考研考博-英语-长安大学兴华学院全真模拟卷含答案详解篇5

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-长安大学兴华学院全真模拟卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第1套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题FamiliaritywithWesternweapons,theassistanceofEuropeanofficers,relianceuponsteamships,allgavehisarmygreatsuperiority（）theotherarmiesoftheperiod,includingthoseofthegovernment.问题1选项A.toB.betterC.overD.of【答案】C【解析】固定搭配辨析。superiorityoversth.“比优越；比……优越”。句意：熟悉西方武器，欧洲官员的帮助以及蒸汽船的使用使得他的军队……当时的包括政府军队在内的其他军队。本句表达“他的军队比其他军队优越”。因此C选项正确。2.单选题ByChristmasI（）inthisofficefortenyears.问题1选项A.willworkB.willbeworkingC.willhavebeenworkingD.willhaveworked【答案】D【解析】句意：到圣诞节的时候,我在这个办公室就待了十年了。by后面一般接完成时,所以首先排除选项A和B,根据句意可知说这句话的时候还没有到圣诞节,所以用将来完成时。选项C为将来完成进行时,而这里指从过去到圣诞节这段时间截止,不存在进行时,所以选项D正确。3.单选题21-25问题1选项A.Heisamanwhohasageneoflongevity.B.HeisaprofessoratBostonUniversity.C.HeistheownerofthewebsiteTime.com.D.Heisthecreatorofawebsiteonlongevity.问题2选项A.Womendon'tlikeredmeatasmuchasmen.B.Thehighestrogenlevelinwomenmakesthedifferences.C.Womendevelopcardiovasculardiseasemuchlaterthanmen.D.Theincidenceofcardiovasculardiseaseismuchlowerinwomen.问题3选项A.intheir50sand60s.B.intheir60sand70s.C.intheir70sand80s.D.intheir80sand90s.问题4选项A.Calcium.B.Lodine(骨关节炎).C.Zinc.D.Iron.问题5选项A.Thereasonwhyredmeatisharmfultohealth.B.Thereasonwhyvegetarianfoodissopopular.C.Anotherpossibilityforwomen'slongevity.D.Theimportantroleironplaysincellularreactions.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】Acrosstheindustrializedworld,womenstilllive5to10yearslongerthanmen.Amongpeopleover100yearsold,85%arewomen,(21)accordingtoTomPerls,founderoftheNewEnglandCentenarianStudyatBostonUniversityandcreatorofthewebsiteLivingto100.com.Time.comaskshimwhy.Whydowomenlivelongerthanmen?(22)Oneimportantreasonisthebigdelay—andadvantage—womenhaveovermenintermsofcardiovasculardisease,likeheartattackandstroke.(23)Womendeveloptheseproblemsusuallyintheir70sand80s,about10yearslaterthanmen whodevelopthemintheir50sand60s.Foralongtime,doctorsthoughtthedifferencewasduetoestrogen.Butstudieshaveshownthatthismaynotbethecase,andnowweknowthatgivingestrogentowomenpost-menopausecanactuallybebadforthem.Normal07.8磅02falsefalsefalseEN-USZH-CNX-NONE(24)(25)Onereasonforthatdelayinonsetofcardiovasculardiseasecouldbethatwomenarerelativelyiron-deficientcomparedtomen—especiallyyoungermen,thoseintheirlateteensandearly20s—becauseofmenstruation.Ironplaysanveryimportantpartinthereactionsinourcellsthatproducedamagingfreeradicals,whichglueontocellmembranesandDNA,andmaytranslateintoagingthecell.Infact,inourdiets,redmeatisthemainsourceofiron,andlackofironisprobablyonemajorreasonthatbeingvegetarianishealthyforyou.TherewasaverygoodstudylookingattheintakeofredmeatandheartdiseaseinLeidenintheNetherlands:inregionswherepeopledidn'teatredmeat,thosepopulationshadhalftherateofheartattackandstrokecomparedtothepopulationsthatdideatredmeat.21.Accordingtothepassage,whatistrueaboutTomPerls,founderoftheNewEnglandCentenarianStudy?