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Guide to the artificial lighting of football pitches This publication is the result of a joint co-operation with FIFA. Philips Lighting This publication is the result of a joint co-operation with FIFA. Fore more information: info.sportslighting@philips.com 02/2002 Printed in France PLAQUETTE FIFA.XP 12/02/02 17:20 Page 40 G u i d e t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i n g o f f o o t b a l l p i t c h e s 3G u i d e t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i n g o f f o o t b a l l p i t c h e s2 Guide to the artificial lighting of football pitches This publication is the result of a joint co-operation with the FIFA. For the guidance of FIFA officials, Member Associations and football pitch proprietors generally. FŽdŽration Internationale de Football Association Technical Department ¥ Hitzigweg 11 ¥ CH - 8030 ZŸrich Tel: 41-1/384 9595 ¥ Fax: 41-1/384 9696 Internet: www.fifa.com Philips Sports Lighting Rue des Brotteaux ¥ 01708 Miribel CŽdex ¥ FRANCE e-mail: info.sportsligthing@philips.com Conception PressÕ Citron ¥ Dijon ¥ FRANCE Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted provided the source is acknowledged. Introduction ......................................................................................................... Page 4 1.1 ..... page 4 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Scope 1.2 ..... page 5 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Intent User requirements ......................................................................... Page 6 2.1 ..... page 6 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... Objectives 2.2 ..... page 7 ...................................................................................................................................................... Competition categories 2.3 ..... page 8 ................................................................................................................................................................................ Pitch dimensions 2.4 ..... page 9 .................................................................................................................................................................... Obstacle free zones 2.5 ..... page 10 ......................................................................................................................... Unobstructed view of the Pitch 2.6 ..... page 11 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... Obtrusive light Lighting requirements ............................................ Page 12 3.1 ..... page 12 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... Illuminance 3.1.A .............................................................. Horizontal Illuminance 3.1.B ......................................................................... Vertical Illuminance 3.2 ..... page 14 ............................................................................................................................................................ Illuminance uniformity 3.3 ..... page 16 ............................................................................................................................... Calculation & measuring grids 3.4 ..... page 17 .................................................................................................................................................................... Illuminance gradient 3.5 ..... page 17 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Glare 3.6 ..... page 18 ........................................................................................................................................ Colour properties of lamps 3.6.A ..................................................... Colour temperature (Tk) 3.6B ................................................................. Colour rendering (Ra) Lighting recommendations ........... Page 20 4.1 ..... page 20 ................................................................................................................................................................................ Types of facilities 4.2 ..... page 21 .................................................................................................................................................................... Non televised Event 4.2.A ................................................................................................ Introduction 4.2.B ........................................................................ Installation planning 4.2.C ......................... Summary of lighting specifications for non televised events 4.3 ..... page 26 ................................................................................................................................................................................... Televised Events 4.3.A ................................................................................................ Introduction 4.3.B ........................................................................ Installation planning 4.3.C .............................................................................. Camera positions 4.3.D ........................ Summary of lighting specifications for televised events Annexes ...................................................................................................................................... Page 33 5.1 ..... page 33 ............................................................................................................................................................... Measuring procedure 5.1.A ................................................................................................ Introduction 5.1.B ........................... Inspection prior to measurement 5.1.C .................................................................. Measuring equipment 5.1.D ................................................................................ Measuring points 5.1.E ........ Measurement of horizontal illuminance 5.1.F .................. Measurement of vertical illuminance 5.2 ..... page 36 ......................................................................................................................................... Measurement record sheet 5.3 ..... page 39 .................................................................................................... Glossary of terms FIFA lighting guide 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • PLAQUETTE FIFA.XP 12/02/02 17:20 Page 2 G u i d e t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i n g o f f o o t b a l l p i t c h e s4 1 • Introduction As lighting is one of many considerations for a facility owner or event organiser, FIFA and Philips Lighting have decided to produce a second edition of the ÔLighting Design Guide for Football PitchesÕ. This new edition is more self-explanatory as regards lighting terminology (with both text and images to illustrate lighting concepts) and it contains an update on the new lighting technologies required for slow-motion replay and digital and enhanced broadcasting, which bring the action ever closer to the TV viewer. This guide is divided into two main sections, ÔLighting requirementsÕ, where key lighting concepts are explained, and ÔInstallation planningÕ, where guidelines are given for the creation of lighting systems in terms of location of equipment, choice of mounting height, lighting specifications and lamp characteristics. We hope that this lighting guide will aid the planning process and support the continuing growth of high-quality facilities around the world. The champions of both today and tomorrow need good facilities in order to train and perform at their best. January 2002 FŽdŽration Internationale de Football Association Today, soccer is probably the most popular form of entertainment in the world. Events such as the FIFA World Cup, the Euro Championships, the Champions League and the Copa America capture the attention of almost everyone on the planet - thanks mainly to TV coverage. In fact, it is TV that has raised soccer to its current status and otherwise plays a leading role in sports development. So for evening matches, when soccer and TV can take advantage of peak viewing, broadcasters require excellent lighting of the playing field. But although the lighting should provide perfect illumination of the players, and in some cases the spectators in the stadium too, it should never have a detrimental effect on vision. At all times players and fans must be able to enjoy optimum visual conditions without glare. Lighting also plays a key role in recreational, non-televised soccer matches. Because recreational soccer is usually played in the evening after work, effective lighting maximises the opportunity for people to take part in the game. Although the lighting level will obviously be lower compared to televised games, the lighting quality should remain high in terms of uniformity, visual comfort and limitation of light pollution, especially in the residential areas where leisure sports facilities are often located. Championship lighting for champion players PLAQUETTE FIFA.XP 12/02/02 17:20 Page 4 In tr od uc ti on U se r re qu ire m en ts Li gh ti ng re qu ire m en ts Li gh tin g re co m m en da tio ns A nn ex es G u i d e t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i n g o f f o o t b a l l p i t c h e s 5 G u i d e t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i n g o f f o o t b a l l p i t c h e s6 In tr od uc ti on U se r re qu ire m en ts Li gh ti ng re qu ire m en ts Li gh tin g re co m m en da tio ns A nn ex es G u i d e t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i n g o f f o o t b a l l p i t c h e s 7 Pl ay er s, Re fe re es & Of ficia ls ˙Lig hting to deliver best perform ance¨ Adver tisers ˙Colour fidelity¨ prom otes Brand recognition. Spectators ˙To see c lear ly all th at is go in g on , ev en fr om fu rt he st se at ¨ B road casters / Photographers ˙Enough light¨, o f su itab le qu al ity , f or im ag e ac qu is iti on . Rem ote audience ˙H om e or Aw ay¨ - Big screen or television. Objectives .............................................................................................................. 2.1 The objective of an artificial lighting system is to Òcreate conditions of good visibility for those who use or experience soccer facilitiesÓ. The following persons are considered to be those persons who use or experience a facility. And form the basis for lighting specifications: 2 • User Requirements Competition categories ............................................... 2.2 Five classes of lighting systems have been defined, from I to V. The categories are divided into the needs of televised and non-televised competitions, in order to group facilities by the needs of their users. Television cameras require more light than the players on the field and spectators standing at the sidelines. While spectators sat far from the action have similar needs to that of Television cameras, due to the apparent small size of the ball caused by the long viewing distance. While non-televised competitions need to provide satisfactory conditions for the players on the field and persons at the sidelines. Televised Events Class V ........ International Class IV ........ National Non-televised competitions Class III ...... National games Class II ........ Leagues and clubs Class I ..........Training and Recreation PLAQUETTE FIFA.XP 12/02/02 17:20 Page 6 In tr od uc ti on U se r re qu ire m en ts Li gh ti ng re qu ire m en ts Li gh tin g re co m m en da tio ns A nn ex es In tr od uc ti on U se r re qu ire m en ts Li gh ti ng re qu ire m en ts Li gh tin g re co m m en da tio ns A nn ex es G u i d e t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i n g o f f o o t b a l l p i t c h e s 9G u i d e t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i n g o f f o o t b a l l p i t c h e s8 5 m5 m 5 m5 m FIGURE 2-4: Obstacle free zones. Obstacle free zones ............................................................. 2.4 In order to promote player safety, no lighting structures shall be placed within 5 m of the pitch side lines or goal lines. WIDTH 68 m to 75 m 11 m 5,5 m 7,32 m 16,5 m 9,15 m LE NG TH 10 5 m to 11 0 m 16, 5 m5,5 m 9,15 m 11 m 1 m Within the guidelines of the playing rules, pitch dimensions can vary from 105 m to 110 m in length, and from 68 to 75 m in width. FIGURE 2-3: Permitted pitch dimensions. Pitch dimensions ................................................................................ 