate persons or events纪念碑 e.g. The monument was fronted with stone. 纪念碑的正面是石料做的. The monument is in honor of a scientist. 那座纪念碑是为纪念一位科学家而建的。 3. contemporary adj. belonging to the present time当代的 e.g. contemporary theory 当代理论 Contemporary Sociology 当代社会学 contemporary culture 当代文化 My parents think that the contemporary young people have no respect for authority. 我父母认为现在的年轻人不尊重权威。 4. informative adj. serving to instruct of enlighten or inform提供消息的 29 e.g. It was a very informative meeting. 会上透露出许多信息。 It will be most interesting and informative to hear Mr. Smith. 届时能聆听到史密斯先生演讲，定会是极为有趣和增长见识的。 课文译文: 罗浮旅游指南 在1982年的夏天，马克.埃林厄姆出发去希腊各地旅游。然而，他惊奇的发现没有一个现成的旅游指南提供他所需要的所有信息。 他决定写一本他自己的旅游指南，一本不仅可以提供一个关于历史名胜和古迹的综合概述，而且提供关于人文、政治与当代文化的信息，并且有关居住、吃东西、夜生活的地方，还有如何找到最好的海滩的具体细节。除了提供信息之外，这本书还意图娱乐。 因此，第一本罗浮旅游指南出版了，并且从那以后数的目录迅速的增长。今天，埃林厄姆仍然旅行和著书，并且罗浮旅游指南出版了100多个标题，旨在给各个年龄独自支付所有预算的独立的旅行者提供最新的信息。 Exercise: Choose the best answer 3.1 C 3.2 D 3.3 B 3.4 C 3.5 A Passage Two Important Words & Expressions: 1. disastrous adj. (of events) having extremely unfortunate or dire consequences; bringing ruin灾难性的，悲惨的 e.g. disastrous wave 海啸 disastrous earthquake 造成灾害性地震 The economic position of the country is disastrous. 国家的经济形势非常糟糕. 2. fragile adj. easily broken or damaged or destroyed脆弱的 e.g. fragile goods 易碎货物, 易碎商品 Glasses are fragile and must be handled with great care. 玻璃制品易碎, 必须小心轻放。 3. ecosystem n. a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment生态系统 e.g. natural ecosystem 自然生态系统 artificial ecosystem 人工生态系统 30 Energy flow and nutrient recycling sustain ecosystem. 能量流和养分循环维持的生态系统。 4. low-lying adj. having a small elevation above the ground or horizon or sea level 低的，低洼的 e.g. low-lying level 低能级 low-lying state 低能态 They utilized the low-lying parts to raise fish. 他们利用低洼地区养鱼。 5. catastrophic adj. extremely harmful; bringing physical or financial ruin 悲惨的，灾难的 e.g. catastrophic effect 灾难性后果 Catastrophic phenomena 灾难现象 A decisive or catastrophic conflict. 决定性的或大规模的战争 课文译文: 天堂受到威胁 如果现今全球性气候持续改变，一些世界最美丽的旅游胜地可能会永远消失。 对于一个像马尔代夫这样, 在海平面以上平均高度小于2米的热带岛屿天堂来说，全球气候变暖的影响将会是灾难性的。如果西部的南极冰架融化，可能看到的是，接下来全球的水位可能上升，50%的马尔代夫可能消失。 海平面被预测在下一个100年上升2米，或者每年上升2厘米。如果这种预测发生的话，环绕着世界的一些热带岛屿，如汤加群岛、塞舌尔群岛、库克群岛、马歇尔群岛，也包括很多别的热带岛屿的脆弱的生态系统将不会有多少东西留下。甚至欧洲低洼的沿海地区，诸如法国南部、尼德兰、英国东南部，可能受到严重的影响。 全球气候变暖也可能对世界更冷的和更多的山区有灾难性的影响。根据专家所说，喜马拉雅山冰川的中东部在40年之内可能融化，改变一个吸引登山者和长途跋涉旅行者的风景。在欧洲，融化的冰川很可能威胁山村的安全。冬天气温的上升，将会意味着有更少的雪，并且这很可能对主要的滑雪胜地的未来有严重的影响。 Exercise: Answer the following questions. 3.6 If the western Antarctic ice shelf melts, the world's water level will rise, and 50% of the Maldives could disappear. 3.7 The sea is predicted to rise by two meters over the next 100 years, or by two 31 centimeters a year. 3.8 Five. They are the Maldives, Tonga, the Seychelles, and the Cook and Marshall Islands. 3.9 According to experts, central and eastern Himalayan glaciers could melt within 40 years. 3.10 A rise in winter temperatures there will mean less snow, and this may well have a serious impact on the future of major ski resorts. SECTION 4 –Vocabulary & Translating 4.1 Vocabulary 4) Listen to this extract from the recording again and fill in the spaces, using an appropriate verb. ‗When I got out of the taxi and had to pay, I realized I'd lost my wallet, at least I thought l had. In fact, I wasted so much time trying to find it that I missed my train.‘ 5) ?Which of these nouns collocate with the verbs miss, lose, and waste? Which nouns can combine with more than one of the verbs? miss an appointment lose/ waste energy lose confidence lose faith lose control waste food lose a customer lose a friend miss a deadline lose interest lose a job lose/ waste a talent miss a lesson miss/ lose a target lose/ waste money lose/ waste time miss/ waste an opportunity miss a train lose/ waste resources lose value ?Complete the sentences with an appropriate form of miss, lose, or waste. In some cases, more than one verb might be suitable. 1. waste 2. miss 3. miss 4. lose/ waste, miss/ waste 5. lost/ wasted 6. lose 4.2 Translation Practice 1.Translate the following English sentences into Chinese. 1) 闪光的不一定都是金子。 2) 我们中没有人会做这样的事情。 3) 有失才有得。 4) 这些细菌要在温度达到100摄氏度时才会死亡。 5) 事实上，他们都是非常好的女士;她们并不是不会谈笑风生，问题是要碰到 她们高兴的时候;她们也不是不会待人和颜悦色，问题在于她们是否乐意这 32 样做;可惜的是，她们一味骄傲自大。 2. Translate the following Chinese sentences into English. 1) He is so selfish that hardly anybody likes him. 2) I do not want to be an intelligent and capable woman. 3) The earth satellite would not get into space without enough acceleration. 4) Without the sun, nothing could live. 5) No one who returned from front failed to express admiration for Doctor Bethune wherever his name mentioned and none remained unmoved by his spirit. In Jinchaji area, no soldier or civilian who had been treated by Dr. Bethune, or had seen how he worked was unmoved. SECTION 5 –Pronunciation and Intonation 5.1 Listen to the sentences below. Notice the intonation of the speakers. How certain do they sound? Write your answers, (a), (b), or (c), in the right-hand box. Keys: 1) c 2) b 3) a 4) b 5) b 6) c 7) a 8) c 5.3 Listen again to this extract from the phone call. Mark the words that are stressed. Work in pairs and practice reading the extract, paying attention to the stressed words. DANIEL: So, would Wednesday morning at nine o'clock suit you? There's an early flight from Stockholm. PAOLA: Ah, I'm afraid Wednesday's going to be difficult. The problem is, we have a group of visitors from the UK. I think, you know, Tuesday would be better for me. DANIEL: Sorry, no, I can't make it on Tuesday. I'm afraid I have to be in Frankfurt all day. Now, let's see ... Well, could you manage Thursday morning? PAOLA: Just a moment, I'll look in my diary ... I'm sorry, it looks as if I'm going to be busy all morning. Could you make it in the afternoon? SECTION 6 –Grammar 6.1(a) Analyze the ways of talking about the future shown in the examples and answer the questions. 1) b 2) b 3) a 4)―Will‖ is used to a certain for the future arrangements; ―Going to‖ is used to express definite planning for the future. 5) c Self-study Materials---Dealing with questions 2 What can you do if you don't want to answer a direct question? Listen to five people being asked questions they don't want to answer. 1 A ... And there seems to be a perception that the political system here is basically corrupt. Is that really true? B Well, actually, I don't think I'm the best person to answer that. I don't know 33 very much about politics. 2 A ... Yes, I mean, it seems to me as a visitor that the British don't really like foreign tourists, and don't really want them here. Why is that? B That's a very good question. What do you think? So, Holland is seen as a very liberal sort of place, I mean, very tolerant in its 3 A attitude to drugs and things like that. Do you think that's a good thing? B Actually, I don't really want to go into that now, if you don't mind. 4 A ... And I've heard that this is a really dangerous city, that there's a lot of robberies and muggings, and all that, that you shouldn't go out after dark. B Well, it's the same everywhere, I think. All major cities have their dangerous parts. 5 A Everything seems so expensive here, and I've heard that taxes are very high. Why do you put up with it? B Mm, yes, you know, I'd quite like to know what the situation is in your country. 1) a: 3 b: 1,2,4,5 2) How did they do this? Match the strategies (a-e) to the extracts (1-5). Make a note of the phrases they used. a- 5 b- 1 c- 4 d- 3 e- 2 34 Unit 4 Communication SECTION 1 – Listening 1.1(a) Listen to two people discussing a TV report on video-conferencing. What do they say about: 1) what people mainly use video-conferencing for? 2) the main benefits to businesses? 3) how to behave during a video-conference? 4) what technology is available? A You know we were talking about the possibility of using video-conferencing facilities? B Uh-huh. A Well, there was a report about it on TV last night. B Oh, really? Yeah, and it made some interesting points that I think we might find useful. A B Oh? So what did they say in particular? A Well, they looked at how people are using it—as an alternative to meetings, mainly, as you'd expect. And there was one woman, a woman executive that they interviewed. She lives in Arizona and she said that she conducted most of her meetings from home, via her computer. She said she'd flown over a hundred times in the previous year, travelling to meetings all over the States. And now she doesn't need to fly anywhere. B Yeah, well, I guess that's always the main benefit—time-saving. A Yeah. And space, too ... you know, where office space is very limited. B OK, so savings on time and space. And cost-saving must be a factor too. A Yes, absolutely. They talked to a British lawyer. He said it allowed him to take on cases that would otherwise cost him money because of the time involved in travelling. He reckons he can now have four meetings in the same amount of time he used to take for one. He wondered how he'd managed without it. And he also made the point that it's much more flexible—you know, you can break off and resume a meeting whenever you want. And another interesting thing is, he admitted that it makes people more polite. He said that a colleague had told him that he could now stare at a client without seeming rude. B That's interesting. Any other tips? A Yes, they had a consultant on the program who explained that you should make sure the lighting is OK, and not sit with your back to a window, so you can be seen. And according to him, it's important to sit up straight and smile a lot ,Oh, no ... , ... Yes, I know, but apparently subtle body language just gets lost on screen. And for meetings with more than two people, he thought it was important to have a strong chairperson, so people have to take turns, and raise their hands when they want to interrupt. You know, he admitted that it made things more formal, but even so, it's a good idea ... 35 B Mm, yes, it's all important. So did they touch on the technology? Is it going to get cheaper? Are we going to be able to use it? A Well, they asked a software expert when the relevant technology would be available. And it seems that the software already exists for PCs and laptops, and it's not expensive. You need a digital phone line for home use, but those are getting cheaper. And he predicted that the next generation of mobile phones would allow video-conferencing on the move—he said it would become a normal part of daily life. B Well, I guess we really should start looking into it ... Keys: 1) People mainly use video-conferencing for meetings. 2) The main benefits to business are time-saving and cost-saving. 3) You should not sit with your back to a window, so you can be seen. It's important to sit up straight and smile a lot. People have to take turns, and raise their hands when they want to interrupt. 4) A digital phone line for home use, and the next generation of mobile phones would allow video-conferencing on the move. (b) Listen to the discussion again. Match the following verbs with the aspect of video-conferencing they refer to. You know we were talking about the possibility of using video-conferencing A facilities? B Uh-huh. A Well, there was a report about it on TV last night. B Oh, really? A Yeah, and it made some interesting points that I think we might find useful. B Oh? So what did they say in particular? A Well, they looked at how people are using it—as an alternative to meetings, mainly, as you'd expect. And there was one woman, a woman executive that they interviewed. She lives in Arizona and she said that she conducted most of her meetings from home, via her computer. She said she'd flown over a hundred times in the previous year, travelling to meetings all over the States. And now she doesn't need to fly anywhere. B Yeah, well, I guess that's always the main benefit—time-saving. A Yeah. And space, too ... you know, where office space is very limited. B OK, so savings on time and space. And cost-saving must be a factor too. A Yes, absolutely. They talked to a British lawyer. He said it allowed him to take on cases that would otherwise cost him money because of the time involved in travelling. He reckons he can now have four meetings in the same amount of time he used to take for one. He wondered how he'd managed without it. And he also made the point that it's much more flexible—you know, you can break off and resume a meeting whenever you want. And another interesting thing is, he admitted that it makes people more polite. He said that a colleague had told him that he could now stare at a client without seeming rude. 36 B That's interesting. Any other tips? A Yes, they had a consultant on the program who explained that you should make sure the lighting is OK, and not sit with your back to a window, so you can be seen. And according to him, it's important to sit up straight and smile a lot ,Oh, no ... , ... Yes, I know, but apparently subtle body language just gets lost on screen. And for meetings with more than two people, he thought it was important to have a strong chairperson, so people have to take turns, and raise their hands when they want to interrupt. You know, he admitted that it made things more formal, but even so, it's a good idea ... B Mm, yes, it's all important. So did they touch on the technology? Is it going to get cheaper? Are we going to be able to use it? A Well, they asked a software expert when the relevant technology would be available. And it seems that the software already exists for PCs and laptops, and it's not expensive. You need a digital phone line for home use, but those are getting cheaper. And he predicted that the next generation of mobile phones would allow video-conferencing on the move—he said it would become a normal part of daily life. B Well, I guess we really should start looking into it ... Keys: 1- f 2- c 3- d 4- e 5- a 6- b 1.2 Andy Crisp works for an international company in London. He has quite a strong Essex (north-east London) accent, and speaks rather fast. (a) Listen to Andy explaining the difficulties his foreign colleagues have understanding his English. What three things does he identify as making him difficult to understand? Andy Crisp I'm a client systems engineer working for my current company for, er, four months, primarily with foreign employees. I speak fairly quickly and they have trouble understanding me because of where I come from—Essex, London Essex area, so we do tend to speak quicker than a lot of other English people. I think I speak considerably slower than some of my friends. But the problems have really been speed, pronunciation of words because we do tend to, we're lazy really with our pronunciation, so we drop letters and things. So they have problems with that. And using slang terms as well, we use terms that are almost English language now, that aren't proper English. Things like using `quid' for money, and stuff like that, that they don't pick up on or know about, which is understandable. It's like American, some Americans terms we don't know. Exactly the same. Keys: The three things he identifies as making him difficult to understand are speed, pronunciation of words and using slang terms. 