【解析】细节题。此人是波士顿大学某个研究中心的，但并未说他是教授。故选D22.AccordingtoTomPerls,whichofthefollowingmightbeanimportantreasonthatwomenlivelongerthanmen?【解析】细节题。根据文中所述，女性比男性普遍寿命长的原因是女性患心脑血管疾病的年纪比男性晚。23.Accordingtothepassage,whendomenusuallydevelopcardiovasculardisease?【解析】细节题。文中说到女性通常在七八十岁时出现问题，比男性晚10年左右，而男性则在六七十岁时出现问题。  24.Comparedtomen,whichofthefollowingiswomenrelativelydeficientin?【解析】细节题。文中说到女性因为例假造成铁元素缺乏。25.Whatmightthenextparagraphdiscuss?【解析】细节题。本文主题讲到oneofthereasons证明下文还要讲其它原因，故选C。4.单选题Theiropinionsabouttheweekendplanswere______,andthetwobeganquarrelingintotheweehoursofthemorning.问题1选项A.complementaryB.disputedC.eclecticD.excerpted【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项complementary“补足的，（基因序列等）互补的”，B项disputed“有争议的”，C项eclectic“兼收并蓄的，不拘一格的”，D项excerpted是动词excerpt的过去分词，表“引用，摘录”。由quarrelingintotheweehours（争吵到凌晨）可知，B项符合语境。句意：他们对周末计划的意见发生了争论，两人开始争吵到凌晨。因此，该题选择B项。5.单选题Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareferriedisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.Socialscientistsare,ofcourseextremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestion.Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenodearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpectthetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromoneanotherandthere’sagreatdealofdebatebetweenproponentsofeachtheory.Thecontroversyisoftenconvenientlyreferredtoas“nature/nurture”.Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalandgeneticfactor.Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanythingtodowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredeterminedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.Proponentsofthe“nurture”theory,orastheyareoftencalledbehaviorsclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Behavioristsseehumansasbeingwhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.Theirviewofthehumanbeingisquitemechanistic;theymaintainthatlikemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.ThesocialandpoliticalimplicationsorthesetwotheoriesareprofoundIntheUnitedStates,forexample,blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligenttest.Thisleadssome“nature”proponentstoconcludethatblacksaregeneticallyinferiortowhites.Behavioristsincontrastsaythatthedifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhiteenjoy,andthat,asaresult,theydonotdevelopthesameresponsesthatwhitesdo.Neitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.Infact,itisquitelikelythatthekeytoourbehaviorliessomewherebetweenthesetwoextremes.Thatthecontroversywillcontinueforalongtimeiscertain.46.Theauthorismainlyconcernedaboutsolvingtheproblem（）.47.Theword“proponents”canbestbereplacedby（）.48.Whichofthefollowingstatementsmaybesupportedbythe“nature”school?49.Whatcanwelearnaboutthebehaviorists?50.The“nature”theoristsbelievethattheblacks’lowscores（）.