2.3 PLAQUETTE FIFA.XP 12/02/02 17:20 Page 8 In tr od uc ti on U se r re qu ire m en ts Li gh ti ng re qu ire m en ts Li gh tin g re co m m en da tio ns A nn ex es In tr od uc ti on U se r re qu ire m en ts Li gh ti ng re qu ire m en ts Li gh tin g re co m m en da tio ns A nn ex es G u i d e t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i n g o f f o o t b a l l p i t c h e s 11G u i d e t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i n g o f f o o t b a l l p i t c h e s10 Obtrusive light ...................................................................................... 2.6 ÒStray or Spill LightÓ Is the light falling on vertical surfaces or entering a property via windows etc, which causes most disturbance to residents living nearby. ÒIntensity toward an observerÓ The brightness or intensity of the installation from specific observer positions looking toward the installation. ÒUpwardÓ or Òwaste lightÓ The light emitted upward (above horizontal) from each floodlight. This effect is often referred to as Òsky glowÓ. Unobstructed view of the pitch ........ 2.5 Boundary of property Spill light to local community Upward light creates skyglow FIGURE 2-5: Lighting installation shall not obstruct to spectator sightlines. Where spectator areas are provided, whether enclined seating blocks or at ground level, lighting structures shall be placed outside spectator sightlines. This will usually mean moving the equipment behind spectators and will have the effect of increasing the required mounting height. FIGURE 2-6: Element of obtrusive light. Useful light on pitch Worldwide there is a growing awareness of light which might cause disturbance to persons living close to a lighting installation or might prevent observation of the night sky. Recommendations now exist in some countries and should be considered as a positive step toward preserving our natural environment, reducing disturbances to people in their homes and hazards to persons viewing bright light sources directly. The official term becoming widely used is that of Òobtrusive lightÓ. There are three key facets of Òobtrusive lightÓ. PLAQUETTE FIFA.XP 12/02/02 17:20 Page 10 G u i d e t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i n g o f f o o t b a l l p i t c h e s12 In tr od uc ti on U se r re qu ire m en ts Li gh ti ng re qu ire m en ts Li gh tin g re co m m en da tio ns A nn ex es G u i d e t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i n g o f f o o t b a l l p i t c h e s 13 llluminance ......................................................................................................... 3.1 3 • Lighting Requirements The average Òhorizontal illuminance (Ehave)Ó of the pitch surface serves to establish the adapted state of the eye and acts as a visual background against which players and ball stand out, enabling them to be identified quickly and clearly. Vertical illuminance (Ev) ............................. 3.1.B Vertical planes are used to simulate the light falling on the body of a player. The height chosen corresponds to the upper-body and face of a player and forms the basis of calculations. FIGURE 3-1-A: Visualisation of horizontal illuminance. FIGURE 3-1-B-1: Light surrounding the player. FIGURE 3-1-B-2: Simulated vertical planes of a player. Illuminance can be calculated for any surface orientation, which must be specified. This could be the horizontal surface of the pitch, the inclined surface of a spectator tribune, or a plane in the direction of a television camera. The amount of light falling on a surface is termed illuminance (ÒEÓ), is often referred to as Òlighting levelÓ and is measured in ÒluxÓ. It is independant of surface colour, texture, reflective properties and is easy to calculate and measured. Horizontal illuminance (Eh) ..................................... 3.1.A The original intent of providing a lighting system should always be kept in mind: ÒTo create conditions of good visibilityÓ. As the competitive level increases, so too must the quantity and quality of the lighting provided, enabling players to perform faster, with a greater degree of accuracy, in the most suitable conditions. The following criteria are those used to specify, create and measure good lighting conditions. PLAQUETTE FIFA.XP 12/02/02 17:20 Page 12 In tr od uc ti on U se r re qu ire m en ts Li gh ti ng re qu ire m en ts Li gh tin g re co m m en da tio ns A nn ex es In tr od uc ti on U se r re qu ire m en ts Li gh ti ng re qu ire m en ts Li gh tin g re co m m en da tio ns A nn ex es G u i d e t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i n g o f f o o t b a l l p i t c h e s 15G u i d e t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i n g o f f o o t b a l l p i t c h e s14 FIGURE 3-1-B-3: Calculation points perpendicular to camera axis. Vertical illuminance is the light in the direction of a camera which is useful in creating a picture for a camera. To ensure a camera receives sufficient light to create an image, it is necessary to specify and measure the vertical illuminance, perpendicular to each selected camera position. Calculations and measurements shall be made 1.5 m above the pitch surface, in the direction of the camera. Where portable cameras are used at pitch level it is sufficient to calculate the light on the four planes perpendicular facing the side lines. llluminance uniformity ....................................................... 3.2 U1 limits the total range over which a person or camera must visually adapt and therefore contributes to visual performance. Minimum pitch illuminance E min U1 = ...................................................... = ............ Maximum pitch illuminance E max U2 defines the difference between the adapted state of a persons eye and the darkest point of the pitch and therefore contributes to visual comfort. Minimum pitch illuminance E min U2 = ...................................................... = ............ Average pitch illuminance E ave Values of U1 & U2 are defined in the chapters 4.2.C and 4.3.D of the section 4 ÒLighting recommendationsÓ. Ideally the pi