37 1.3 Do you think other native English speakers would find Andy difficult to understand? (a) Listen to one of Andy's American colleagues, Tim Mitchell from Dallas, Texas, talking about the problems he has understanding Andy. How does he feel about it? Are you surprised? Do you now feel reassured?! I = interviewer, T=Tim Mitchell T He's still difficult for me to understand, even though I'm with him, you know, every day, I'll, during the day I'll ask him probably, like, seven or eight times if he could just repeat what he just said because it's very difficult to understand. I And how do you feel about that, does it make you, does it embarrass you that you have to ask him, how does he feel? T No, normally when he'll start doing this, I'll start speaking in Texan, and so he doesn't understand what I'm saying, so it's kind of a game that we play with each other, I guess. No, it doesn't bother me at all. I What advice would you give to, for example, your Italian colleagues when dealing with him? T If you don't understand don't be afraid to tell him you don't understand what he just said. Ask him if he'll please speak a little bit slower, speak correct English. Keys: He feels it‘s very difficult to understand what Andy says. (b) Listen again and make a note of Tim Mitchell's tactics for understanding Andy. I = interviewer, T=Tim Mitchell T He's still difficult for me to understand, even though I'm with him, you know, every day, I'll, during the day I'll ask him probably, like, seven or eight times if he could just repeat what he just said because it's very difficult to understand. I And how do you feel about that, does it make you, does it embarrass you that you have to ask him, how does he feel? T No, normally when he'll start doing this, I'll start speaking in Texan, and so he doesn't understand what I'm saying, so it's kind of a game that we play with each other, I guess. No, it doesn't bother me at all. I What advice would you give to, for example, your Italian colleagues when dealing with him? T If you don't understand don't be afraid to tell him you don't understand what he just said. Ask him if he'll please speak a little bit slower, speak correct English. Keys: When Andy will start doing this, Tim Mitchell will start speaking in Texan, and so Andy doesn't understand what Tim Mitchell is saying. It doesn't bother Tim Mitchell at all. 38 1.4 (a) Listen to a telephone call between two people discussing some new technology. B Yes, hello. A This is Paul Gold from Sachs. Could I speak to Jacqueline Rymell, please? B Speaking. A Your name was given to me by Leanna Ilvic from ... B By who, sorry? Leanna Ilvic. A B Oh, yes, right. A She said you might be interested in some new technology we're developing. It allows people to see on their computer screen what's being said to them on the phone. B So, you're talking about some speech recognition system. Is that right? A Yeah, that's right. B But I thought that kind of technology was already available. A It is if you want to talk to your computer, but there's nothing doing that from an external source. And not only that, it automatically translates what's being said into the language of your choice. It would be particularly useful, for example, with people who are ... B I'm not really with you. A Look, so, basically what I'm saying is ... look, let me give you an example. It's like if I were a secretary in Bulgaria, or wherever, and you called me, I'd see what you said on my screen both in English and Bulgarian. B OK, I've got you. Sounds fantastic. A Exactly, which is why Leanna thought you ... B Sorry, can I just interrupt you for a second?,Tell him I'll be with him at eleven, OK?,... Sorry about that. Where were we? A I was just saying that Leanna thought you might be interested and I was wondering if I could come over to you and arrange a demo. B Sure, when did you have in mind? A Tuesday next week, that's Tuesday the fifth? B OK. It would have to be in the morning. A That's fine. B Can I just have your number? A It's 0127 781324, extension fifteen. B ... 324, extension fifteen. That's one five, yeah? A That's it. OK, well, thanks for your help, and I look forward to seeing you. B Right. See you on Tuesday. A Goodbye. B Bye. Keys: 1) The purpose of the call is to talk about some speech recognition system. 2) Yes, she is. 3) She sounds interested. 39 4) It is if you want to talk to your computer, but there's nothing doing that from an external source. And not only that, it automatically translates what's being said into the language of your choice. 5) Tuesday the fifth in the morning. 6) It's 0127 781324, extension fifteen. (c) Listen again and note down what Jackie says to: 1) check the name of the woman Paul Gold mentions 2) check what Paul is talking about 3) indicate that she thinks the technology is already available 4) show that she is not following 5) indicate that she has understood 6) interrupt Paul 7) resume the conversation 8) make sure that Paul said 15 and not 50. B Yes, hello. This is Paul Gold from Sachs. Could I speak to Jacqueline Rymell, please? A B Speaking. A Your name was given to me by Leanna Ilvic from ... B By who, sorry? A Leanna Ilvic. B Oh, yes, right. A She said you might be interested in some new technology we're developing. It allows people to see on their computer screen what's being said to them on the phone. B So, you're talking about some speech recognition system. Is that right? A Yeah, that's right. B But I thought that kind of technology was already available. A It is if you want to talk to your computer, but there's nothing doing that from an external source. And not only that, it automatically translates what's being said into the language of your choice. It would be particularly useful, for example, with people who are ... B I'm not really with you. A Look, so, basically what I'm saying is ... look, let me give you an example. It's like if I were a secretary in Bulgaria, or wherever, and you called me, I'd see what you said on my screen both in English and Bulgarian. B OK, I've got you. Sounds fantastic. A Exactly, which is why Leanna thought you ... B Sorry, can I just interrupt you for a second?,Tell him I'll be with him at eleven, OK?,... Sorry about that. Where were we? A I was just saying that Leanna thought you might be interested and I was wondering if I could come over to you and arrange a demo. B Sure, when did you have in mind? A Tuesday next week, that's Tuesday the fifth? 40 B OK. It would have to be in the morning. A That's fine. B Can I just have your number? A It's 0127 781324, extension fifteen. B ... 324, extension fifteen. That's one five, yeah? A That's it. OK, well, thanks for your help, and I look forward to seeing you. B Right. See you on Tuesday. Goodbye. A B Bye. Keys: 1) By who, sorry? 2) So, you're talking about some speech recognition system. Is that right? 3) But I thought that kind of technology was already available. 4) I'm not really with you. 5) OK, I've got you. Sounds fantastic. 6) Sorry, can I just interrupt you for a second? 7) Sorry about that. Where were we? 8) That's one five, yeah? SECTION 3 –Reading Passage One Important Words & Expressions: 1. intercept v. tap a telephone or telegraph wire to get information拦截，阻止， 截取 e.g. radio intercept 无线电窃听, 无线电截收 air intercept 空中拦截, 空中拦截雷达 Our planes immediately took off to intercept them. 我们的飞机立即起飞截击。 2. surveillance n. close observation of a person or group (usually by the police) 监视 e.g. surveillance plane.. 侦察飞机 Surveillance system 监视系统 We had a surveillance camera installed in our building. 我们在大楼里安装了一台监视用的摄影机。 3. enforcement n. the act of enforcing; insuring observance of or obedience to实 施，执行 e.g. law enforcement 法律的实施 41 enforcement measure 强制措施 A city law enforcement officer in the United States who carries out court orders. 市司法官美国市法律执行官员，负责实施法庭命令。 eminent adj. (used of persons) standing above others in character or attainment or 4. reputation显赫的，杰出的，有名的 e.g. eminent person 知名人士 eminent writer 文豪 He is eminent among scientists. 他在科学家中是闻名的。 5. pacifist n. someone opposed to violence as a means of settling disputes和平主 义者 e.g. He can also claim sound judgment: though no pacifist, he opposed the Iraq war from the start. 他同样也可以自诩拥有可靠的判断力:虽然不是一个反战主义者，他从一开始就反对伊拉克战争。 Japan's military is restricted to non-combat missions, as stipulated in the country's pacifist constitution. 日本的和平宪法规定，日本武装只限于执行非战争任务。 课文译文: 沟通的不同方面 1. 依据给欧洲议会的一篇报道，几乎每个现代的沟通形式，从卫星到因特网， 正在被一个几十亿美元的全球监视操作拦截。这篇报道称,一个叫做ILETS 的以前未知的国际组织强迫新的通讯系统的生产商和运营商去涵盖被国 家安全和法律执行机构使用的监控能力。你认为哪两个国家正在支配着这样 的“监视操作”, 2. 从1933年到1945年任职纽约市长的费奥雷洛.拉.瓜迪亚，能流利地讲英语、 意大利语和依地语三种不同的语言。当声音被关掉的时候，研究他演讲录像 的研究人员能够说出他刚才正在说的是哪种语言。他们是怎样说出来的呢, 3. 著名的社会心理学家西德尼.拉德,曾经观察人们在波多黎各的首都圣安湖、 佛罗里达州北部城市盖恩斯维尔、法国巴黎以及英国伦敦的不同餐馆一起进 午餐的场景。他想要知道哪种文化中的人彼此接触的最频繁。在一小时内， 你认为在这四个城市中人们彼此接触多少次, 4. 移动电话已经改变了我们沟通的方式。移动电话使用者的比率在芬兰、瑞典 和挪威最高(这些国家平均有百分之五十的人使用移动电话)。你认为哪个国 家也会有移动电话使用者非常高的比率:德国、意大利、英国或者美国, 5. 一个以和平主义信仰著称的特殊的宗教团体，没有有组织的仪式，没有神父 和准备好的说教。在做礼拜期间，成员们通过精神默默地交流，或者至少直 到某人移过来说话。这些人是谁, 6. 我们沟通的方式在很大程度上由我们感知事物的方式所决定，例如，当我们 42 看一张世界地图时，我们将可能认出非洲的形状，而不是大西洋的形状。看 这幅图，你看到了什么, Exercise: Choose the best answer 3.1 B 3.2 D 3.3 D 3.4 A 3.5 D Passage Two Important Words & Expressions: 1. mischievous adj. naughtily or annoyingly playful顽皮的，淘气的 e.g. She yelled (out) at her mischievous child. 她对她淘气的孩子大喊大叫. The little boy is as mischievous as a monkey. 这个小男孩像猴子一样调皮。 2. confine v. to keep or close within bounds; limit; restrict限制 e.g. They try to confine the disease in a small area. 他们设法将疾病控制在小范围之内。 Confine your criticism to matters you understand. 发表评论时不要超出自己所了解的事情的范围. 课文译文: 所说的正是她所想的黑猩猩 除了一点之外，无论从哪一点来看，她看起来和行为上像任何其他的调皮的黑猩猩一样。对于14岁的尼莎来说，她有着4岁小孩的语言技能。 根据她的看守人说，她有3000英语单词的词汇量，并且通过一个计算机声音合成器讲话。如果她饿了，她会说:“请给我买一个汉堡”。如果她喜欢热饮，她会对客人说:“咖啡很好喝”。 科学家们已经教黑猩猩符号语言几十年了，并且这是尼莎的第一个沟通方法。几个月前，她被给了一个特殊设计的键盘。键盘有400个按钮，每个按钮标有一个符号，每个符号代表一个单词，诸如“橘子”、“向上”、“咖啡”，或者一个抽象概念，诸如“好的”、“给我”。当她打这些符号的时候，单词会出现在计算机屏幕上，并且被计算机语音大声的朗读。 另外一只从附近的亚特兰大动物园来的20岁的黑猩猩也正在学习使用键盘。最近，在一个酷暑期，她节省执行工作所赚的钱，然后用符号语言告诉科学家她想要买一个水池。 生物学和心理学教授杜安.朗伯夫说:“这是令人兴奋的研究。动物能够理解口头语言，并且给出适当的回答。它表明语言技能不局限于人类，而且暗示黑猩猩像我们一样有思考和推理的力量。” 尼莎的能力已经引发了关于在实验室实验中使用黑猩猩的令人不安的问题。动物保护运动家称:如果黑猩猩有孩子的智力，那么使他们遭受艾滋病和癌症研究的痛苦就是错误的。 Exercise: Answer the following questions. 3.6 The orang-utan from nearby Atlanta Zoo. 43 3.7 3,000. 3.8 Sign language. 3.9 It shows that language skills are not confined to humans and implies that, like us, apes have the power of thought and reasoning. 3.10 No, we shouldn‘t. Campaigners say that if they have the intelligence of children, it is wrong to subject them to the pain of research into Aids and cancer. SECTION 4 –Vocabulary & Translating 4.1 Vocabulary 2)Cross out any verbs in each group which are not followed by the preposition on the right. Add them to the correct list(s). Follow the example. a apologize, hope, investigate, pay, search, wait, be lacking, for b be accustomed, be inherent, believe, participate, investigate in c be lacking, distinguish, listen, play, study / (no preposition) d concentrate, depend, focus, insist, refer on e agree, associate, conflict, communicate, object, sympathize, with play, coincide f belong, choose, coincide, select, suffer, distinguish, from g be allergic, contrast, subject (someone), be accustomed,to listen, refer, object, belong 4.2 Translation Practice 1.Translate the following English sentences into Chinese. 1) 她成为画家可能是受她父亲的影响。 2) 很奇怪他对此竟一无所知。 3) 你昨天没来让你母亲大失所望。 4) 我忽然想起我们应制定一个新计划。 5) 最低工资带来的实际只能是工资水平沿着工资阶梯全面上升，以维持先前的 差别。技术水平低的工人就应该得到更少的工资，这一点不论从经济还是从 道德的角度来看都是有道理的---最低工资只能培养对政府的依赖。 2.Translate the following Chinese sentences into English. 1) Who is to be sent there hasn‘t been decided. 2) It‘s doubtful whether the payment is legal. 44 3) What hurt my feelings was the judge‘s comment. 4) Whoever comes will be welcome. 5) We‘re in a time of market economy, and whoever cannot keep up with it will lag behind and be eliminated. But for college students it‘s more important to lay a strong foundation at the moment. Remember a good skater never tries to skate in two directions at the same time. So we‘d better keep to our present task and enrich our knowledge first. SECTION 5 –Pronunciation and Intonation 5.1 Are these phrases preceded by a or an? 1) an 2) a 3) an 4) an 5) a 6) a 7) an 8) an 5.4 Complete this story with a/an, the, or no article (,). Then read it by yourself. 1) a 2) the 3) the 4) the 5) a 6) a 7) a 8) the 9) an 10) the 11) a 12) an 13) the 14) a 15) , 16) , 17) a 18) a 19) the 20) a 21) a 22) an 23) the 24) the 25) The 29) a 30) the 31) a 32) a 33) the 26) the 27) an 28) the 34) the 35) the SECTION 6 –Grammar 6.2 (a) Look at these examples of indirect speech. What were the actual words used? a. said b. said c. said d. predicted (d) Look at these ways of reporting questions. What were the actual words used? a. asked b. wondered c. enquired d. wanted (e) Rewrite these questions and answers in indirect speech. For example: ‗Have you spoken to Maria about dinner tonight?‘ ‗Not yet, I haven't had a chance.‘ I asked whether she had spoken to Maria, and she said that she hadn't had a chance. 1) I asked whether she was coming to the meeting, and she said that she would be there in a few minutes. 2) I asked whether she had seen the whether forecast, and she said that it was going to be stormy again tomorrow. 3) I asked whether she would give me a hand with this rubbish, and she said that whether we could do it later. 4) I asked whether she could finish this by tomorrow, and she said that she would get it to me by 9.00. 5) I asked whether she enjoyed the trip to Ireland, and she said that Dublin was a great city, but it rained a lot. Self-study Materials---Writing simply and clearly 45 2. Put the versions in order, from the easiest to understand to the most difficult to understand. Think about which version is most similar to your own style of writing. Keys: b-c-d-a 4) The other versions use words or phrases such as therefore, hence, consequently, 3. accordingly, thereby, the implication of this is—what alternative words or phrases does version B use? Keys: so, in this way 4. Look at these guidelines for writing clearly and effectively. (b) Look at these extracts and decide what kind of document each one comes from—e.g. a report, a formal letter, a technical manual, etc. Rewrite each extract, implementing the writing guidelines above. Then compare your revisions with your partner. Keys: a: a notice b: a formal letter c: a company ordinance d: a technical manual 46 Unit 5 The internet SECTION 1 – Listening 1.1 (a) You are going to hear an interview with Martha Lane Fox. These are the questions she was asked. Put them in the order you would expect to hear them, and compare your order with a partner. Then listen and check your answers. I=Interviewer, M=Martha Lane Fox I: You‘ve described as a young and funky company. I just wondered actually what‘s the average age of the people working here. M: That‘s good question, it‘s changed. When we started, when we launched the site, we worked out the average age was 24. I think it‘s gone up a bit now. We‘ve had a couple of people 40 creeping in, but I it‘s still under 30, the average is about 29. I: What bizarre things can I get? Supposing I want to get married this evening by doing bungee jumping off the Tower Bridge or something like that, I mean can you, what can you do? M: We can do pretty bizarre things. We can send you on a MiG fighter jet with the Russian army, we can let you adopt a donkey,… we can get you an island in Fiji, we can get you traveling around the place. We haven‘t got weddings sorted quite yet, but it‘s on the cards. We can do pretty much a lot of unusual things and that‘s what attracts the attention, and what makes the site unusual. But we can also really help with a lot more fundamental kind of travel plans, hotel plans, holiday plans and watch this space because lots of new categories will be coming out in the next two to three months as well. I: Did you have any idea that this was going to be so successful? M: That‘s funny, I don‘t think we really thought about it. Brent is brilliant at thinking big. I‘m quite good at completely overestimating everything. But to be honest when we wrote our original business plan, you‘re so focused on the next step and on the next, getting the cash in, launching the site. I mean, standing now and looking at the valuation of the company today and the amount of people that are working here and the markets we‘re about to branch into, I can‘t believe it on one level, and on another level I just think, ‗cripes, we‘ve still got so much to do.