问题1选项A.whyone’sbehaviorsdifferfromothersB.whatmakesdifferentstagesofintelligenceC.howsocialscientistsformdifferenttheoriesD.whatcausesthe“nature/nurture”controversy问题2选项A.approachesB.advocatesC.principlesD.characters问题3选项A.Wearebornwithcertainpersonalitiesandbehaviors.B.Environmenthasnothingtodowithourpersonalities.C.Abilitiesandcharacteristicsarerevealedbybehaviors.D.Onlyextremebehaviorsaredeterminedbyinstinct.问题4选项A.Theybelievehumanbeingsaremechanical.B.Theycompareourbehaviorstothemachines.C.Theysuggestthatwereacttotheenvironmentasthemachinesdo.D.Theyupholdthatthemechanistictheorycanbeappliedonusaswell.问题5选项A.aretheresultoftheeducationaldisadvantagesB.areamanifestationoftheblacks’poorintelligenceC.havenothingtodowiththeirtrueintelligenceD.havenothingtodowillfactorsotherthanheredity【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】46.主旨大意题。第一段先提出“人们一直很想知道个性和行为是怎样形成的”，然后每段都提出一个理论，最后一段得出总结这两种理论都不能完全解释人类行为，关于个性是先天的还是后天的这场争论肯定会持续很长一段时间。因此D选项“是什么导致了先天/后天的争论”正确，符合题意。A选项“为什么一个人的行为与别人不同”，B选项“是什么造就了智力的不同阶段”，C选项“社会科学家如何形成不同的理论”均不符题意，可排除。故选D。47.词义推测题。定位在原文Asonemightexpectthetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromoneanotherandthere’sagreatdealofdebatebetweenproponentsofeachtheory.（正如人们预想的那样，这两种方法是非常不同的，各理论的……之间存在大量争论）因为两种理论是截然相反的，所以所持不同理论的人会存在大量的争论。因此proponents指人，指这两种理论的支持者。因此B选项“拥护者；倡导者”正确，符合题意。A选项“方法；办法”；C选项“原则”；D选项“特性”均与题意不符，可排除。故选B。48.推理判断题。根据第三段首句Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalandgeneticfactor.（那些支持自然派的人们认为，我们的个性和行为模式在很大程度上是由生物和遗传因素决定的。）由此可判断自然派认为我们具有一定的个性和行为模式是先天具备的，因此A选项“我们生来就有特定的个性和行为”，正确，符合题意。B选项“环境与我们的个性无关”，说法过于绝对，定位在原文Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanythingtodowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.（我们的环境与我们的能力、特征和行为几乎没有关系，这是这一理论的核心。）错误，可排除。C选项“能力和特征是由行为表现出来的”与题意无关，可排除。D选项“只有极端的行为是由本能决定的”，错误，定位在原文Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredeterminedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.（极端地说，这一理论认为，我们的行为在很大程度上是先天决定的，以至于我们几乎完全受本能的支配。）可排除。故选A。49.客观细节题。由第四段第一句找到关键词定位Proponentsofthe“nurture”theory,orastheyareoftencalledbehaviors（后天理论的支持者，或者通常被称为行为主义者）再由第四段最后一句Theirviewofthehumanbeingisquitemechanistic;theymaintainthatlikemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.（他们对人类的看法相当机械的；他们认为，人类像机器一样对环境刺激做出回应，这些刺激是他们的行为的基础。）因此C选项“他们认为我们像机器一样对环境做出反应”正确，符合题意。A选项“他们相信人类是机械的”太过绝对，原文说的是quite“相当”，只能够说明极度相似，并不完全等同，可排除。B选项“他们把我们的行为比作机器”，依照原文，他们是将humanbeing“人类”比作机器，可排除。D选项“他们坚持认为机械论也适用于我们”原文未提及，可排除。故选C。50.客观细节题。定位到第五段Thisleadssome“nature”proponentstoconcludethatblacksaregeneticallyinferiortowhites.Behavioristsincontrastsaythatthedifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhiteenjoy,andthat,asaresult,theydonotdevelopthesameresponsesthatwhitesdo.（这导致一些“自然”派支持者认为黑人基因不如白人。与之相反的行为学家说，成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了许多教育和其他白人所享有的环境优势，因此他们不与白人做出相同的反应。）由此可知，在“自然”派支持者看来黑人的低分数是因为基因的不同。因此D选项“除了遗传与意志因素无关”正确。A选项“是教育劣势的结果”为行为主义者的观点，可排除。B选项“是黑人智力低下的表现”，C选项“与他们的真正智慧无关”与题意无关，可排除。故选D。6.