商务导论期末试题

Matching Match the most appropriate term and explanation. Business Any activity that seeks to provide goods and services to others while operating at a point. Loss When a business’s expenses are more than its revenues. Profit The amount of money a business earns above and beyond what it spends for salaries and other expenses. Risk The chance an entrepreneur takes of losing time and money on a business that may not prove profitable. Stakeholders All the people who stand to gain or lose by the policies and activities of a business and whose concerns the business needs to address. Outsourcing Contracting with other companies(often in other countries)to do some or all of the functions of a firm, like its production or accounting tasks. Revenue The total amount of money a business takes in during a given period by selling goods and services. GDP The total value of final goods and services produced in a country in a given year. Invisible hand A phrase coined by Adam Smith to describe the process that turns self-directed gain into social and economic benefits for all. Capitalism An economic system in which all or most of the factors of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit. Supply The quantity of products that manufacturers or owners are willing to sell at different prices at a specific time. Demand The quantity of products that people are willing to buy at different prices at a specific time. Market price The price determined by supply and demand. Monopoly A degree of competition in which only one seller controls the total supply of a product or service, and sets the price. Inflation A general rise in the prices of goods and services over time. CPI Monthly statistics that measure that pace of inflation or deflation. Management The process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling people and other organizational resources. Leading Creating a vision for the organization and guiding, training, coaching, and motivating others to work effectively to achieve the organization’s goals and objectives. Vision An encompassing explanation of why the organization exists and where it’s trying to head. Mission statement An outline of the fundamental purposes of an organization. Goals The broad, long-term accomplishments an organization wishes to attain. Objectives Specific, short-term statements detailing how to achieve the organization goals. SWOT analysis A planning tool used to analyze an organization’s strengths, weakness, Opportunities, and threats. Decision making Choosing among two or more alternatives. Top management Highest level of management, consisting of the president and other key company executives who develop strategic plans. Autocratic leadership Leadership style that involves making managerial decisions without consulting others. Intrinsic reward The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals. Extrinsic reward Something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; extrinsic rewards include pay increases, praise, and promotions. Scientific management Studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques. Hawthorne effect The tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied. Job enrichment A motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself. Job rotation A job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another. Marketing The activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients partners, and society at large. Product Any physical goods, services, or idea that satisfies a want or need plus anything that would enhance the product in the eyes of consumers, such as the brand. Test marketing The process of testing products among potential users. Promotion All the techniques sellers use to inform people about and motivate them to buy their products or services. Primary data Data that you gather yourself(not from secondary sources such as books and magazines). Mass marketing Developing products and promotions to please large groups of people. 继续阅读