‘ So I think that you have to think very big and act very fast. That‘s part of being successful. I: Do you manage to sleep at night? M: I didn‘t sleep before and I doubt I‘ll carry on, I won‘t sleep any more or less now. I don‘t not sleep just because I have, I only need very luckily about four hours sleep a night, so a bit like Mrs. Thatcher, I hope the comparisons end there, frankly, but, yeah, there‘s a lot to do and I can safely say I‘ve never worked so hard in my whole entire life, and if you‘re not physically in the office you‘re thinking about the business, and always on call obviously, so sleep varies. I: One last question: in ten years‘ time, how do you see yourself? M: Ha ha! Ten years! My God, ten years ago I was sixteen. I can‘t possibly answer what I‘ll be doing when I‘m thirty-six. I have no idea. I mean, in Internet lifetime, I could be in outer space by then. We‘ve got lots of things in the next eighteen 47 months that we want to make happen on the site: a lot more functionality, a lot better products, a lot more countries, a lot more distribution channels, a lot more fun for people in this office, and a lot less working hours, I would hope. So that‘s the first thing to achieve. Ten years down the line there‘s lots of other things I want to do with myself, with my life. I think I will always have a role at lastminute and I hope I will, but ten years seems like a long way off. (b) Before you listen again, answer the following questions. Then listen and check your answers. Keys: (a) 1 —You‘ve been described as a young and funky company. I just wondered actually what‘s the average age of the people working here? 2 —What bizarre things can I get? Supposing I want to get married this evening by doing bungee jumping off the Tower Bridge or something like that? 3 —Did you have any idea that this (lastminute) was going to be so successful? 4 —Do you manage to sleep at night? In ten years‘ time how do you see yourself? 5 — (b) 1) The average age of the staff at lastminute.com is about 29. 2) They can send you on a MiG fighter jet with the Russian army, they can let you adopt a donkey 3) They can help with a lot more fundamental kind of travel plans, hotel plans, holiday plans 4) You have to think very big and act very fast. That‘s part of being successful. 5) She only need very luckily about four hours sleep a night. 6) In Internet lifetime, she could be in outer space by then and ten years seems like a long way off. 7) They‘ve got lots of things in the next eighteen months that they want to make happen on the site: a lot more functionality, a lot better products, a lot more countries, a lot more distribution channels, a lot more fun for people in this office, and a lot less working hours, she would hope. So that‘s the first thing to achieve. 1.2 Listen to two people discussing some of the following questions. The first time you listen, tick the questions they discuss. The second time, note down their answers. What other aspects of the Internet do they talk about? A: So, you use email a lot, right? B: Well, not a lot, but yeah daily, I mean, I check it just like your regular post, snail mail, you know, it’s the same thing, I look every day to see if I’ve got any. A: Really? So you‘d use it as though, let‘s say, you come home, you check your answering machine, you check your post and then you check your email? 48 B: Yeah. Get online, check the mail. Usually respond online, you know, they‘re often really short, so … A: So, but who, for example, who writes you or who do you write to? B: International friends, you know, well, even as far as, I mean, London to Bristol sometimes too, but mostly it‘s a cheap way to keep in touch with people who live everywhere and it‘s almost instant, and for me that‘s, you know, most of my friends are abroad, so … A: What about family? B: They‘re not on yet. A: Really? B: Yeah. My mum‘s, you know, in her seventies. I don‘t think she‘s going to jump online anytime soon, so, but I can send attachments like photos and stuff back to mum through other people and they print‘em out. A: Oh, right, so people scanning in photos? B: Scan in photos, send them across on the email and then people print‘em out for other people and they‘re there the same day. A: Do you ever use it for work? B: No. Not yet. So do you surf the web as well? A: Yes, I do. I‘m not brilliant at it yet, I spend a lot of time finding what I need to find rather than just going right, I‘m sure there‘re faster ways. B: Any favorites, you go anywhere, always? A: New York Times. I get to read that… fantastic. B: Same, I do the same and I listen to radio stations. A: Oh, really? B: Yeah, like you can plug in, you can listen to your home radio station. It‘s just over the computer and stuff but I love hearing those accents back home and them sports talk shows and stuff. A: And would you do that for an hour or two maybe? B: Not even. Yeah, it‘s the half hour, top of the news, like national public radio from PBS back in the states I do that. I‘ve never logged in to like a chat room or anything, I can‘t imagine what that, it‘s kind of like a version of that instant messenger. You go in and you meet strange people, don‘t you? A: I think so. I think you go, let‘s say, if you‘re interested in, you know, hiking in Tibet or something, then , I think so, yeah. B: Wow, a chat room . A: A chat room to do that. B: Never done it. A: But I know people who have met people through the Internet. B: You mean like they met‘em in person, they found out about them first and then they met in person? 49 SECTION 3 –Reading Passage One Important Words & Expressions: 1. lucrative adj. producing a profit 有利的，赚钱的 e.g. a lucrative business 赚钱的生意 lucrative investment 有利投资 lucrative post /lucrative piece 肥缺 2. anonymous adj. from or by a person, author, etc, whose name is unknown or withheld 匿名的; 无名的 e.g. anonymous authors 匿名作者 anonymous donors 匿名捐赠人 an anonymous gift 匿名礼物 3. scruffy adj. unkempt or shabby 破旧的, 卑鄙的 e.g. In spite of the scruffy way he dresses, he scored a bull's eye with Mabel and she's agreed to go out with hi。 尽管他衣衫褴褛，但他赢得了梅布尔的欢心。她同意和他一起出去。 4. stain v. to mark or discolour with patches of something that dirties沾污, 沾染 e.g. stain sth. with ink 墨水弄脏了某物 stained glass 彩色玻璃, 彩画玻璃 习惯用语 a stain /blot/ smirch on sb.'s character/ reputation 声誉上的污点 5. twentysomething n. 二十多个;二十多岁 e.g. Not even the savviest twentysomething CEO knows everything, so Dell imported over the years a variety of older experts from other companies. 即便是最精明的二十多岁的CEO也不会知道所有的事情，因此这些 年戴尔其它公司吸收了许多老专家。 6. swift adj. moving or able to move quickly; fast 迅速的; 突然的 50 e.g. be swift of foot [书面语]能健步疾走 a swift glance 迅速的一瞥 a swift runner 跑得很快的人 a swift wit 急智 习惯用语 be swift to hear, slow to speak 多听少讲; 多用耳朵, 少用嘴巴 be swift to (do) 动不动就, 易于... 7. absurdly adv. in an absurd manner or to an absurd degree 荒谬地, 悖理地 e.g. an absurdly rich young woman 一位富有得荒谬的年轻女士 He tried to meet a friend in London without a pre- arranged rendezvous and absurdly wandering the streets in the hope of a chance encounter. 他荒唐地在伦敦街上闲逛以期碰巧遇见所要见的朋友。 8. skeleton n. 骨瘦如柴的人, 轮廓 e.g. 习惯用语 be reduced to a skeleton 瘦得皮包骨 be worn to a skeleton 瘦得象骷髅 family skeleton 家丑, 见不得人的事 walking skeleton 骨瘦如柴的人 skeleton at the feast /banquet 扫兴的东西/家伙 9. auction n. 拍卖 e.g. 习惯用语 put sth. up to auction 将(某物)交付拍卖 put sth. up at auction 将(某物)交付拍卖 sell by auction 拍卖 sell at auction 拍卖 auction sth. off 把某物拍卖掉 课文译文: 互联网企业家是'技术作为花生' 几乎无法想象这就是神经中心之一的英国最受关注的和潜在的利润丰厚的互联网lastminute.com网络公司的办公室。伦敦的剑桥街后面的一座不知名的 51 大楼第七层就是接待室，里面有两个旧沙发，一个咖啡桌和一块布满很难去除的污渍的小地毯。 坐在办公室喝着咖啡，你会看到一些衣着随意的20几岁的年轻人一脸轻松的在工作室来回忙碌着。起初，玛莎到了之后，起初，几乎没有任何迹象表明，她是英国最热门的年轻网络企业家，她带我进了董事会议室，这里有一个长桌子，一些与之不大相称的椅子，还有一堆明信片盒子。 “About as technical as peanut”她这样描述自己，这一点也许是由于她的父亲罗宾，一个著名的古典学者，告诉她曾经用过自动提款机取钱。 她一直在迅速上升，尽管也走过弯路。她否认自己在威斯敏斯特学校被称为'快速的莱恩.福克斯'，她在牛津大学马格德林学院读古代和现代历史，她的敏捷和聪慧足以让她在学校赢得一席之地。 在1994年，她决定追求有兴趣的媒体事业，在“光谱”获得管理顾问的职位，为大公司使用新技术提供建议。她的第一项工程是为英国电信做报告“什么是因特网?”三年后，她去了卡尔顿电视台，不久之后，在光谱的以前的同事布伦特.霍伯曼跟她说起关于新网站的想法。她写了一封很长的邮件回复他，解释她为什么认为这不是一个好主意。 但是她很快意识到这其实是一个很好的想法，像大多数的好主意一样，它非常简单:提供lastminute涉及的一系列项目，包括机票，酒店，假日，剧院门票和礼品。 1998年初，当这两个人第一次提出了商业计划书，并传送给三个或四个风险投资公司时，他们的朋友认为他们是在冒险。“在那时候因特网并不流行，”她回忆说，“我所有现在准备离职加入因特网行业的朋友都说‘你在做什么啊,’”。不过，在那年的六月我们的银行里已经有了600，000英镑，到十月，他们有了网站，‘那以后钱一直上涨，’她说道。 lastminute网站开发了五个欧洲主要航线，五个连锁宾馆和三十个独立的高级宾馆。网站还提供一些不同寻常的服务，比如直升机飞行课程，安排专业的工作室录制，甚至提供饲养驴子的机会。还有一项我最喜欢的被称为“赚到钱”，这里可以提供一些独一无二的甚至昂贵的有些离谱的服务，比如乘坐俄罗斯MiG25战斗机来到宇宙的边缘，体验零重力的感觉。 从开始几乎没什么员工到现在伦敦就大约雇佣了120多个工作人员，其他50多员工在欧洲的其他地方。许多用户每周都会寄来新的邮件，提供的交易量已经达到700，000，举一个让人满意的顾客的例子，她轻轻地讲了一个让人担忧的关于一个绅士的故事，他在结婚的前四十分钟为他们的蜜月安排了一场拍卖会。 Exercise: Choose the best answer 3.1 D 3.2 B 3.3 D 3.4 D 3.5 A Passage Two Important Words & Expressions: 1. explicit adj. precisely and clearly expressed, leaving nothing to implication; fully stated 明确的, 显然的 e.g. explicit statement 明确的陈述 52 He avoids the explicit answer to us. 他避免给我们明确的回答。 习惯用语 be explicit about 对某事态度鲜明 2. constitutional adj. denoting, characteristic of, or relating to a constitution 法治的，宪法(上)的 e.g. constitutional monarchy 立宪君主政体 onstitutional society. Modern society is a c 现代社会是法制社会。 课文译文: 美国的一项关于网络使用者的调查发现，网络广告是有效用的。去年，大约 有27%的网络使用者在网上购物，并且其中的39%的人在点击了网络广告之后就 会买东西。而以网络为基础的业务不能快速增长的主要原因是，顾客不愿意将银 行卡的账户移到网络上。 成人网站仅占所有网站总数的2至4 ,，但是却有10%到20%的搜索请求。 在美国25%以上的网络使用者会登陆这些网站。在1996年通过了一项法律，以 控制明确材料在互联网上，但在1997年被撤销，因为它违背了基本的宪法言论 自由的权利。 总的来说，78%的网站是英文的。但是这个数字要比链接到安全的服务器上 的网站高出很多(高出91%)。链接到安全服务器上的.com网页总共有96%是英 文的。 Exercise: Answer the following questions. 3.6Yes, they are. Many people made their purchases after clicking on an Internet advertisement. 3.7 The main reason why web-based businesses aren‘t growing more quickly is that many customers are reluctant to transmit their credit card details over the Internet. 3.8 More than 25% of Internet users in the United States visit such sites. 3.10 Because it went against the basic constitutional right of free speech. 3.10 Altogether, 78% of all websites are in English. SECTION 4 –Vocabulary & Translating 4.1 Vocabulary 3) Complete these sentences with make or let. Keys: a) let b) let, make c) make d) makes e) make, let f) made 5) Sometimes there is some logic to the use of the prepositions used with a phrasal 53 verb, especially with reference to movement. Here are some examples with get. Keys: 1) in 2) out 3) down 4) off 4.2 Translation Practice 1.Translate the following English sentences into Chinese. 1) 我们把传承传统价值观给子孙后代视为自己的责任。 2) 妇女感到失望，因为跨国婚姻没有带来如想象中那么多的好处。 3) 老年人担心有些中国青少年会唱美国流行歌曲，却对京剧一无所知。 4) 我们不确定是否可以说服他戒烟。 5) 人类学家们相信，对食物的好恶大多是不同人不同生活方式的结果。有些人 生活在既有大型动物又有许多昆虫的地区。他们杀死大型动物不容易，需要 花许多力气。 2.Translate the following Chinese sentences into English. 1) Experts predict that half of the world‘s languages will be extinct in 100 years. 2) I wonder whether the practice can hold water. 3) Experts recommend that a special day be set aside for people to wear traditional costumes. 4) We are ashamed that many of our young people are totally ignorant of our time-honored traditions. 5) Remember that your Eastern friends may well be trying to signal their feelings through non-verbal communication. Take more notice of facial expressions and eye movements. Be aware that silences often mean something. Learn to listen to your intuition, sensing the mood of your friend. SECTION 5 –Pronunciation and Intonation 5.1 (a) You‘re going to hear three versions of the same sentence, spoken three different ways. A different word is stressed in each to give a particular meaning. Decide which word would be stressed in order to produce the response. Keys: 1) I went to Paris first. Oh, not to Rome? 2) I went to Paris first. So you went, not Elena? 3) I went to Paris first. So you went to Paris before you went to Rome? SECTION 6 –Grammar 6.1 Defining and non-defining relative clauses 54 2) Keys: 1) who 2) whom 3) which 4) /, that 5) that 6.2 Relative clauses and prepositions 2) Keys: 1) I have an excellent relationship with the people whom I work with. This is the region where most of the refugees from are arriving. 2) 3) This hotel, which I told you about in my last message, has excellent facilities. 4) Lastminute.com, which everyone is now talking about, is a very successful company. 5) The computer which I have logged on to can‘t access that information. 55 Unit 6 How much is enough? SECTION 1 – Listening 1.1 (a) 1.1 (a) You are going to listen to an interview with a journalist about some of the world’s billionaires. What do you think he will say about: I=Interviewer, E=expert I: So, what do you think? How many billionaires are there in the world? E: Well, it‘s hard to say exactly— things change so quickly. There are still very few compared to the number of millionaires, but the number is growing all the time. I: And who are the super-rich? Who‘s the richest person in the world? E: Well, Bill Gates certainly is at the moment. At the turn of the century the value of his shares in Microsoft was worth, I think about 80 billion dollars. But the first dollar billionaire was John D. Rockefeller who lived from 1839 to 1937, and of course in those days, and this is the early part of this century, there were hardly any millionaires, never mind billionaires. I: Are there any billionaires who are women? E: Not many. There are currently none in the world‘s top ten richest people, though there are some pretty wealthy women in the US, and several outside the US. Queen Beatrice of the Netherlands, for example. And the Queen of the England is extremely wealthy, too, but a lot of it is not personal wealth, you know, it‘s assets held in trust for the British people. I: So are you saying that most billionaires are in the US? E: The vast majority of billionaires are still in the US, yes, but there are a lot in the Middle East, and quite a few in Europe and the Far East, as you‘d expect. For example, there‘s Francois Pinault in France, and Hasso Plattner in Germany. Hasso Plattner is like Bill Gates, he made nearly all his money in computer software. I: Well, that seems to be, like, the popular one, computer software, but generally, where does all the money come from? E: Yeah, well, in the US, most of the billionaires have made their money in either retailing, or finance, or in the computer industry. And in the oil industry, of course, that‘s worldwide it‘s a major source of wealth. I: You know, though, one billion dollars is a huge amount of money. I mean, how much money can one individual really use or need, or…? E: Well, it depends on what you mean by ―need‖, I suppose. I mean, for most people it probably seems like plenty for one individual. But if you are one of the super-rich, well, there‘s a huge responsibility that goes with that territory. A lot of these people give away millions to good causes. And there‘re always more and more causes in need of help, so in fact even a billion is not nearly enough. In reality, you know, you can never have too much. I: So who is the greatest philanthropist of them all? E: Well, in recent years probably Bill Gates, who‘s donated about 6.5 billion to his 56 various foundations. Apparently he plans eventually to give away the vast majority of his fortune. I: What, all of it? Give away everything? E: Well, no, not all of it, obviously. But another interesting case is the financier, George Soros. He was born in Hungary and he‘s donated millions to causes in Central and Eastern Europe. I: But he‘s now an American citizen, isn‘t he? So does he give away money in the US? E: Certainly he does, he does, and to some quite interesting causes, too. He set up a ,50 million fund to help legal immigrants, and he provided ,12 million to improve maths education in the inner cities and rural areas. Then there was the , 15 