单选题Whenthehostessreceivedmycomplimentonhernewcar,sherespondedwithgreatpleasureabouthowthecarisa（）buy.问题1选项A.modestB.choiceC.superiorD.eloquent【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A:modest“谦虚的”；B:choice“精选的”；C:superior“优秀的，出众的”；D:eloquent“意味深长的”。句意：当女主人听到我对她新车的赞美，她高兴地对我讲起来这辆车是如何精心挑选的。结合此处句意，故B为正确答案。7.单选题Theteacher（）theirexercises.问题1选项A.madethestudentsdoB.makethestudentsdoingC.havemakethestudentsdoD.makethestudentsdone【答案】A【解析】考查动词用法辨析。A选项madethestudentsdo“让学生做”；B选项makethestudentsdoing；C选项havemakethestudentsdo；D选项makethestudentsdone。句意：老师……他们的锻炼。根据句意make的用法为makesth.do，得知A选项正确。8.单选题TheEskimoisperhapsoneofthemosttrustingandconsiderateofallIndiansbutseemstobe________thewelfareofhisanimals.问题1选项A.criticalaboutB.indignantatC.indifferenttoD.subjectto【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项“爱挑剔的”；B选项“对……感到愤怒”；C选项“冷漠，不关心的”；D选项“受……支配”。句意：爱斯基摩人或许是所有印第安人里最值得信任和体贴的，但是他们看起来对动物的福利（）。从句意以及关键词But，后面半句要说爱斯基摩人的坏话，并且跟动物福利有关的。结合选项C选项最合适。9.单选题Sciencesuggeststhatthegreaterpartofanoptimisticoutlookcanbe（ ）withtherightinstruction.问题1选项A.acquiredB.imposedC.tracedD.fabricated【答案】A【解析】考察动词辨析。acquired获得；imposed强加；traced追踪；fabricated伪造。句意：科学表明乐观的前景大都可以通过正确的教导获得。选项A符合句意。10.单选题Themassmediaisabigpartofourculture,yetitcanalsobeahelper,adviserandteachertoouryounggeneration.Themassmediaaffectsthelivesofouryoungbyactingasa/an（21）foranumberofinstitutionsandsocialcontacts.Inthisway,itfulfilsavarietyoffunctionsinhumanlife.Thetimespentinfrontofthetelevisionscreenisusuallyatthe（22）ofleisure:thereislesstimeforgames,amusementandrest.（23）bywhatishappeningonthescreen,childrennotonlyimitatewhattheyseebutdirectlyidentifythemselveswithdifferentcharacters.Americanshavebeenconcernedabouttheprevalenceofviolenceinthemediaandits（24）harmtochildrenandadolescentsforatleastfortyyears.Duringthisperiod,newmedia（25）,suchasvideogames,cabletelevision,musicvideos,andtheInternet.Astheycontinuetogainpopularity,thesemedia,alongwithtelevision,（26）publicconcernandresearchattention.Anotherlargesocietalconcernonouryounggeneration（27）bythemedia,isbodyimage.（28）forcescaninfluencebodyimagepositivelyornegatively.Forone,societalandculturalnormsandmassmediamarketingimpactourconceptsofbeauty.Inthemassmedia,theimagesof（29）beautyfillmagazinesandnewspapers,beamfromourtelevisionsandentertainusatthemovies.Eveninadvertising,themassmediaplayonacceptedculturalvaluesofthinnessandfitnessforcommercialgain.Youngadultsarepresentedwitha（30）definedstandardofattractiveness,anidealthatcarriesunrealisticphysicalexpectations.问题1选项A.alternativeB.preferenceC.substituteD.representative问题2选项A.riskB.mercyC.heightD.expense问题3选项A.AbsorbedB.AttractedC.ArousedD.Addicted问题4选项A.disposedB.seemingC.implicitD.potential问题5选项A.mergedB.emergedC.immergedD.submerged问题6选项A.promoteB.propelC.promptD.prosper问题7选项A.inspiredB.imposedC.deliveredD.contributed问题8选项A.ExternalB.ExteriorC.ExplicitD.Exposed问题9选项A.generalizedB.regularizeC.standardizedD.categorized问题10选项A.barelyB.carefullyC.narrowlyD.subjectively【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B第6题:C第7题:B第8题:A第9题:C第10题:C【解析】21.【试题答案】C【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项alternative“二中择一，可供替代的选择”；B选项preference与介词for搭配时意为“对……的偏爱，爱好”；C选项substitute“替代品，代替品”，常与介词for连用；D选项representative“代表，典型”，一般指人。句意：大众传媒作为一些机构和社会关系的（），影响着我们年轻人的生活。根据句意可知空格处应填最能体现大众传媒和一些机构之间的关系的名词，因此C选项正确。22.【试题答案】D【试题解析】考查固定搭配。A选项“attheriskof（冒……的危险）”；B选项“atthemercyof（受……支配）”；C选项“attheheight（在……的最盛时，在……的高潮中）”；D选项“attheexpenseof（以……为代价）”。句意：花在电视屏幕前的时间通常是以休闲为（）的：用于游戏、娱乐和休息的时间更少了。根据句意可知后半句是前半句的补充说明，所以D选项更符合句意，意为“花在电视屏幕前的时间通常是以休闲为代价的……”，因此D选项正确。23.【试题答案】B【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项absorb常与介词in搭配，表示“注意力集中于，被……吸引”；B选项attract常和介词by搭配，意为“被……吸引，对……感兴趣”；C选项arouse“使行动起来，激发”；D选项addict常与介词to搭配动词，意为“使入迷，使成瘾”。句意：孩子们被屏幕上发生的事情（），不仅模仿他们所看到的，而且直接把自己和不同的人物联系起来。空格处是过去分词结构作状语，因此填入的分词要和后面的介词by搭配，而且要符合上下文意。因此B选项正确。24.【试题答案】D【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项disposed“有……倾向的；打算做……的”；B选项seeming“表面上的，看似的”；C选项implicit“（语言上）含蓄的，暗示的”；D选项potential“潜在的，可能的”，指将来可能形成的。句意：美国人关注媒体中暴力的流行及其对儿童和青少年的（）危害至少有40年了。由上下文中的“concernabout（关注）”和“foratleastfortyyears（至少40年了）”可知，人们担忧的是一种潜在的危害。因此D选项正确。25.【试题答案】B【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项merge“结合，融合”；B选项emerge“出现，显现，浮现”；C选项immerge“浸入，隐没”；D选项submerge“淹没，完全掩盖”。句意：这一时期，电子游戏、有线电视、音乐视频、互联网等新媒体不断（）。media的修饰词是new，因此空格处应当表达“出现”的含义，因此B选项正确。26.【试题答案】C【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项promote“促进，推动”；B选项propel“推进，促使”；C选项prompt“促使，导致，激起”；D选项prosper“（使）繁荣，昌盛”。句意：随着它们的不断普及，这些媒体和电视一起，引起了公众的关注和研究的注意。因此C选项正确。27.【试题答案】B【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项inspired“激发，鼓舞”；B选项imposed“迫使，把……强加于”；C选项delivered“递送，发表，履行诺言，移交”；D选项contributed“有助于，促成”。句意：媒体对我们年轻一代施加的另一个社会关注是身体形象。因此B选项正确。28.【试题答案】A【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项external“外界的，外来的，指与其他物体分离或没有关系的外部，不涉及内容”；B选项exterior“外部的，外表的，外面的，强调位于事物的外表以上，但仍是该事物的一部分”；C选项explicit“清楚明白的，直截了当的”；D选项exposed“遮蔽的，无保护的（常用来修饰地方或人）”。句意：外部力量可以正面或负面地影响身体形象。因此A选项正确。29.【试题答案】C【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项generalized“广义的，普遍的，无显著特点的”；B选项regularized“使有规律的，使正规化”；C选项standardized“标准的，标准化的”；D选项categorized“分类的”。句意：在大众媒体中，标准的美女形象充斥着杂志和报纸，从电视中出现，在电影中为我们带来欢乐。因此C选项正确。30.【试题答案】C【试题解析】考查副词辨析。A选项barely“仅仅，勉强，几乎不”；B选项carefully“小心地”；C选项narrowly“狭隘地，狭窄的，勉强地”；D选项subjectively“主观地，臆想地”。句意：年轻人面对的是一个狭隘的吸引力标准，一个带有不切实际的生理期望的理想。因此C选项正确。11.单选题Thetwocountrieshavedevelopeda（）relationandincreasedagreatdealinforeigntrade.问题1选项A.managerialB.lethalC.metricD.cordial【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析题。managerial管理的；lethal致命的；metric米制的，公制的；cordial热忱的，诚恳的。句意:两国发展了（）关系，对外贸易增加了很多。只有cordial符合逻辑和句意。    12.单选题Scientistsspeculatethat（）populationgrowthanddwindlingresourcesmayforcehumanbeingstolooktotheseaforfood.问题1选项A.unavoidableB.unexpectedC.unrestrainedD.uncommon【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。