million ‗Project on Death in America‘ which was a programme aimed at helping the terminally ill. I: It‘s interesting how they sort of choose… 1.2 Now listen to an American, an Australian, and an Indian discussing the importance of money in their countries. Underline any of the words in the box that they use. Did they say anything that surprised you? Extract 1 James So, would you say the States has become more materialistic over the years or, or has it stayed just the same old materialistic culture that it ever was? Laurel That‘s a really interesting question. I would say that it‘s stayed the same because if you think about what America‘s supposed to stand for, it‘s supposed to stand for the fact that you can come from nothing and do extremely well, and I think that‘s always included having material possessions, cause otherwise I think they think you have nothing to show for your new status, you know, if you come in as a penniless immigrant and you end up owning a big corporation you should have a few things to show that you‘ve done really well. Extract 2 Richard In Australia, I think in the city centers, it‘s a cosmopolitan western, more you know, ideology to be talking about money and jobs and success because so much of Australia is rural, you know, money‘s a big issue because farming‘s, you know, not as successful as it used to be, and... Alan Do people tend to ask you how much you earn? Richard No. I mean, yeah, they do it‘s not, I don‘t feel it‘s out of, you know, 57 like a class struggle, you know, I think it‘s more out of interest to say, oh, I wonder what that job‘s like, and you can earn a lot of money from that job? You know, oh, that‘s good, you know. Maybe in Sydney, perhaps in Sydney because it‘s, you know, that‘s sort of somewhere where people rise. Extract 3 Lyndham Well, I think in India people have become, a lot of people have become more concerned with wealth and material possessions. It seems that there is this is big divide between the middle class and people who don‘t have access to that, people who don‘t have access to that, then it‘s just completely out of their remit, so getting enough to eat is the most important thing, not what you might be wearing or driving a car for goodness sake. That‘s completely out. Yeah. SECTION 3 –Reading Passage One Important Words & Expressions: 1. influential adj. having or exerting influence 有影响的 e.g. influential action 感应作用 influential politicians 有势力的政客 His father is an influential democrat。 他父亲是有影响的民主党人。 2. retain v. to be able to hold or contain 保留 e.g. retain an appearance of youth 保有年轻的外貌 a vessel to retain water 盛水的容器 retain these distinctions 记住这些区别 These roses retain their scent. 这些玫瑰花仍有馀香. 3. dedicate v. to devote (oneself, one's time, etc) wholly to a special purpose or cause; commit wholeheartedly or unreservedly 献给, 献身 58 e.g. I want to see all of us dedicate ourselves to the principles for which we fought. 希望看到所有的人献身于我们为之奋斗的原则中去。 be dedicated to... 献身于... dedicate oneself to... 献身于... dedicate one's life to... 献身于... dedicate ... to sb. 把(作品)奉献给某人 4. boost v. to encourage, assist, or improve 增加; 促进 e.g. an advertising program to boost local products abroad 为向国外推销地方产品而大肆宣传的一套广告 boost up the prestige of sb. 提高某人的威信 Sign up more workers to boost production 再签约雇用工人以促进生产 5. resurrect v. to rise or raise from the dead; bring or be brought back to life 使复活; 复兴 e.g. That affair was finally laid to rest years ago. Don‘t go and resurrect it again. 那件事几年前就无人过问了，别去翻老账了。 6. petition n. a written document signed by a large number of people demanding some form of action from a government or other authority 祈祷; 恳求 e.g. present a petition to 向...提出请愿书 put up a petition to (heaven) 向(天)祈祷 deny a petition 拒绝接受请愿(书) Petition sb. for sth. 为某事向某人请愿 Petition sb. to do sth. 祈求某人做某事 7. fleet n. a number of warships organized as a tactical unit 舰队;船队 e.g. fishing fleet 渔船队 The President reviewed the fleet. 总统检阅了舰队。 59 8. inaccessible adj. not accessible; unapproachable 达不到的;不能接近的 e.g. inaccessible and sparsely populated. 难以接近而且人口稀少的。 Heavy snow made the village inaccessible to traffic. 大雪使车辆进不了这个村庄。 9. reclusive adj. withdrawn from society; seeking solitude 隐遁的, 隐居的 e.g. self-reclusive 自我封闭 lived an unsocial reclusive life. 过着与世隔绝的生活。 He is in essence a reclusive sort. 他本质上具有一种隐士的气质 10. lavish v. to give, expend, or apply abundantly, generously, or in profusion浪 费, 挥霍 e.g. lavish money upon one's pleasures 乱花钱去寻欢作乐 lavish praises on sb. 大肆吹捧某人 She was lavish in her gifts. 她送礼大方。 My neighbor is given to lavish spending. 我的邻居喜欢乱花钱 11. inspire v. to arouse (with a particular emotion or to a particular action)鼓 舞, 激起, 启发 e.g. inspire a new thought into sb. 将新思想灌输给某人 inspire sb. with courage 鼓起某人的勇气 60 习惯用语 inspire sth. in sb. 使某人产生某种感情; 激发某人的某种感情 inspire sb. with sth. 使某人产生某种感情; 激发某人的某种感情 inspire sth. into sb. 把某种思想灌输给某人 12. biography n. an account of a person's life by another 传记 e.g. A career entirely devoted to biography. 主要从事传记创作的职业 课文译文: 大笔财富 亿万富翁的钱都花在哪了呢,保尔.艾伦可能不是家喻户晓的人，但他是最有影响力的世界富人之一，他有大量的财富和天赋。 艾伦是个计算机天才，他在1975年与比尔盖茨共同创建了公司Microsoft,成为世界上最大的软件生产商。从那时起，他建立了财富，估计在世纪之交时的价值超过300亿美元。 当他被诊断出患有霍金斯疾病时，艾伦是副总裁负责研发产品，霍金斯是白血病的一种。他成功的采用了放射性治疗法，但是这个经历迫使他去估量自己的生命，重新考虑他的发展方向。直到那时他仍是将全部精力集中在微软的工作上，但是，1983年他还是决定离开公司。在离开之前，他在微软董事会上获得一席之地，因为他保留了7%的公司股份，所以他的财富一直滚滚而来。 自从那时起，因为那一次的原因他一直致力于他的生活。每年他都会赠送出数百万美元.他建立了慈善基金会，以推动艺术，拯救树木，提高识字率，建造了游泳池和资助医疗调研.他还资助了西雅图市及其周边的许多发展项目，并把6000万美元的用于艾滋病的研究，以及建设现代化的图书馆和剧院。 一旦有了想法，他很快就会付诸行动。最典型的一次就是艾伦努力拯救并让全景电影院复苏的想法。在他长大的地方有一个音像店，一次去买光盘，艾伦在柜台处发现了“拯救全景电影”的请愿书。全景电影院曾经是最受欢迎的娱乐场所，但是最近几年变得萧索了。艾伦了解到这个影院可以变成一个餐厅，一个登山俱乐部或者甚至是一个停车场，他签下了这份。他花了375万美元购买了这个影院。美国第三富有的人拥有了一个带有电影院的房子。“在我的成长过程中，这个影院是我经常去看电影的地方，”他说，“我认为这个影院对我是非常重要的。” 空闲时间，艾伦喜欢上网冲浪，潜水和阅读科学杂志。他有自己的波音757，喷气式飞机，一艘有直升机停机坪和录音室的游艇和许多部汽车。他在贝弗利希尔斯，曼哈顿，法国和其他地方都有房子。他最喜欢的事似乎是与他的six-piece乐队“成长的男人”一起弹吉他。 因为艾伦是独自一人，而且通常亿万富翁往往是有这种倾向的，他经常被描述为'害羞的，隐居的' 。但他也有开朗的生活方式，他认识一些富人和知名的人.他的奢华聚会就是个传奇，他的朋友包括网球名将塞莱斯和音乐家彼得盖布瑞尔和戴夫斯图尔特。 一个朋友在这样评价他“聪明，谦虚，和蔼的”，这个人的眼光激励世界最成功的公司利用巨大的财富不仅丰富了自己的人生，也提高了成千上万人的生活 61 水平。比尔盖茨的传记中提到，艾伦也许是“你遇到的最好的亿万富翁”。 Exercise: Choose the best answer 3.1 B 3.2 D 3.3 C 3.4 D 3.5 D Passage Two Important Words & Expressions: 1. explicit adj. precisely and clearly expressed, leaving nothing to implication; fully stated 明确的, 显然的 e.g. explicit statement 明确的陈述 He avoids the explicit answer to us. 他避免给我们明确的回答。 be explicit about 对某事态度鲜明 2. constitutional adj. denoting, characteristic of, or relating to a constitution 法治的，宪法(上)的 e.g. constitutional monarchy 立宪君主政体 Modern society is a constitutional society. 现代社会是法制社会。 课文译文: 最大的消费方面的改变是食品的花费，从1901年食品消费占家庭总预算的46%大幅下降到现在的19%。这是因为现在人们可以花更少的钱买更多更好的食品。由于快餐店的迅速发展(像麦当劳，肯德基)许多人会在外吃饭。所以现在大约30%的食品预算花在在外吃饭上，而一百年前却只有3%. 上个世纪初，几乎没有人有自己的房子(只有大约19%的工人家庭有)和私人汽车(一部车子1000$已经远远高出一个家庭年平均收入650$)因为大多数人不能借钱，但是19世纪中期有房子和私家车的人很快多起来。 闲暇时间随着工作周的缩短也大大增加，比如，从六天到五天，从十小时工作日到八小时工作日。实际上，汽车生厂商福特早就认识到工作日不可以太长，否则工人们没有时间去花钱。娱乐支出在家庭预算中所占的比例从低于6%增加到今天的9%。另一方面，我们花费的阅读时间只相当于我们祖父所花的四分之一的时间。 未来我们的消费模式会如何改变，我们是很难做出长期预测的。短期来看，我们已经知道人口正在老龄化，这将影响我们在医疗上的花费，但是从长远来看新技术像计算机和转基因食品所带来的影响就像人的口味一样是无法预计的。 Exercise: Answer the following questions. 62 3.6 The proportion of a family‘s budget spending on food in 1901 was 46%. 3.7 Our population is ageing and this will affect the amount of money we spend on medical care. 3.8 The long-term consequences of new technologies such as the Internet and genetically modified food are, like changes in tastes, unpredictable. 3.9 Answer is open. 3.10 Answer is open. SECTION 4 –Vocabulary & Translating 4.1 Vocabulary (2) Complete these sentences with a suitable form of raise, rise, or arise. Keys: a) rise b) rised c) raised d)arise e) raise f) arise 4.2 Translation Practice 1.Translate the following English sentences into Chinese. 1) 政府资助艺术家，戏剧公司的原因是他们的作品大大提升了生活质量。 2) 这就是他们性格差异最明显的地方。 3) 她最感到头痛的是如何有效地处理她所热爱的事业与家庭责任之间的关系。 4) 但事实上语言灭绝仍旧是一种自然进化过程。 5)对忌食猪肉的一种解释是未被煮熟透的猪肉可能会传播一种叫旋毛虫的疾病。 但现在大多数人不再认为这是对忌食猪肉的很好的解释。 2.Translate the following Chinese sentences into English. 1) The question is whether we can save endangered languages in such a short time. 2) This is why TV commercials are regarded as rubbish. 3) The answer is they have no interest in doing that, which is very simple. 4) The focus of public attention is who will most likely become U.S. president in the next four years. 5) Traditionally, a young man asks the father of his sweetheart for permission to marry her. If the father agrees, the man later proposes to her. Often he tries to surprise her by ―popping‖ the question in a romantic way. SECTION 6 –Grammar 6.1 Time clauses 1) Keys: (1) b (2) b (3) b (4) a 4) Underline the correct forms. Keys: (1) until, are (2) will stay, until, get (3) manage, by, will give (4) will let, as soon as, have 63 Unit 7 Education SECTION 1 – Listening 1.1 (a) Listen to three extracts from a conversation between three people. Extract 1 B So, Adriano, what about your research trip to the Himalayas? How is the preparation going? A There's so much to do before I can even start. The problem is, I've been so busy. C Yes, it's that time of year. A There are thirty-five student projects from last term on my desk. I have all the assignments marked externally, so that needs to be arranged. I need to collate all the research data, and then get it programmed into the system—I have to pay someone to do that. B It sounds like a lot of work. A It's a huge amount of work. I have to have all the field equipment serviced and properly checked out before we can go anywhere. I have to finalize all the travel arrangements ... and I mustn't forget to go down to the hospital and get myself vaccinated. I don't know how I'm going to get it all done. C You'll be fine. There's three weeks before you need worry about that. Extract 2 C So how does it work in Japan, then, if you're a student? Do your parents pay for your tuition? B Yes, because there are no grants or study loans, or anything like that. Your family normally pays. You can have your study fees paid by a scholarship, but that's not very common. So quite a lot of students have part-time jobs as well. C Is that the same in Italy? A Yes, more or less. If your family is very poor, I think you can get your fees paid by a special grant, or something, but it's not usual. But most students live at home while they are studying, anyway. C That's very different to here. I think most people in Britain, when they go to university, it's, well, it's an excuse to leave home, to be independent. A But if you live at home everything is done for you. You have your meals cooked, you have a nice place to live, you have your washing done for you ... I mean, why would anyone want to live away? C Oh, come on, that's not what it's about. Going to university is about growing up, doing things for yourself, finding out who you are, that kind of thing... Extract 3 A That was really bad luck, you know, what happened to you on the first day. B Yes, it was. C Why, what happened? B I had my wallet stolen on the Underground, coming from the airport. C Oh, no! Oh, I am sorry. That's awful. 64 B Yes. But, I only lost cash, not my credit cards, though, so I was lucky. So I had some more money transferred from my bank account in Japan. It's no problem. C But even so, that's really bad luck. A You know, it can happen anywhere. I mean, my sister had her bike taken in Milan, from right outside her flat. Anyway, Akemi, did you manage to get your accommodation organized? B Oh, yes, everything's fine, everything in its place. I'm very happy with the flat. And I had all my books and personal possessions shipped over from Japan, too. C It must be nice to have all your own things around you, you know all your ... Keys: 1) Which countries are they from? Japan; Italy; Britain 2) Where do they all work? In universities/colleges/schools. 3) In each extract, what are they discussing? In extract 1, they are discussing about what Adriano should do before his research trip. In extract 2, they are discussing about how the fees are paid in different countries and something about life in universities. In extract 3, they are discussing about Akemi‘s first day here and accommodation. (b) Listen again. Keys: 1) In Extract 1: a There are thirty-five student projects from last term on his desk. He has all the assignments marked externally, so that needs to be arranged. b ?the research data: collate all the research data, and then get it programmed into the system—he has to pay someone to do that. ?the field equipment: have all the field equipment serviced and properly checked out before he can go anywhere. ? the vaccinations: go down to the hospital and get himself vaccinated. 2) In Extract 2: a In Japan, your family normally pays. You can have your study fees paid by a scholarship, but that's not very common. In Italy, more or less the same as in Japan. If your family is very poor, you can get your fees paid by a special grant, or something, but it's not usual. b Everything is done for you. You have your meals cooked, you have a nice place to live, you have your washing done for you ... 3) In Extract 3: a Stolen. b Everything's fine. Everything is in its place. And he had all his books and personal possessions shipped over from Japan, too. 65 1.2 Listen to an interview with Emilio Gonzales, who is trying to get English adopted as the only official language of the United States. I= interviewer, G = Mr. Gonzales I So firstly Mr. Gonzales, why do you think English should be made the official language of the US? G Well, currently in the United States there is a move towards multilingualism or ‗language sensitivity‘ as it's called. This means that children in school can choose to take their classes in their own languages. Consequently, hundreds of teachers have been employed in schools all over the country as part of this bilingual program, and many of them are not able to speak English themselves. I But isn't that a good thing, that immigrants are being given the chance to have a voice? I mean, Hispanics are now the largest ethnic group in many of the major cities in the US, so shouldn't they be given the right to speak in their native language officially? G Well, as an immigrant from Chile myself, I am obviously not against the idea of immigrants being powerful and successful in the US. And actually for me this is the whole point. An immigrant coming to the US, who doesn't learn to speak English, is ultimately going to end up doing some kind of menial job that no American wants to do. I But is there any real proof that this is what happens? I mean, there must be a lot of people from immigrant communities who succeed without necessarily speaking good English? G No, there is a lot of research to show that immigrants who speak English earn 30 to 40 per cent more than those who don't. There was a recent study conducted in New York which found that children in schools where they were taught in their own languages, did much less well than those children who were taught in English, but who were also given intensive support in English as a second language. Not being able to speak English in the US definitely leaves you at a disadvantage. I But, OK, what about immigrant workers from, say, Mexico for example, who have no intention of staying in the US and becoming US citizens? For them it's more a question of being able to work, to send money home, and then eventually return to Mexico. G I'm not saying that people shouldn't hold on to their native languages. This is about the government making better use of the resources. And I believe there are other negative consequences of this bilingualism. I think it promotes the idea of separatism and even segregation, and subsequently it may force different ethnic groups to compete with each other for funds to protect their own language rights. I Wow, that's something you feel really passionate about. But, OK, finally, can you explain a little about 'US English'? It's said to be one of the fastest-growing interest groups in the US. G Yes, the organization now has around one and a half million members and the support of many political figures on the left and on the right. The aim is to pass legislation making English the official language of government at all levels. 66 Keys: 1) There is a move towards multilingualism or ‗language sensitivity‘ as it's called. This means that children in school can choose to take their classes in their own languages. ) An immigrant coming to the US, who doesn't learn to speak English, is 2 ultimately going to end up doing some kind of menial job that no American wants to do. 3) Children in schools where they were taught in their own languages, did much less well than those children who were taught in English. 4) It promotes the idea of separatism and even segregation, and subsequently it may force different ethnic groups to compete with each other for funds to protect their own language rights. 5) The organization now has around one and a half million members and the support of many political figures on the left and on the right. The aim is to pass legislation making English the official language of government at all levels. 1.3 (a) Listen to Dr Karen Jones, a social psychologist, describing how she thinks the order in which we do things in our lives should be changed. A Sorry, I don't really follow you. B OK, what I'm trying to say is that the way we educate children needs to be radically changed along with the education system itself. A What do you mean, exactly? B Right, well, let's start with the education system. Actually, 'education system' is probably not the right term. It would probably be more accurate to say 'the education process'. A Uh-huh ... B Well, at the moment, you normally go to school from the age of five or six, come out at eighteen, go to university, and get your first job in your early twenties. A That is if you do the whole process. B Yes, exactly. Now, we'd probably all agree that school and university are supposed to prepare you for the world of work and for life in general. A Yes, OK, but I still don't see what you're getting at. B Right, well, OK, let me put it another way. I believe that we've got the order of our lives completely wrong. We spend twenty years of our lives on theory and then the rest of our lives on practice. What we need is a process that would alternate these. A Can you be more specific? B Well, I'd suggest going to school for a few years and then at the age of maybe ten or eleven, beginning to work. A Beginning to work at ten or eleven? B Yeah. The idea would be that you would experience a series of different jobs, probably at that age basically manual jobs or ones that involve some hands-on experience. A Well, can you give me some examples? B Yes, I mean practical things like plumbing or carpentry, things that are going 67 to be really useful in your life. But also more creative things, like dancing, making TV documentaries, or designing websites. Or even scientific subjects, medicine, geology, archaeology. In other words, things that would get children really interested. A But would you then go back to school? B Yes, that's right, you would, for a few years anyway, until you were eighteen or nineteen. Then you'd move on to the next stage and learn about different kinds of jobs, more intellectual, so-called professional jobs, such as lawyer, accountant, stockbroker, or architect. A And I suppose this would also enable you to have a much clearer idea of what job would be suitable for you? B Precisely. Then you'd choose a job, and then later, when you were in your late thirties, you'd go to university. A That old? B Well, not necessarily, it would depend on the faculty. If you were doing mathematics, for example, you'd probably want to start earlier, but in my opinion most humanistic subjects are far better studied at an age when you've had some experience of life, so that you can understand them much better. Going to university at such an age would also give you a break in your life, some time out to think about where you're going, and what you really want. Keys: 1) Prepare you for the world of work and for life in general. 2) The order of our lives is completely wrong. We spend twenty years of our lives on theory and then the rest of our lives on practice. 3) Manual jobs or ones that involve some hands-on experience and more creative things. Because they are the things that would get children really interested. 4) This would enable them to have a much clearer idea of what job would be suitable for them. 5) Most humanistic subjects are far better studied at an age when you've had some experience of life, so that you can understand them much better. (b) Listen again. Make a note of: 1) the expressions the interviewer uses to get Dr Jones to explain herself more clearly: Sorry, I don't really follow you. What do you mean, exactly? I still don't see what you're getting at. Can you be more specific? Well, can you give me some examples? 2) the expressions Dr Jones uses to clarify and paraphrase what she has said, and to confirm what the interviewer has said: OK, what I'm trying to say is… Let's start with… It would probably be more accurate to say… 68 Yes, exactly. Now, we'd probably all agree that… Right, well, OK, let me put it another way. Well, I'd suggest… The idea would be that… I mean… Yes, that's right. Precisely. SECTION 3 –Reading Passage One Important Words & Expressions: 1. compulsory adj. required by rule必须做的, 强制性的 e.g. Is English a compulsory subject? 英语是必修课吗? 2. minimal adj. the least possible 最小的, 极微的, 最低(限度)的 e.g. The storm did only minimal damage. 暴风雨只造成极轻微的损失。 3. random adj. lacking any definite plan or order or purpose; governed by or depending on chance任意的, 随便的 4. owe to 欠„(某物) e.g. He owes a lot of money to Mr. Smith. 他欠史密斯先生许多钱。 应该感谢; 把„归功于 e.g. He gave me a lot of help. I owed much to him. 他给我许多帮助, 我非常感激他。 5. total adj. 总计的; 全部的 e.g. Please figure out the total cost. 请算出总费用。 完全的; 全然的 e.g. My efforts ended in total failure. 我的努力终归全盘失败。 n. 总计, 总数 e.g. A total of twenty people were[was] killed. 共有二十人被杀。 v. 计算 e.g. Please total all the expenditures. 请计算一下全部支出是多少。 6. apart from 脱离, 除此之外(表示除„以外别无) 69 e.g. The house stands apart from the village. 那栋房子在村外。 除去, 撇开„来说(表示除„以外尚有) e.g. Apart from some spelling mistakes, the composition is fairly good. 除了一些拼写错误, 这篇文章写得很不错。 7. diagnose v. determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis判断(问题), 找出毛病 e.g. He diagnosed the trouble that caused the engine to knock. 他找出了引擎咔咔响的毛病所在。 8. removal n. the act of removing 迁移, 排除 e.g. After the removal of the soup, fish was served. 汤撤去后, 鱼就上来了。 9. thorough adj. 彻底的 e.g. Give the room a thorough clean. 把房间彻底打扫一下。 十足的 e.g. He is a thorough fool. 他是个地地道道的傻瓜。 考虑周到的 e.g. She's very thorough. 她非常细心。 10. hold back 阻碍, 阻止 e.g. He was so impatient that I could hardly hold him back. 他是那样急躁, 我简直拉不住他。 控制; 抑制 e.g. She couldn't hold back her tears any longer and wept aloud. 她再也忍不住了, 大声哭泣起来。 隐瞒, 保留 e.g. They felt that she was holding back something. 他们感觉她有些话没说出来。 犹豫不决 e.g. She held back, not knowing what to do or say. 她犹豫起来, 不知该做什么或该说什么。 11. withdraw v. 取[收]回 e.g. I'd like to withdraw 1000 dollars from my savings account and put it in my cheque account. 我想从我的储蓄账户上提取1000美元转到支票账户上。 (使)撤退[出] e.g. I want to withdraw a statement I made earlier. 我想收回我早些时候发表的一项声明。 withdrawal n. 收回, 取回, 撤回; 撤退, 撤走 70 e.g. He has made several withdrawals from his bank account. 他从银行账户上提了几次款。 课文译文: 让我们告别法语 在所有的改善我们学校质量的商谈中，我们很少提及这个话题:几乎完全失败的外语教学。尽管法语是中学的义务教育，但我们说法语的能力是非常有限的。 从人们中随机抽样，我们发现仅仅只有一半的人能说上几句。那些能多说几句的人可能把他们的技能归因于其他的经验或培训，而不是学校。 作为一个在国立学校以及独立学校教了25年多的法语毕业生来说，我认为自己对外语教学为什么这么失败有一定的了解。除了从整个教育系统上已经诊断出来的错误以外，比如:以学生为中心的学习、发现教学法、教师对学生的期望过低，有一些错误直接影响了语言教学。 首先是详尽的语法教学被撤出课堂。现在的学生不能区分动词和名词、一个句子的主语和宾语，或者不知道现在时态、过去时态和将来时态的区别。 另外一个严重的错误就是混合能力教学，或者说是分不同的能力组进行教学。这种教学是如此的广泛以至于大部分有能力的学生受到抵制，感到困乏，而能力差的学生感到迷茫，也感到困乏。很奇怪的是，没有几个班主任赞成混合能力的学校足球队或合唱。 学习过程需要记忆，学生一旦停止常规课程就开始遗忘。这就是为什么这么多人上过法文课，甚至一些人还取得了好的成绩，却在几年后忘记了的原因。因为他们不需要法文，他们没有练习它。 许多美国学校认识到有些东西是不可避免的，从而把现代语言，甚至西班牙语，从课程上取消。也许英国也应该这么做了，停止在那些很少学生想要或需要的课程上浪费资源。 Exercise: Choose the best answer 3.1 D 3.2 B 3.3 B 3.4 D 3.5 C Passage Two Important Words & Expressions: 1. prospective adj. of or concerned with or related to the future预期的, 有希望的 e.g. Is she a prospective buyer? 她可能成为我们的顾客吗? 2. intense adj. 强烈的, 剧烈的; 极端的 e.g. Susan was an intense young lady. 苏珊是一个热情的年轻姑娘。 热情的, 热切的 e.g. The patient has an intense will to recover. 那个病人热切地希望恢复健康。 紧张的, 认真的 3. screen n. 屏风, 帘, 纱窗 71 e.g. The picture on this screen is a good artistic work. 这屏风上的画是件很好的艺术品。 掩护物 e.g. They hid behind the screen of bushes. 他们躲在灌木丛后。 屏幕 e.g. You can see him on the TV screen quite often. 你可以经常从电视屏幕上见到他。 银幕; 荧光屏 e.g. She first appeared on the screen ten years ago. 十年前, 她第一次出现在银幕上。 v. 遮蔽, 掩护 e.g. A floppy hat screened her face. 一顶有边的软帽遮住了她的脸。 放映(电影), 播放(电视节目) e.g. The film has been screened in the cinema. 这部电影已在电影院放映。 审查, 甄选 e.g. Unsuitable candidates were screened out. 那些不合格的候选人被筛选掉了。 4. fierce adj. 凶猛的; 凶狠的 e.g. The house is guarded by a fierce dog. 这栋房子由一条凶犬看守。 强烈的, 极度的; 酷烈的, 激烈的 e.g. What he said met with fierce opposition. 他的话语遭到激烈反对。 fiercely adv. 猛烈地,厉害地 5. qualification n. 合格证书 e.g. Jack has obtained a medical qualification. 杰克取得了行医资格证书。 资格, 条件 e.g. You have all qualifications to do the job. 你有资格做这份工作。 限制, 限定性条件 e.g. The contract has several qualifications for both parties. 该对双方都提出了几个限制性条件。 6. indication n. something that serves to indicate or suggest指示, 象征, 暗示 e.g. Did he give you any indication of his feelings? 他向你表示了自己的感情了吗? indicate v. 标示, 指示, 指出 e.g. She indicated where I should go. 她指出了我该去的地方。 72 象征; 表明或暗示„的可能性 e.g. The snow indicates the coming of winter. 这场雪表明冬天来临。 7. intellectual adj. 智力的; 理智的, 善于思维的 e.g. Maths is an intellectual exercise. 数学是一种智力训练。 n. 知识分子 e.g. These views were common among intellectuals. 这些观点在知识分子中是很普遍的。 课文译文: 教育 在许多国家，有一个大学学位可以让你的生活快速起步。但是你在哪里受到教育也同等重要。就读一个“正确”的大学是决定你能不能找到一个一流事业的主要因素。 在英国，人们普遍认为，当涉及到政府部门、媒体、银行、或外交部门工作时，牛津或剑桥大学的学位为学生打开了大门。美国同等的大学是常春藤联盟大学，例如哈佛大学、耶鲁大学和普林斯顿大学。大多数其他国家也都有他们的精英学校，例如，法国的高等专业学院。在意大利，经济学家一般都毕业于米兰的博科尼大学，而在日本，大多数政治家都在一流的公立大学受过教育，比如:东京大学、早稻田大学，庆应义塾大学。 , 那么目前进入大学就读有多难, 在英国，大多数有希望的学生向英国大学和学院招生服务中心申请，然后他 们的申请被传递给他们在服务中心申请表上指定的大学。如果成功的话，他们会被邀请参加一个面试，根据他们在其核心科目上所要求获得的等级，他们可能获得所选大学就读的机会。 在日本，竞争就读于一个一流的国立大学或私立学院(百分之七十三的日本大学是私营)一直是激烈的，日本教育部的一个发言人解释说。“尽管很容易进入一个低级别的私立学院就读，但是要进入国立大学或顶级私立学院就读就非常困难。你必须拥有高中文凭。然后，你必须分别地向各大学申请，参加不同的考试。全国化考试最近被引进来筛选申请人。如果申请人由他或她的高中推荐，那么他或她可能会被邀请参加面试。” 在意大利也差不多。热那亚大学的Gabriele Azzaro教授说:虽然进入许多意大利大学相对比较容易，但对大多数学生来说，这意味着一个在家附近的大学。就读于一流的大学竞争非常激烈。“你必须通过你的会考，这就像是高中毕业考试。基本上，你提出书面申请，并支付费用。但在一些院系，如牙科或医学，可能要求在某些关键学科上取得好成绩。” , 在找工作时这些资格有多大用途, 大多数英国大学的学生学完三、四年后毕业，根据他们所学的科目，获得文 学学士学位或理学学士学位。对于未来的雇主，一等的学位是至关重要的。“二等学位表明，学生已取得了很好的一般标准，”人力资源部经理Emma Hart说。 “一等的学位表明，他们有一些与众不同，智力优势，并能够创造性地独立地思考。由于只有很小比例的学生获得了第一，当你申请高层次的职位时，有一个一等的学位为你提供了一种明显的优势。” 73 在日本有所不同。你很少听到一个日本人说，“我有获得了学士学位或硕士 学位。”更平常听到的是“我从X大学毕业”。这取决于公司，当你找工作的时 候，经常你在哪里就读比你学什么更重要。没有学位的等级之分。相关资历是有 用的，但大公司通常有他们自己的考试。 那么，在意大利呢,根据Professor Azzaro教授，从一个重点大学毕业当然 是一个优势。“但雇主也将看看你的整体分数，根据你4年或5年的学习，总成 绩超过110 。通常审查学生的论文，或进行口头考试。你的教授的推荐也很重 要。” Exercise: Answer the following questions. 3.6 Attending the ‗right‘ university can be a major factor in determining whether or not you are destined for a top flight career. 3.7 There‘s still fierce competition for places at the top institutions. 3.8 A second-class degree is an indication that someone has achieved a good general standard. A first-class degree shows that they have something extra, an intellectual edge, and the ability to think creatively and independently. Since only a tiny percentage of students are awarded a first, having one gives you a significant advantage when applying for high-level jobs. 3.11 There are no classes of degree. 3.10 If you want to get a job in Japan, your university is relatively more important than your degrees. But in Britain, it is different, the class of the degree can be crucial. SECTION 4 –Vocabulary & Translating 4.1 Vocabulary 1) (1) a,b,d (2) a,b,c,d (3) d (4) d (5) a,b,c,d (6) b (7) a (8) c 2) (1)-c (2)-e (3)-a (4)-g (5)-b (6)-d (7)-h (8)-f 3) (1) Firstly (2) actually (3) Consequently (4) Subsequently (5) Eventually (6) ultimately (7) definitely 5) (1) upbringing (2) topic (3) Actually (4) in fact (5) consequently 4.2 Translation Practice 74 1. Translate the following English sentences into Chinese. 1) 会议将在一个宾馆举行??广州的花园酒店。 2) 我们每人提出了一个建议。 3) 他们现在在北戴河，它是华北的一个避暑胜地。 4) 他们得到保证工会将会支持他们。 5) 有那么一瞬间，我真想说:“把玉米拿去吧。”但雇员守则却涌入我的脑海: 保持礼貌，但不要让顾客占你便宜，让他们知道是你在控制局面。曾有一刻 我甚至认为这是某种考验，老妇人是总部派来考验我的忠诚度的。于是，我 尽职尽责地回答说:“对不起，太太，我不能免费送您任何东西。” 2. Translate the following Chinese sentences into English. 1) He had the feeling that he would not see her again. 2) The rumour spread that a new school would be built here. 3) Can you produce any evidence that he was not at home that night? 4) They marvel at the fact that China did it all on its own. 5) I had firmly believed that a friendly smile and an automatic ―sir‖, ―ma‘am‖, and ―thank you‖ would see me through any situation that might arise, from soothing impatient or unpleasant people to apologizing for giving out the wrong change. But the other night an old woman shattered my belief that a glib response could smooth over the rough spots of dealing with other human beings. SECTION 5 –Pronunciation and Intonation 5.1 In the nouns, ‗ate‘ is usually pronounced as /ə/ or /i/. But in the verbs, it is pronounced as /ei/ or /e/. 5.3 When a word is a noun or an adjective, its stress is usually on the first syllable, when it is a verb; the stress is on the second syllable. SECTION 6 –Grammar 6.1 Passives review 4) (1) In Britain, the children are sent to private schools. (2) We were met at the airport and driven to our hotel. (3) Nelson Mandela has been awarded an honorary degree. (4) Most of the public universities in Japan are funded by the government. (5) All the students will be told their grades at the end of the week. (6) After university, I was interviewed by five prospective employers and offered a job. 5) (1) The computer is being repaired at the moment. (2) It will be done by tomorrow. (3) The report should have been finished yesterday (4) In the diagram, it shows the relevant amounts regarding X, Y and Z. (5) Our company bought two cars last year. (6) Complete the form in black ink! 75 6.2 Have/get something done 4) (1) He has all his living expenses paid for. (2) I think I should have my eyes tested. (3) He had all his files corrupted. (4) We can get the money paid into a special account—that way we won't be tempted to spend it. (5) The house next door got part of its roof blew off. 5) (1) She had her wallet stolen on the metro. (2) You need to get your teeth checked before you travel. (3) They‘re getting their house redecorated while they‘re away. (4) We had our fence blew down last night. (5) I had my car serviced last week. Self-study Materials---Interviews 4. Listen to these answers and match them to six of the questions in part 3. a I would hope to be working as Head of Marketing for a large well-known pharmaceutical company. b I think that good communication skills are extremely important—to be able to get your ideas across easily and to bring out the best in your employees. c It's all been very straightforward so far, so hopefully we should be ready well before the deadline. d Yes, I had to resolve an awkward situation between two employees in my department who were not getting on, and it was really causing problems. I basically acted as mediator and got them to sit down and discuss the problem in a civilized manner. e Well, I do quite a bit of writing in my current post. I am responsible for the annual report and quite a lot of our general promotional material. f I think that my previous experience equips me really well for this post. I enjoy working under pressure and I think that my enthusiasm and flair will fit in perfectly. Keys: a__2)___b__ 7)___ c__12)___ d__10)___ e__4) ___ f__3)___ 76 Unit 8 Getting it right SECTION 1 – Listening 1.1 Listen to some people discussing banks’ mistakes and answer the questions. A So what do you do if you find any errors in your statement? B Well, usually if I ever get statements or letters like that, well, well, obviously not for twenty-one billion pounds, but I ring the bank up immediately and they generally solve the situation straight away. But in this case I'm not sure what I would have done. Laughed, maybe. C I guess that if she had been an American she would probably have sued the bank for causing her stress. B Right, yeah. Do you think she should have sued them? C Well, ... A Well, let's look at this the other way round. What would you do if your bank inadvertently credited your account with a million pounds, or dollars? C I think if it was a hundred dollars rather than a million, it would, well, there would probably be less chance of them realizing their mistake, but there's also a good chance that I wouldn't notice either because I never check my statements. But in any case I'd call the bank and let them know. B Actually, it's interesting you should mention that, because in the same newspaper there was an article about this woman in France who found a bag of used banknotes and then anonymously took the bag to the police station. And it was a huge amount, half a million francs, or something. C You mean she didn't even leave her name? A No, she just left the money, walked out. B That's amazing. Well, I mean, what would you do if you found all that money? C Is that the proverbial million-dollar question? Keys: 1) She usually rings the bank up immediately. 2) She or he would probably have sued the bank for causing stress. 3) Anonymously took the bag to the police station. 1.2 Listen to six people apologizing, and make a note of the expressions they use. 1) Excuse me, but I think you've given me the wrong change. You're absolutely right. I do apologize. 2) I'm afraid I'm going to be late for dinner. That's OK, we'll wait for you. 3) Excuse me, please. Can I get through? Of course. Sorry about that. 4) I'd like to apologize for all the noise—we've got builders in. Sorry? What did you say? 5) I'm sorry, do you mind if I answer that? 77 Of course not, go ahead. 6) Excuse me, I really have to go now. Are you sure you can't stay for one last drink? 1.3 (a) Listen to the first part of a meeting between three people in a company discussing the possibility of expansion in Brazil. A So what do you think about it? B I think in principle, it's a great idea. But I'd like to stress that the timing is extremely important. I mean, are we really ready for this kind of move right now? C Can I just say that I'm not sure we know enough about the market? A But think of the possibilities, it's... C Yes, yes, but honestly, do we know anything about doing business in South America? A Chris, I was in the middle of saying something. C Sorry, do go on. A Well, of course we'd need to do our homework and send someone over there to check it out. But surely it's worth exploring the possibilities? Keys: 1) emphasize a particular point: I'd like to stress… 2) get into the discussion: Can I just say… 3) manage an interruption: I was in the middle of saying something. (b) Listen to the second part of the meeting. C Would you like to say something about the timing, Ben? B Well, I do think we should consider it, but I'm not sure we're operating well enough here yet to be ready to take such a big step now. By the way, did either of you see that Brazilian film on television last week? C Can we just stick to this for a minute and try and come up with a decision? B Sorry. It did seem sort of relevant, but anyway ... C OK, OK, tell us after, but I think if we're going to be considering this kind of thing, we need to come up with a country profile as soon as possible. A What sort of profile? Can you be more specific? C Well, like facts and figures on the lifestyle, eating habits, business culture, that sort of thing. Keys: 1) ensure other people get to speak: Would you like to say something about… 2) keep to the point: Can we just stick to this for a minute. OK, OK, tell us after. 3) ask for clarification: What sort of …? Can you be more specific? Complete the following phrases to match the headings. For example: To keep to the point Can we just stick to the point? I think we've gone too far. 78 To ensure other people get to speak Mark, can you say something now? Mark, what is your opinion? To ask for clarification Could you be more specific? I'm sorry, but can you explain again? (c) Listen to the final extract. B Sounds sensible, yeah, but just going back to my earlier point. Don't you think we should be putting more effort into improving the set-up here? A Yes, that's a fair point, but I'd assume we'd be doing that anyway. C Yes, OK, but I think that's a separate issue. Why don't we come back to that later? So, next we need to decide who's going to do what. A Well, I'm happy to put a presentation together from the stuff we already have in the office, if someone will help me sort it out. C Yes, I'm happy to do that with you. Is there anything else? A So, basically what you're saying is that we need to have another meeting and then maybe we'll make a decision! Keys: 1) return to a subject: Sounds sensible, yeah, but just going back to my earlier point. 2) move on: So, next we need to… 3) summarize: So, basically what you're saying is… SECTION 3 –Reading Passage One Important Words & Expressions: 1. emotional adj. determined or actuated by emotion rather than reason 情绪的, 感情的 e.g. This is an emotional scene in the play. 这是剧中动人的一幕。 2. shrewd adj. 敏捷的, 机灵的, 精明的 e.g. He is a shrewd businessman. 他是一个精明的商人。 3. bend over e.g. As Jim bent over to pick up the pen, he felt a sharp pain in his back. 吉姆弯腰捡起钢笔时, 觉得背部一阵刺痛。 4. personalize v. make personal or more personal使人格化, 赋于个性 personalization n. 个性化 5. size up 估量, 估计 e.g. The carpenter ran his ruler over the shed and sized it up at once. 木工量了一下棚屋的尺寸, 立刻估计出了它的大小。 迅速对„作出判断〔评价〕 79 e.g. I can't quite size him up; he's a bit of a mystery to me. 我一时很难对他作出评价, 这人对我来说有点神秘。 6. amenable adj. 有责任的, 有服从...义务的, 易受感动的 e.g. His scientific discoveries are amenable to the laws of physics. 他在科学上的发现经得起物理定律的检验。 amenably adv. 顺从地,服从地 7. straightforward adj. (人或其态度)正直的, 坦率的; 老实的 e.g. She gave me a straightforward answer. 她坦率地回答了我。 简单的; 易懂的 e.g. This is a straightforward task. 这是一项很容易完成的任务。 straightforwardly adv. 正直地 8. defensive adj. 防御用的; 防守的; 守势的 n. 守势; 防守 e.g. The enemy troops are put on the defensive. 敌军被迫采取守势。 课文译文: “巴西人既感情强烈又精明。” 在会议开始时，你和你的对手将交换名片。巴西人通常会把名片上面的一个角折弯，以个性化其呈递。 首先，将是非正式的谈话。你们开始谈论其他话题。对方肯定会询问你是否想要一杯咖啡(一杯水和/或新鲜果汁)，并询问你的旅程。 巴西人既感情强烈又精明。在评价你的过程当中，比如说，他们不仅会观察你的鞋的质量，而且还观察你看上去是不是可亲近(友好的、负责的)。 一旦最初的考究完毕，也许在10或15分钟后，你就可以开始你的业务了---以一种直截的，愉快的方式。 把你的意见说给整组成员，尤其是最高级别的个人和决策者。率直地回答问题，不要显得防范意识太强，也不要说服房间里的任何人。 如果你(巧妙地)把你的会议安排在上午10点或下午3点，你可能会发现，在最后，大家会一起去吃午餐，或喝饮料，或共进晚餐。如果你被邀请同行，这是一个好迹象。 Exercise: Choose the best answer 3.1 B 3.2 D 3.3 D 3.4 C 3.5 B Passage Two Important Words & Expressions: 1. care for 喜欢; 宠爱 e.g. I don't much care for that sort of man. 80 我不太喜欢那种人。 牵挂, 注重 e.g. We must care for each other and help each other. 我们要互相关心, 互相帮助。 愿意要… e.g. Would you care for some more tea? 想再喝点茶吗? 照料, 服侍 e.g. The mother cared for the sick child day and night. 母亲日夜照料着生病的孩子。 尊重 e.g. I do care for what he says. 我对他的话的确很尊重。 2. trustworthy adj. worthy of trust or belief; 值得信任的, 可信赖的, 可靠的 e.g. Is this young man trustworthy? 这位年青人可靠吗, 3. delighted adj. greatly pleased喜欢的, 高兴的 e.g. I'm delighted at your success. 我为你的成功感到高兴。 参考词汇 delighted , pleased 这两个同义词的一般含义是―高兴的‖。 delighted 所表现的心理反应在感情上强一些，在理性上弱一些，因此它所表示的心理反应是喜形于色的 My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more. 我的妻子高兴了，因为情况再一次恢复了正常。 I was delighted to hear the news of your success. 听到你成功了的消息时我非常高兴。 pleased 所表现的心理反应在理性上强一些，在感情上弱一些，这个词的含义与符合自己的愿望、爱好或理想有关，因此它的内涵是满足。 The examiner must have been pleased with my performance, for he smiled and said… 主考人对我所干的一定很满意，因为他微笑着说:…… We are very pleased to see you here. 我们在这里见到你很高兴。 4. crash vt. & vi. (使)猛撞, (使)撞毁 e.g. The plane crashed shortly after takeoff. 飞机起飞后不久便坠毁了。 vi. 猛冲直撞 e.g. The angry elephant crashed through the forest. 愤怒的大象闯过森林。 发出巨响 e.g. The thunder crashed dramatically. 雷声震耳欲聋。 突然失败, 倒闭 81 e.g. The New York Stock Exchange crashed in 1929. 1929年纽约证券交易所倒闭。 n. 撞车事故, 失事 e.g. There was a serious car crash this morning. 今晨发生了一起严重的撞车事故。 突然发出的巨响, 碰撞声 e.g. The desk lamp fell to the floor with a crash. 台灯哗啦一声掉到地上。 破产, 失败 e.g. This is the most spectacular financial crash of the decade. 这是10年里最引人注目的金融破产事件。 5. disgust n. 反感, 厌恶, 嫌恶 e.g. She turned away in disgust. 她厌恶地走开了。 vt. 使反感, 厌恶 6. pursue v. 追捕, 追击 e.g. The policemen pursued the bank robbers. 警察追捕银行抢劫犯。 追求 e.g. He began to pursue an easy and comfortable life. 他开始追求安逸舒适的生活。 继续; 从事, 经营 e.g. He pursued his studies after leaving school. 他离开学校后仍继续进行研究。 7. clarify v. make clear and (more) comprehensible澄清, 阐明 e.g. His mind suddenly clarified. 他的头脑突然清醒起来。 8. subdued adj. 不太响亮、强烈、显著的, 缓和的, 有节制的 不大兴奋、不甚感兴趣等的 subdue v. 征服; 克制 e.g. The country was subdued by the enemy. 这个国家被敌人征服了。 缓和; 减弱 e.g. His soothing words subdued her fears. 他的安慰话减轻了她的恐惧。 9. frustrating adj. discouraging by hindering泄气的 frustrate v. 使不成功, 挫败, 阻止 e.g. The police frustrated the bandit's attempt to rob the bank. 警方挫败了匪徒抢劫银行的企图。 使受挫折, 令人沮丧 82 e.g. The bad weather frustrated all our hopes of going out. 恶劣的天气破坏了我们出行的愿望。 10. evasive adj. 逃避的; 推托的 e.g. She gave an evasive answer. 她给了个模棱两可的回答。 规避的; 回避的 e.g. If the bullets start coming this way, take evasive action. 如果子弹朝这边打来, 就采取规避动作。 11. assume v. 假设, 臆断, 猜想 e.g. We can't assume anything in this case. 在这种情况下我们不可能做出假设。 假装 e.g. He assumed a look of innocence. 他装出一副天真无邪的样子。 承担, 担任, 就职 呈现, 采取 e.g. We assumed a new method. 我们采取了一种新方法。 12. awkwardness n. 尴尬, 棘手, 笨拙 awkward adj. 笨拙的, 不灵活的 e.g. She is an awkward girl. 她是一个笨手笨脚的女孩。 难操纵的, 使用不便的 尴尬的, 棘手的 课文译文: 尤妮斯，一个南非黑人，被雇来帮助我的妻子照顾家里和孩子。尤妮斯工作很努力而且值得信赖～我们很高兴有她在。 有一天，她刚刚清理完桌子，我就听到从厨房里传来东西破碎声。希望用一种非主观判断的询问，我问道:“尤妮斯，你是不是打破了一个碟子,” 我甚至只在后面提高了一点点声音，以确保我的话语不含愤怒或厌恶。 注意到我使用主动语气。我甚至叫她的名字，所以毫无疑问我相信是谁打破了碟子。我对尤妮斯没有恶意，我当然也不想对人不敬，这是我长大的那个地方的所有人说话的方式。这很自然。每个人都喜欢我。 “没有，先生(尊敬的语气)。杯子掉下去死了。” 我想:“你是什么意思? ‘杯子掉下去死了’?那是什么答案?”不满意她的答复，并希望看到一丝负责任的表示，我继续追问。 “你的意思是，你掉了杯子?”我再次尝试使用一种希望澄清事实的口气说道。我只想得到一个简单的承认，但并不清楚这为什么重要。事情好像就是这么处理的。 “杯子掉下去死了”她再次说道，不太高兴，也没有了尊敬的语气。 仍然困惑于她的答案，但想到再一次尝试得到“真实故事”也可能是徒劳，我决定放弃这个问题。“为什么她不能直接回答呢,”我沮丧地想着。 83 尤妮斯的回答，“杯子掉下去死了”让我深感这是托辞。我想“为什么她对 自己的行为不愿意承担责任,她是一个成年人。愿意接受指责是成年人的行为。 她的问题是什么呢,”，我想她的某些不足使我产生了混乱。从本质上讲，我希 望尤妮斯会更西方化，更像我，所以我不会被迫出到我的舒适区以外。如果我可 以改变她，我就可以避免改变自己的尴尬。 Exercise: Answer the following questions. 3.6 There are culture conflicts between different countries, even though for the saving face. For the author, you just admit your mistake and then that will be OK. But may be for the Eunice, it is losing face if you do something wrong. 3.7 She was unwilling to admit her mistake. She thought she would lose face by admitting the mistake. 3.8 He thought she was an adult and being willing to accept blame was mature adult behavior. 3.9 Just according to the author‘s western culture. That is what westerners do. 3.10 Open-ended question. SECTION 4 –Vocabulary & Translating 4.1 Vocabulary 2) disconnect; impolite; illegible misdo/undo; untidy; immature mislead; incorrect; irreplaceable unload; uninterested; unwell 3) (1) Eunice worked hard/ hardly. He could hardly see anything. (2) Your guests speak very high/ highly of you. They climbed high. (3) I haven't been to the cinema late/ lately—I've been too busy. She married late in life. (4) No wonder it's cold -the door is wide/ widely open. What is the most widely used steel nowadays? 4) agreement; attendance/attendant; decision; interviewer/interviewee; organization/organizer; responsibility; usefulness; appearance; communication; employer/employee; manager/management; politeness; specialization; visitor 5) a-modernize; b-computerize; c-specialize; d-legalize 6) a-modify; b-clarify; c-specify; d-horrify 7) attractive; creative; critical; famous; humorous; professional; regretful; reliable; understandable 4.2 Translation Practice 1. Translate the following English sentences into Chinese. 1) 彼得开了一天的车，提议在下一座城市停下来。 84 2) 燃料是一种物质，在适当的温度下它能够燃烧并放出热量。 3) 如果认为理性知识可以不从感性认识中获得，那么他就是一个唯心主义者。 4) 人要是不开阔眼界，就会变得鼠目寸光。 5) 在课堂上记笔记是很重要的，可如果做得不对，就会有害而无益。你是否发 现那些坐在那里、把老师讲的每一个细节都记下来的人往往不是班上成绩最 好的,听讲更重要。 2. Translate the following Chinese sentences into English. 1) Our province was hit by an unexpected heavy rain last year, which caused a severe flooding. 2) There was another man who seemed to have answers, and that was Bill Gates. 3) Everyone who knew him liked him. 4) I did not like the way he eyed me. 5) In every class there‘s one who has a lot of loose papers and can never find anything or remember when an assignment‘s due. Typically, the student gets C‘s at best. Keep your papers for each class organized in separate folders or binders. SECTION 6 –Grammar 6.1 Conditionals review (Hypothesizing) 2) (1) a possible future situation: b, c ) a hypothetical situation in the past which didn't happen: f (2 (3) something that is generally true: a (4). a hypothetical situation which could happen: d, e st4) The 1 conditional: (1), (5) ndThe 2 conditional: (3), (6) rdThe 3 conditional: (2), (4) According to the possibilities and tenses. 5) a If you want to get promoted in my department, you need to study hard. b I get very irritated if you say like that. c You can live much more comfortably if you save your salary every month. d If you visit my town in the summer you will enjoy yourself. 6) a Will/Would you stop working, if you inherit/inherited $2 million? b Will/Would you retire early, if you have/had the opportunity? 8) (1) Which company will you join if you haven‘t decided to join your current company? (2) If you make enough money by the time you are 50, will you retire? (3) If you won the lottery, would you stop working? (4) If you arrive late for work, what will happen? (5) What things would you change in your company if you were the boss? 85 6.2 Modal auxiliary verbs (Speculating about the present and the past) 1) Look at the example sentences and answer the questions. (1) past: a, b, c, e, f, g present or general situation: d, e, f, h (2) ? feel certain about what they say: c, d, e ? believe there is a strong possibility that they are right: a, f, g ? think that it is possible they are right: b, h 2) Complete these extracts from two conversations, using an appropriate form of a modal verb with the verb in brackets. ? must take ? should have checked ? may know ? must be ? may be watching ? must make ? could be 3) Underline the correct modal verb in italics. More than one may be possible. (1) It must/can /could/ may not have been him you saw—he's left the country. (2) You shouldn't drive so fast—you could/can/might/must have had an accident. (3) You must/can/could/may be right, but it still seems strange to me. (4) You must/can/could/may have realized that you had got the wrong person when she told you that she didn't know what you were talking about. Self-study Materials---Listening without prejudice 3. Do you listen through a ‗screen of resistance‘? 1) Work in pairs. Listen to four men talking about their experiences of different cultures, and complete the table above. 1 I really didn't believe that I would experience such cultural difference because (a) we speak the same language and I always believed that we had a very similar sense of humour, but we were living an American lifestyle sort of thing, so I figured that parts of me would be, would be a little bit different but I, I never thought that essentially we would be culturally different and when I came over here and I lived with my wife's family at the time I was making all sorts of mistakes and you know cultural faux pas and whatever, you know. But it's been a huge learning curve for me. 2 The main thing is not, not misleading anybody on each side of the equation, either the person in your own country who's doing business with you or with the person from the other country you're doing business with. And then you find the common ground in the middle and make things work from there and, and usually, in, in the case of most companies, there is common ground and it's a question of working at it at a methodical pace. 3 I had an impression that was what I thought England would be like and when I came here I expected tea at four o'clock with cucumber sandwiches because ,Oh, really?, that's what I'd had in India and I hadn't realized that tea actually is dinner which is at something like six o'clock to eight o'clock in the evening and that's all you get, whereas in India I used to have, we used to have tea at four o'clock ,Really?, 86 which was just literally the drink and some sandwiches and then later on in the evening you'd have a meal. 4 I think there are situations where the Americans don't, they don't expect humour and they don't necessarily expect cynicism. What they expect is a very optimistic, enthusiastic approach, where everybody is eagerly sort of working together to produce some strong outcome. And I think that's very very different with the Japanese, for example, or Singaporeans and Hong Kong groups, because they don't come at it from that point of view. And therefore the, the experience with the Americans is more one of frustration, that they don't really understand and that a bit of humour might be a way of, sort of trying to lubricate the conversation and to, to get the parties comfortable with each other. To the Americans they may find that very frustrating, that they think somebody's being immediately negative. 5. While you are listening you should be able to predict what someone is going to say next, and if necessary, revise your initial assumptions (i.e. break down your ‗screen‘). Listen to this extract from an interview with Tom Southern. At each pause, try to predict what Tom will say next, choosing the best option, (a), (b), or (c). Compare each answer with your partner before moving on to the next one. (// = pauses) It's been very interesting because the, we've traditionally dealt with a lot of Asia Pacific groups, and those groups have usually been represented by natives of their own country and ... And usually our attempts in those markets have been to try and focus on any aspects that we could that would// bring different cultures together. So it was very much looking for small similarities and not really spending a lot of time worrying about things that were// clearly quite different. What's happened with the Americans in many respects is that people make the immediate assumption that Americans and British, and for that matter, Australian are essentially// very very similar types of culture, types of business approach. And that is often a pitfall because, what does seem to happen is that rather than understanding the similarities, that gets discarded and what we then find is that the differences, which might only be a relatively small percentage of the total picture become the thing that you //focus on. And both sides then start focusing on things that could I suppose be seen as an annoyance or something that they don't particularly like, and that they feel that we do better or they do better. So, bizarre as it may seem, we actually find there's more conflict, or more potential for conflict, with// these American businessmen than there probably is with any of our Asian experiences. Keys: 1) b; 2) c; 3) b; 4) a; 5) c 6. Now listen to someone talking about the Western and Japanese approaches to decision-making in meetings. At each pause in the recording, try to predict what he will say next. How accurate were your predictions? (// = pauses) The Japanese don't necessarily enter the discussions or meetings expecting to // 87 come up with an outcome or a solution. Whereas most of the western world is very // task-orientated. So the purpose of a meeting is usually// clearly understood and also the hierarchy of the people involved in the decision-making. Whereas the Japanese in certain instances still use a tradition that's probably got a lot of almost spiritual context in it, where they don't expect the individual to // necessarily come up with the answer. The answer will arise by the individuals participating in the discussions and in allowing time // to come up with the right solution, but they're not the ones who are necessarily expected to be sitting there delivering that solution. 88 Unit 9 Food and hospitality SECTION 1 – Listening 1.1 Listen to the discussion and answer the questions. I = interviewer, E = expert E Food taboos are actually a fascinating part of history. I You say `history'—does that mean that they've varied a lot over time? E Well, if you take the Christian faith, for example. Monks in early medieval times had a whole lot of restrictions on what they were and weren't allowed to eat. I Were they basically vegetarian, then? E Well, the idea was to reduce the appetite as much as possible, and this meant that they were only supposed to have dried biscuits soaked in broth, and occasionally some bread and wine. They couldn't eat any meat or fish. I So how did they survive? E Well, with difficulty. So later they started having two meals a day—fish, vegetables ... I And did they have to go to a market to get these things, or what? E Actually, they didn't have to buy anything because most abbeys had their own fish ponds in the grounds and also vegetable gardens. In fact, there were around two hundred fast days, when they weren't supposed to eat meat. This meant that they had to reclassify certain animals as fish, such as frogs and rabbits. I So a rabbit was considered like a fish? E Well, it was classified as 'non-meat'. But this kind of thing goes on in other parts of the world, too. I mean, for example, although Tibetan monks are supposed to be vegetarian they sometimes eat meat, and butter and cheese. I Why's that? E Well, I suppose it's a tradition based on the need to survive, really. Tibet is a very cold place, and they needed to eat food that provided plenty of calories and vitamins. There's so much snow, so most fruits can't grow there. In the past, you couldn't get fresh vegetables for the same reason, so they just had to eat whatever was available. But even today, before eating meat they have to recite a mantra, then they blow on it so that the animal will have a good reincarnation. I That's interesting. Going back to fasting for a moment, what kind of restrictions are still around today, in the Christian church, for example? E Well, in Greece until recently during Great Lent, which is the seven weeks before Easter and Holy Week, not only was meat not allowed, but also fish and all animal products, you know, such as lard, eggs, butter, milk, and cheese. And you weren't supposed to drink wine or use oil either. Nowadays you don't have to respect all these rules. I And are food taboos strictly connected to fasting? E Not all, no. Many are connected with hygiene and what was considered good or bad for you. If you read the Old Testament in the Bible you'll find pages of food restrictions. In other religions there are even food restrictions related to the death of 89 family members. Keys: 1) They were only supposed to have dried biscuits soaked in broth, and occasionally some bread and wine. 2) Most abbeys had their own fish ponds in the grounds and also vegetable gardens. 3) There were around two hundred fast days. They weren't supposed to eat meat on such days. 4) They classified rabbit as 'non-meat'. 5) It‘s a tradition based on the need to survive. Tibet is a very cold place, and they needed to eat food that provided plenty of calories and vitamins. 6) Meat, fish and all animal products, such as lard, eggs, butter, milk, and cheese. And you weren't supposed to drink wine or use oil either. 1.2 Listen to two women at a restaurant talking about the foods they can and can't eat because of the various allergies they have. 1) Tick the items on the menu that they can't have, and note the reasons why. A Right, well I don't know what I'm going to have. I can never make my mind up. It's going to take me ages to decide. B And I'm a bit restricted because there's a lot of things on this menu that I can't have. A Oh, really? What can't you have? B Well,,Pancakes? What about the pancakes?, Yes, I can't have wheat. I mustn't have wheat so that means no bread, nothing made with flour, wheat flour so the pancakes are out. A That must really restrict you, surely it restricts you a great deal not being able to eat ... B In restaurants, not at home because I use other flours, but I'm not supposed to have any dairy foods, so cheese, and milk things. A What would happen if you were to have a dairy product or wheat product? B Oh, I get puffy-eyed, I swell up. But I don't want to be difficult about this. Let's see. What can we find? I could have a salad. I'm not supposed to have mayo because that's got eggs, so I won't have that. A What about the chicken, the caesar salad, the cos lettuce and the chicken crouton? Although bread, you see ,Well, the crouton, yes, that would be no good 'cause there would probably be wheat, well there would be wheat in the crouton. B The roast chicken would be nice except that's lemon chicken. I can't have citrus either. I do occasionally, I'm not supposed to, but I do sometimes. A Would you have the same reaction eating something citrus? B Yes, and very painful joints.,How long have you had these allergies?, Strange. Are you not allergic to anything? A No. Oh, I am, actually. I'm allergic to crab, I must admit. B So you mustn't have crab. A No, I mustn't have crab and in fact shellfish, although I'm not allergic to 90 shellfish, I can't have or I shouldn't have shellfish because the texture of it makes me want to be sick... Keys: 1) B can't have Potato pancakes with smoked salmon and sour cream, chicken and garlic croutons & Goat's cheese salad with grilled peppers, because when she has a dairy product or wheat product, she gets puffy-eyed and swell up. She couldn‘t have Roasted lemon chicken with noodles, as she can't have citrus either. If she does that, she would have painful joints. A mustn't have Seafood and saffron risotto, because the texture of shellfish makes her want to be sick. 1.3 (a) Listen to a Japanese woman, an American man, and an English man talking about some of the foods in the following table. Tick the items that they mention. A Well, you know what they say about wine. B Especially the red one is good for you, that kind of thing. C You're supposed to stop at a glass and a half though, to keep it healthy. A Yeah, yeah. B How about caffeine? Coffee and tea and stuff? C I drink a lot of coffee. A I'm sure that can't be good for you. C No, it can't be. I'm sure in fact that it could plausibly be addicting because I wake up every morning in search of a hot cup of coffee. A Really? C Yeah. I would be the first to admit it. They say it can actually help you though because there are some purifying properties of coffee, but I can't imagine... A Acid. C Yeah, like acid. Terrible stomach acids. A But apparently, I mean, I console myself with the fact that I drink a lot of tea instead of coffee,Me, too.,but actually, apparently it's just as bad for you because there's just as much caffeine,Oh no, really?,in tea. C Fish oils as well, you know, keep you very healthy. B Really? A Right, yeah, that's what I ... C Things like sardines and salmon and stuff. Cold-water fish oils are good for your heart. A But you can get, all these things you can get in pills now, can't you? I mean, I don't know if they're any better for you. B No, I'm sure, I'm sure it's ... A They can't be as good for you as the real thing can. B I'm sure it's the fresh food much better than a, yeah, pill form, I'm sure of that. How about spinach and stuff, you know it's, I heard ... C Full of iron and stuff. B Oh, the Popeye, yes, of course it's simply good for you. 91 A Yeah, well, I'm not so sure about that one, but ... B Yeah? But I know in my country the really really good one is the soya, soya stuff, soya beans and stuff, you know. A Why is it supposed to be good for you? B Well, it's full of protein, and then there's no fat and no saturated, and, yeah ... A Beef. B Beef. How about meat? A Lovely red meat, juicy red meat. C Not one bit good for you, is it? A Oh, no. C Well, definitely. A Absolutely packed with fat and cholesterol, all the wrong kinds of fat. C But it tastes great. B I don't know about, you know, white meat like chicken and stuff, but about red meat, what I heard about it is that it's actually taking too much red meat is making you angry, is the anger, do you believe in that, do you think? C Something to do with high blood pressure or something like that, they reckon from the red meat. I think it can be the same even, you know, like white meat can be bad for you too, just by the way they produce it. A The point is you've got to live, haven't you? You've got to live and enjoy your life. C We're pretty lucky to even be making these choices you know. A That's right. (b) Listen again and answer the questions. Keys: (a) tea, salmon, sardines, spinach, soya, chicken, beef (b) 1) A glass and a half. 2) It could plausibly be addicting. 3) Things like sardines and salmon and stuff. 4) Because it's full of protein, and there's no fat and no saturated. 5) Taking too much red meat is making you angry and it has something to do with high blood pressure or something, While white meat can be bad for you too, just by the way they produce it. 6) We're pretty lucky to make our own choices. 1.4 (a) A guest from abroad has been invited by a colleague to dinner at their home. Listen to the first extract as the guest arrives and note the phrases used to: 1) welcome the guest 2) apologize for being late 3) put the guest at ease 4) compliment the host 92 5) offer a gift 6) accept the gift. What other phrases could they have used? H = host, G = guest H Hello, nice to see you. Do come in. Did you find us OK? G Yes, no problem at all. I'm sorry I'm a bit late -it was nothing to do with your directions! H Don't worry, there's still a few people to come anyway. Can I take your coat? G Oh, yes, thanks. Mm, I like your apartment. H Thank you. G It's really nice. Have you been here long? H Er, about two years now. Have you been to this part of the city before? G No, never. I haven't really had the chance to visit anywhere yet. By the way, this is something from my country for you and your wife. H Thank you, that's really kind. (b) Listen to the second extract from the dinner party. Note the phrases used to: 1) offer the guest more 2) ask the host if it is acceptable to smoke 3) ask for the bathroom 4) offer the host help. What phrases are used to respond to these offers and requests? What other phrases could they have used? H = host, G = guest G That was really delicious. I've never tasted anything quite like it. H Thanks very much. Can I get you some more? G Oh, no, thanks. I really enjoyed it, but I don't think I could manage any more. Let me give you a hand with those plates. H It's kind of you to offer but really, you relax. This will take me two minutes. G Do you mind if I smoke? I'm happy to go outside if it's a problem. H Actually, I'd rather you didn't smoke in here, but I think there's someone else already outside if you want to join them. G Thanks. And is it OK if I just use your bathroom? H Sure, it's at the end of the hall on the left. Keys: (a) 1) welcome the guest: Hello, nice to see you. 2) apologize for being late: I'm sorry I'm a bit late. 3) put the guest at ease: Don't worry, there's still a few people to come anyway. 4) compliment the host: Mm, I like your apartment. It's really nice. 5) offer a gift: By the way, this is something from my country for you and your wife. 93 6) accept the gift: Thank you, that's really kind. (b) 1) offer the guest more: Can I get you some more? 2) ask the host if it is acceptable to smoke: Do you mind if I smoke? 3) ask for the bathroom: And is it OK if I just use your bathroom? 4) offer the host help: Let me give you a hand with those plates. SECTION 3 –Reading Passage One Important Words & Expressions: 1. identical adj. 完全相同的, 丝毫不差的 e.g. an identical equation 恒等式 identical twins 同卵双生 The handwriting on both cheques is identical. 两张支票上的笔迹完全相同。 The opinions are identical. 意见完全一致。 习惯用语 (be)identical in 在....方面是相同的 (be) identical with 和....完全相同, 和...一致 under otherwise identical conditions 其他条件都相同(时) 2. palate n. 味觉; 嗜好 e.g. the hard [soft] palate 硬[软]腭 a cleft palate 豁嘴, 缺唇 a false palate (实验语音学中用以调整舌腭接触部分的)人工腭 palate bone 【解】腭骨 习惯用语 have a delicate palate 爱考究, 挑剔 nice to palate 好吃 suit sb.'s palate 合某人口味 课文译文: 品味是天渊之别 无论您在世界的任何地方，广告牌和超市货架上似乎都充斥着同样的品牌名 94 称。目前地球上几乎没有几个地方买不到无糖可乐，凯洛格玉米片或丁辛冰块。 而只是品尝它们。在包装和产品可能看起来相同，但味道可能跟大家所熟悉的差的远，即使是最知名的专门制定呼吁个别国家的口味的品牌，。比方说亨氏，坚持说，其番茄酱是'全球同一配方'，但也承认，'有可能在调味上有'非常微妙的变化。即使最著名的全球品牌可口可乐也承认并非所有的产品是他们所希望的。 '我们都竭尽全力，以确保在不同地方喝的可口可乐是相同，'一位发言人说。 '但是，无糖可乐可能会因国家不同而略有变化，因为我们在不同地方使用不同的甜味剂。 美国人喜欢许多产品，特别是巧克力，其含糖量远远超过欧洲人。法国人与英国人对草莓味有不同的感觉，所以在法国人工调味不会有英国人'适当'的草莓的味道。对咸味和颜色的偏好也是不同，大多数的日本消费者不喜欢牛奶的味道。 总的来说法国人比英国人更喜欢口味更浓、更全面的咖啡。在英国一个马格南的奶油含量比在英国高，因为意大利人期待雪糕有更丰富的味道。欧洲的茶比英国人喜欢的浓茶味道淡。口味偏好在同一个国家也有不同:至少有一个著名的软饮料在美国南部各州发售比在北部用更甜的食谱。 当地的水和土壤会影响国产天然原料的口味。关键的成分无法使用就意味着必须找到替代品。有时，特别是在发展中国家，优质的原料，如高档面粉，被替换为低质量的面粉。 气候差异将需要使用不同的添加剂和防腐剂。在热带国家如果想要维持巧克力的质地和味道需要使用不同的配方。 跨国公司在使用添加剂，香料，色素，人造低热量的甜味剂时必须遵守当地国家的法律和法规。Mars和Snickers巧克力棒在澳大利亚的味道略有不同，因为当地国家的法律规定植物油脂不能在巧克力中使用。 当地的宗教习俗也必须遵守，即使是麦当劳，它宣告了世界各地的巨无霸的同质性，在印度只能提供羊肉汉堡而不是牛肉汉堡，因为牛的神圣地位意味绝大部分印度人不吃牛肉。 卫报周刊 Exercise: Choose the best answer 3.1 D 3.2 C 3.3 B 3.4 D 3.5 B Passage Two Important Words & Expressions: 1. copious adj. 丰富的，大量的 e.g. a copious vocabulary 丰富的词汇 copious style 冗长的文体 copious notes 详注 a copious writer 95 多产作家 2. gear v.使适应, 适合 (与to连用)使适合;配合 e.g. Education should be geared to children's needs. 教育应适合学生们的需要。 习惯用语 get into gear 开动机器, 着手工作; 适应工作条件 put into gear 开动机器, 着手工作; 适应工作条件 throw into gear 开动机器, 着手工作; 适应工作条件 get out of gear 断开传动装置; 机器出了毛病; 使失调 put out of gear 断开传动装置; 机器出了毛病; 使失调 throw out of gear 断开传动装置; 机器出了毛病; 使失调 in gear 机器开得动[灵活]; 搭上齿轮 处于正常状态; 健康[全]的, 合拍的 in high gear 搭上高速齿轮, 以高速档 高速度地 out of gear (机器)开不动, 出毛病 (事情)脱节 shift gear(s) 换档, 变速; 改变方式或办法 That's the gear! 对! It's the gear! 对! gear down (使汽车)挂慢档, 减低速度 gear to 加以调节使适合 gear up 挂快档, 增加速度; 促进 3. squeeze v. 挤入 (into) e.g. squeeze juice from an orange 榨桔子汁 a squeezed orange [lemon] [喻]被榨干后(抛弃)的人 squeeze oneself into a crowded bus 挤入拥挤的公共汽车 squeeze money out of [from] sb. 勒索某人的钱财 squeeze the shorts (交易所)杀空头 习惯用语 a tightsqueeze 非常的拥挤 穷困, 困难 (=a close [narrow] squeeze)[口]九死一生, 间不容发的幸免 at [upon] a squeeze 在危急中 be in a tight squeeze 陷入困境 give sb. a squeeze (of the hand) 紧握某人的手 96 main squeeze 头头; 要人 首恶; 元凶 put the squeeze on sb. 对某人施加压力 squeeze from [out of] 从...榨出; 从...挤出 向...敲诈[勒索] squeeze in 挤进去 squeeze into 使挤进 squeeze off (扣扳机)射击 Squeeze one! [美俚]来一瓶桔子汁! squeeze out 榨出; 挤出; 压出 榨取; 敲诈, 勒索 squeeze through 挤过 [口]勉强通过; 勉强成功 squeeze up (使)挤紧, (使)挤拢 4. toss v. 扔, 抛, 掷 e.g. toss one's glass 举杯一饮而尽 toss sth. aside 把某物抛在一边 toss a salad 拌色拉 习惯用语 a toss up 一半的机会; 很难肯定的事情 argue the toss 作无谓的争执, 争论已经决定的事情 lose the toss 掷钱猜输 take a toss [俚]从马上摔下来 win the toss 掷钱猜赢; 猜顺利; 获得有利条件, 占上风 toss about 翻来复去 使颠簸不停; 使动荡不安 toss aside 扔弃; 搁置不管 toss down (倾杯)一口喝下 toss for sth. 掷钱币以决定某事 toss off 一口喝干(酒); 敏捷地做好; 毫不费力地做出, 一口气做完; [俚]手淫 toss out 丢弃, 扔掉 拒绝接受, 淘汰 驱除, 开除 匆匆打扮 (捧球赛用语)封杀出局 toss to and fro 辗转反侧 toss up 一下子做好[烧好](菜等); 掷钱(以决定某事); [口]呕吐 课文译文: 西非食品 烹饪和饮食在塞内加尔和冈比亚是基于好客的传统。食物很丰富适合一个大家庭享用，往往还可以用来款待不速之客。食品摆在一个大的平托盘上，在下方和上方分别摆放米饭和蔬菜，特别注重最后的视觉效果(必须色香味俱全)。托盘放置在地板上的垫子上，全家围坐在一起。 传统上，人们用右手吃饭，所以饭前和饭后都会准备一碗水用来洗手。米饭用手指挤成球形，然后放入口中。如果你觉得你做不了，主人将提供汤匙。女主 97 人将鱼、肉或蔬菜切碎放到客人面前，因为拉伸不是良好的礼仪。 法国对塞内加尔的影响虽然在烹饪上比较不显眼，但是却让塞内加尔人养成 了对新鲜法国面包、沙拉，开胃菜的品味。英国的烹饪做法很幸运地没有影响到 冈比亚菜，但遗憾的是在一些现代酒店的厨房留下了烙印。 遗憾的是，还有很多传统的冈比亚和塞内加尔菜没有在酒店的菜单上找到一 席之地。这里的美食游客将不得不寻求小的酒吧和餐馆，或有幸获得邀请去冈比 亚和塞内加尔人的家里享受午餐，。 Exercise: Answer the following questions. 3.6 Cooking and eating in both Senegal and The Gambia are based on the tradition of hospitality. 3.7 For hand-washing, because they eat with their right hands. 3.8 They roll up in the fingers, squeeze into a ball, and pop into the mouth. 3.12 French cooking has left the Senegalese with a taste for fresh French bread, dressed salads, and hors d'oeuvres. 3.10 Seek out smaller bars and restaurants, or be lucky enough to be invited to a Gambian or Senegalese home for lunch. SECTION 4 –Translating & Writing 4.1 Vocabulary 1) be rich in vitamins and minerals / anti-oxidants contain blood clots forming / vitamins and minerals destroy cancer cells have a high level of blood pressure increase/lower/reduce cholesterol levels / the risk of heart disease/cancer prevent blood pressure protect against blood pressure / the risk of heart disease/cancer / cancer cells 4.2 Translation Practice 1.Translate the following English sentences into Chinese. 1) 他担心不能在他们动身前到达那里。 2) 他发现他又回到原来呆的地方了。 3) 学生们正在教室里复习功课，这时老师进来了，手里拿着一些试卷。 4) 因为长时间干洗刷工作，她的手很粗糙。 5) 任何一个国家的“生活水平”意味着人均分享一个国家生产的商品和服务。 在这种意义上，一个国家的生活水平不是金钱，因为我们不是靠金钱而是靠 金钱买到的东西维持生命，即:诸如衣、食之类的商品和交通、娱乐之类的 服务。 98 2.Translate the following Chinese sentences into English. 1) Where there is water, there is life. 2) While water evaporates, a large amount of heat is absorbed. 3) As I have plenty of time, I‘m able to help him. 4) She had scarcely handed me the book when she asked me some questions in the book. 5) There are two reasons why demand is related to price. For one thing, if your income stays the same, you can afford to buy more when the price is low. Second, records, for instance, are more attractive when their price is lower than the price of similar products. If records are less expensive than cassettes, you may choose to spend your money on records. SECTION 5 –Pronunciation and Intonation 5.2 Listen to the pronunciation of the underlined vowels. Which sound do you hear? Tick (,) a or b. Keys: 1) b 2) a 3) a 4) b 5) a 6) b 7) a 8) b 5.4 Are the underlined vowels short or long? Tick (,)a or b. Keys: 1) b 2) b 3) a 4) b 5) b 6) a SECTION 6 –Grammar 6.1 a--? b--? c--? d--? e--? f--? g--? h--? 6.2 1) couldn't 2) weren't supposed to 3) had to 4) didn't have to 5) weren't allowed to 6) could 7) were supposed to 8) needed to 9) didn't need to 10) were allowed to Unit 10 Looking Ahead SECTION 1 – Listening 1.1 (a) Listen to what three people say about changes to their lives over the next five years. Make notes in the left-hand column of the table. Julie Brams I've been rather stuck in my youth for a very long time and now being pregnant, 99 five months pregnant, in four months' time, all being well, my life's going to dramatically change, so becoming a mother and my priorities will change, although I'll still very much want my career, being a mother I think will obviously be coming first and school runs and,it's an interesting, yes... , thinking of a child before, thinking of someone else before myself. ,Yeah, there's nothing like having ... ,, radical changes,...children to make you, to make you less selfish,, absolutely ,Nothing like having children, absolutely ,to make you less selfish,. And not having as much sleep as well. I know in the next five years I won't be getting the sleep that I've been getting. Stephen Grothgar Well, in five years' time I think my professional life will be very different, because I'm planning on setting up my own company and ... so it'll be much more creative, I can do what I really want to do. Personally, I think it'll be different as well because our children will have grown up and hopefully they'll be off to university and I can have a wonderful time with my wife, alone at home. Judy Parfitt Well, in five years' time I hope that my life will really be quite different from now. My husband will be about to retire and our plan is that we will have moved to the country by then. I plan myself to go on working, but actually living in the country would be wonderful and a huge change from living in the city where we are now. (b) Listen again and note down the future forms they use in the right-hand column. Keys: (a) Julie Brams ―In the next five years I won't be getting the sleep that I've been getting.‖ Stephen Grothgar ―professional life will be very different, can do what I really want to do, children will have grown up and be off to university and I can have a wonderful time with my wife, alone at home. ‖ Judy Parfitt ―husband retire, move to the country, myself go on working‖ (b) Julie Brams: 's going to, will be, won't be Stephen Grothgar: will be, 'm planning, 'll be, will have, 'll be off Judy Parfitt: will, will be about to, will have moved to, 1.2 (a) Listen to four people talking about how their lives will be very different in the future. What has happened to each of them to change their lives? 1 I always said it wouldn't change me, you know, I'd still be the same person, do the same things. But actually, it does bring about unexpected changes, you know, how people see you, how you see yourself, and your life. I mean, it's a great opportunity to do new things, and I'm planning to take advantage of that. I'm completely free, I can just take off and travel the world if I want to. 100 2 I always expected to carry on working until I was sixty-five, another ten years, you know. But now I can do the things I never had time to do before. I've taken up gardening, because it keeps me outside in the fresh air. And I've always wanted to learn to fly, so I'm having flying lessons, and I'll be taking my pilot's license in June. 3 It's quite scary, knowing that you'll be helping to bring up someone else's child. I mean, I don't have kids of my own, and the thought of taking responsibility for someone other than myself is terrifying, quite frankly. But hopefully it'll bring out the best in me, you know. Still, at least he won't be taking after me when it comes to looks. 4 I'm really excited. I'm ready to take on new responsibilities, and I love the idea of being completely in control of my life. There are quite a lot of changes I want to see carried out, and we may have to take on extra work initially. It's going to be a challenge, but I know I can carry it off. I'm looking forward to it. (b) Listen again and make a note of any phrases with bring, carry, and take. Keys: --- To do new things. (a) 1 2--- Do the things he never had time to do before, such as gardening, aving flying lessons. 3--- Be helping to bring up someone else's child. 4--- Take on new responsibilities (b) bring about unexpected changes / bring up someone else's child / out the best carry on working / out / it off take advantage of / off / up gardening / responsibility for someone / after / on new responsibilities 1.3 Listen to these extracts from four short conversations. Which of these phrases for thanking and responding to thanks do the speakers use? 1) A Well, thank you very much again. B You're welcome. Thanks for coming. A It was a really nice evening—I had a good time. B I'm glad you enjoyed it. 2) A I don't know how to thank you. B Oh, that's OK. It was nothing. A Well, I really appreciate it. 3) A It was really very kind of you to come at such short notice. B Not at all. I'm here to help in any way I can. A Well, I am very grateful to you. B Don't mention it. 4) A I just wanted to say, you know, thanks again. B Well, it was a pleasure. A OK, well ... thanks. 101 B You're very welcome. Keys: 1) h 2) d, l, g 3) a, j, e, i 4) f, k SECTION 3 –Reading Passage One Important Words & Expressions: 1. recognition n. 识别; 认得 e.g. My recognition of him was immediate. 我立刻认出是他。 习惯用语 beyond recognition 完全改了模样, 面目全非 out of recognition 完全改了模样, 面目全非 escape recognition 使人认不出 give a passing recognition 打一个过路招呼 in recognition of 承认...而; 为酬答...而; 按照(功劳等)... receive much recognition 大受赏识, 大受注意 meet with much recognition 大受赏识, 大受注意 win recognition from sb. 赢得(某人的)赏识, 博得(某人的)好评 Exercise: Choose the best answer 3.1 C 3.2 B 3.3 D 3.4 B 3.5 A Passage Two Important Words & Expressions: 1. transplant v. 移植 e.g. transplant rice seedlings 插秧 transplant the flowers to the garden 把花移植到花园里 transplant one's family to the countryside 把家迁往乡下 )的; 有免疫力的 2. immune adj.【医】免疫(性 e.g. be immune from punishment 免除处罚 102 immune from taxation [taxes] 免税 be immune to diphtheria 对白喉有免疫力 be immune to all pleas 不容申辩 immune to interference 无干扰的 课文译文: 猪器官移植更近了 人移植猪的心脏仍然活着，这件事情可能并不遥远。科学家们现在能够制造 克隆和转基因猪，这将是未来重要的一个发现。 更有甚者，他们明白他们需要采取改变猪的基因组织，以便移植后不会被人 的免疫系统所排斥。 但仍然存在着一个大问题，也就是在我们能够确定是否能进行猪器官移植还 将需要很多几年。也有人担心，某些只影响猪的病毒趁此进入人体。 英国政府批准对猪器官移植的研究是因为缺乏人体器官。到目前为止，尚未 有任何移植猪器官到人体的许可证在英国得以批准，但已经有美国医生利用猪细 胞实验成功了。 克隆单个细胞水平的时代提供了巨大的承诺，并引发药品革命。二十年后， 除了拯救濒危物种，我们可能根本不会想到克隆动物，相反，如果你需要一个新 的心、肝、肺组织，甚至脑组织，将会从你自己的细胞中克隆并在实验室中培养。 Exercise: Answer the following questions. 3.6 No, they haven‘t. 3.7 Because scientists are now able to produce cloned and genetically-modified pigs 3.8 We don‘t know if it‘ll be possible to use pig organs. There is also the fear that viruses that only affect pigs may cross into humans. 3.9 It will be cloned from your own cells and grown in the laboratory. 3.10 Yes, it will. SECTION 4 –Translating & Writing 4.1 Vocabulary 1) -- (2) 1.job 2. doing 3. work 4. work 5. do 6. do 7. job 8. work 9. doing 10. make 11. do 12. make 13. do 1) -- (3) a. take b. carry c. get d. bring e. lead to f. bring 103 1) -- (4) a. bring b. bring c. take d. get e. carry f. take g. take h. carry (2) 3) – a--? b--? c--? d--? e—? f--? g--? h--? i--? j--? 4.2 Translation Practice 1.Translate the following English sentences into Chinese. 1) 万一我忘了，请提醒我一下。 2) 这问题似乎简单，但实质上它一点也不一般。 3) 一旦许下了诺言你就应该遵守。 4) 除非存在着电势差，否则就不会出现电流。 5) 我们奉行的低价格是作为成功的必备条件写入我们的企业理念的。人人都知 道，如果没有低成本，要做到低价格、高质量和高利润率是不可能的。因此， 我们无论做什么都要有成本意识，几乎要达到“吝啬”的程度。 2.Translate the following Chinese sentences into English. 1) The teacher spoke rather slowly so that the students might understand him. 2) We‘d better take some medicine with us in case anyone should fall ill. 3) Whatever you may say, I won‘t change my mind. 4) We‘ll stick to the original plan so long as you have no objection. 5) Thank you for purchasing the TX5 mainboard as heart of your computer‘s system. We hope this instruction book will enable you to install TX5 in your system safely and without any errors. Although you may be familiar with some of the concepts we will explain, please read them again to avoid any problems. SECTION 5 –Pronunciation and Intonation 5.2 Listen to the pronunciation of the underlined vowels. Which sound do you hear? Tick (,) a or b. Keys: 1) b 2) a 3) a 4) b 5) a 6) b 7) a 8) b 5.4 Are the underlined vowels short or long? Tick (,)a or b. Keys: 1) b 2) b 3) a 4) b 5) b 6) a SECTION 6 –Grammar 104 6.1 1) (1)—c (2)—a (3)—b 6.2 1) will have been 2) will call 3) will be running 4) have finished 5) will be working 6) will think 6.3 1) Next year we will have lived here for forty years. 2) Next year we will probably live a life of luxury—if we win the lottery that is! 3) When I come back, you will already finished? 4) Don't call us at 8.00 because we will probably be eating then. 5) You will call me when you've done it? 6) Have a great holiday. I will think of you next week, lying there in the sun. 105