unavoidable不可避免的；unexpected意外的，意想不到的；unrestrained无限制的；uncommon不常见的。由后面的结果“人类将转到海洋去寻求食物”可推知原因是无限制的人口增长以及资源的不断减少。故C项正确。句意：科学家预测无限制的人口增长以及不断减少的自然资源将迫使人类往海洋寻求食物。13.单选题Youmayput（）onthewheeltomakeitturnmoreeasily.问题1选项A.fatB.greaseC.oilD.cream【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。fat“脂肪”；grease“油脂，润滑油”；oil“石油，油画材料”；cream“奶油，乳脂”。根据句意可知，涂在轮子上的应该是润滑油，所以选项B正确。14.单选题Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofworkhasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeoplewhooperatethenewmachinesandonthesocietyinto'whichthemachineshasbeenintroduceD.Forexample,ithasbeensuggestedthattheemploymentofwomeninindustrytookthemoutofthehousehold,theirtraditionalsphere,andfundamentallyalteredtheirpositioninsociety.Inthenineteenthcentury,whenwomenbegantoenterfactories,JulesSimon,aFrenchpolitician,warnedthatbydoingso,womenwouldgiveuptheirfemininity.FriedrichEngels,however,predictedthatwomenwouldbeliberatedfromthe"social,legal,andeconomicsubordination"ofthefamilybytechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmadepossibletherecruitmentof"thewholefemalesexintopublicindustry."Observersthusdifferedconcerningthesocialdesirabilityofmechanization'seffects,buttheyagreedthatitwouldtransformwomen'slives.Historians,particularlythoseinvestigatingthehistoryofwomen,nowseriouslyquestionthisassumptionoftransformingpower.Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsasthespinningjenny,thesewingmachine,thetypewriter,andthevacuumcleanerhavenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomen'seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen'swork.TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolutionwaslargelyanextensionofanolderpatternofemploymentofyoung,singlewomenasdomestics.Itwasnotthechangeinofficetechnology,butrathertheseparationofsecretarialwork,previouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanagers,fromadministrativeworkthatinthe1880’screatedanewclassof"dead-end"jobs,thenceforthconsidered"women'swork."Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomen-thanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.Women'sworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200years,movingfromthehouseholdtotheofficeorthefactory,andlaterbecomingmostlywhite-collarinsteadofblue-collarwork.Fundamentally,however,theconditionsunderwhichwomenworkhavechangedlittlesincebeforetheIndustrialRevolution:thesegregationofoccupationsbygender,lowerpayforwomenasagroup,jobsthatrequirerelativelylowlevelsofskillandofferwomenlittleopportunityforadvancementallpersist,whilewomen'shouseholdlaborremainsdemanding.Recenthistoricalinvestigationhasledtoamajorrevisionofthenotionthattechnologyisalwaysinherentlyrevolutionaryinitseffectsonsociety.Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedanychangeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabormarketandinthehome.1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?2.Theauthor,mentionsallofthefollowinginventionsasexamplesofdramatictechnologicalinnovationsEXCEPTthe（）.3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,beforetheIndustrialRevolution,themajorityofwomen'sworkwasdoneinwhichofthefollowingsettings?4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldconsiderwhichofthefollowingtobeanindicationofafundamentalalterationintheconditionsofwomen'swork?5.Thepassagestatesthat,beforethetwentiethcentury,whichofthefollowingwastrueofmanyemployers?问题1选项A.Theeffectsofthemechanizationofwomen'sworkhavenotborneoutthefrequentlyheldassumptionthatnewtechnologyisinherentlyrevolutionary.B.Recentstudieshaveshownthatmechanizationrevolutionizesasociety'straditionalvaluesandthecustomaryrolesofitsmembersC.Mechanizationhascausedthenatureofwomen'sworkchangesincetheIndustrialRevolution.D.Themechanizationofworkcreateswholenewclassesofjobsthatdidnotpreviouslyexist.问题2选项A.sewingmachineB.vacuumcleanerC.typewriterD.telephone问题3选项A.Textilemills.B.Privatehouseholds.C.Offices.D.Factories.问题4选项A.Statisticsshowingthatthemajorityofwomennowoccupywhite-collarpositions.B.Interviewswithmarriedmenindicatingthattheyarenowdoingsomehouseholdtasks.C.Surveysofthelabormarketdocumentingtherecentcreationofanewclassofjobsinelectronicsinwhichwomenworkersoutnumbermenfourtoone.D.Censusresultsshowingthatworkingwomen'swagesandsalariesare,ontheaverage,ashighasthoseofworkingmen.问题5选项A.Theydidnotemploywomeninfactories.B.Theytendedtoemploysingleratherthanmarriedwomen.C.Theyemployedwomeninonlythosejobsthatwererelatedtowomen'straditionalhouseholdwork.D.Theyresistedtechnologicalinnovationsthatwouldradicallychangewomen'srolesinthefamily.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据题目可以定位到文章第一段，文第一句提出观点：Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofworkhasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeoplewhooperatethenewmachinesandonthesocietyinto'whichthemachineshasbeenintroduceD.中文翻译为：史学家们往往假设，劳动的机构化不仅仅对那些操作新机器的人们的生活，而且也对机器所被引入其中的社会，均产生了种革命性的影响，以及第二段第一句提出反对意见：Historians,particularlythoseinvestigatingthehistoryofwomen,nowseriouslyquestionthisassumptionoftransformingpower.中文翻译为：史学家们，尤其是那些研究妇女历史的史学家们，现在对关于机械化进程的变革作用这一假设表示严重的怀疑。由此可知，作者对第一种观点是反对的，并且提出自己的观点：“...suchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsas...havenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomen’seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen’swork.中文翻译为：技术革新并没有给妇女的经济地位或对妇女工作的普遍评价带来任何剧烈变化。最后从原文最后一句“Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedanychangeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabormarketandinthehome.中文翻译为：机械化甚至可能减缓了妇女在劳动力市场和家庭中的传统地位的任何变化。以判断只有A项“机械化对妇女工作的影响并没有得到人们通常认为新技术本身就是革命性的这一假设的证实”符合作者态度和总结文意。2.细节事实题。由题干关键词dramatictechnologicalinnovations可以定位到文章第二段中“Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsasthespinningjenny,thesewingmachine,thetypewriter,andthevacuumcleanerhavenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchanges