公路工程地质_刘玉洁_地质试题库

公路工程地质_刘玉洁_地质试题库 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 试 题 集 一、填 空 题 1(地质学是一门研究地球的科学，但就目前的研究水平，其主要研究对象还只能是 。 2(地质学，又称“工程岩土学，是研究 ”的学科。 3(工程地质学是调查、研究、解决与各类工程建筑物的设计、施工和使用有关 的一门学科。 4(公路是一种 建筑物。 5(通过人造卫星从外观上看，可将地球形状概括为 球体。 6(地球的平均半径约为 km。 27(地球的表面积约为 km;陆地面积约占 ,;海洋面积约占 %。 38(地球的平均密度为 g,cm。 9(地球表面重力值正常分布的规律是: 。 10(地热增温率(地热梯度)随深度增加而呈 的趋势。 11(真方位角=磁方位角? 。 12(地球的外部圈层构造划分为 、 和 。 13(地球的内部圈层构造分为 、 和 。 14(探测地球内部圈层构造的主要依据是 。 15(地壳与地幔之间的分界面称为 面，地幔与地核之间的分界面称为 面。 16(地壳按分布状态分为 地壳和 地壳。 17(地壳的最厚处可达 km;最薄处只有 km。 18(地质作用按其能源不同，可分为 作用和 作用两大基本类型。 19(内动力地质作用包括 、 、 、 等四个方面。 20(外动力地质作用表现为 、 、 、 和成岩作用等五个环节。 21(按地壳运动的方向可分为 运动和 运动两种。 22(岩浆活动按其表现形式可分为 和 两种类型。 23(地震按成因分类 、 、 和人为地震四种类型;通常所指的地震是 。 24(变质作用分为三种类型? 变质、? 变质、? 变质。 25(物理风化作用，按其进行方式可归纳为三种: 、 和 。 26(化学风化作用按其进行方式通常可分为 、 、 、 和 碳酸化五种。 27(矿物按成因分为三大类型: 、 和 。 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 28(从矿物成因类别分析，滑石、石榴子石属 矿物，高岭石、蒙脱石属 矿物，长石、角闪石属 矿物。 29(矿物的物理性质包括矿物的 性质、 性质以及其它方面的特性。 30(矿物的光学性质包括 、 、 和透明度。 31(肉眼鉴别矿物手标本的透明度时，通常是按其光学性质的四个方面作综合判定，一般把颜色浅淡、条痕无色或白色、玻璃光泽或特殊光泽的非金属矿物判定为 矿物。 32(浅色矿物多以含硅铝质为主，如 ;深色矿物多以含铁镁质为主，如 。 33(矿物摩氏“标准硬度计”中，代表2、4、8级(度)的矿物名称依次是 、 、 。 34(岩石按成因分为 、 和 三大类。 35(岩石不仅是研究地质构造、地貌、水文地质、矿产等的基础，而且也是人类一切工程建筑物的 和 。 36(岩浆岩按其生成环境，可分为 岩和 岩。 37(深成侵入岩体的产状有 和 。 38(浅成侵入岩体的产状有 、 和 。 39(喷出岩体的产状有火山颈、 、 和 。 40(组成岩浆岩的矿物，按其颜色分为 矿物和 矿物两类。 41(习惯上根据SiO含量的多少，把岩浆岩分为 、 、 和 2 超基性四大类。 42(组成花岗岩的主要矿物成分是 和 。 43(组成闪长岩的主要矿物成分是 和 。 44(组成辉长岩的主要矿物成分是 和 。 45(在岩浆岩的“共生组合规律”中 和 在其成岩的过程中不会共生，故把这两种矿物列为 矿物。 46(岩浆岩的结构特征是 的综合反映，也是研究岩石形成条件和岩石 、 的重要依据。 47(岩浆岩的结构按其中矿物结晶程度分为 结构、 结构和 结构。 48(喷出岩常见的构造有块状构造、 构造、 构造及 构造。 49(沉积岩就其物质组合的关系而论，可以划分五种类型:(1) 、(2) 、(3) 、(4)有机质及生物残骸、(5)胶结物。 50(沉积岩按其物质组合关系，一般将其结构分为四种:(1) 结构、(2) 结构、(3) 结构、(4)生物结构。 51(沉积岩中常见的胶结物有 、 、 和泥质。 52(碎屑沉积岩按绝对大小，划分为三种: 结构、 结构和 结构。 53(泥质沉积岩，按其中粘粒、粉砂粒和砂粒含量的百分比，可划分为: 结构、 结构和 结构三种。 the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 54(沉积岩的层理构造，按其形成条件及所反映出的形态，可分为以下几种类荆:? 层理、? 层理、? 层理、?块状层理。 55(砂岩的主要成分是 。 56(泥岩和页岩的主要成分是 。 57(石灰岩的主要成分是 。 58(白云岩的主要成分是 。 59(影响变质作用的三因素: 、 和 。 60(变质岩反映在矿物成分上呈现出极为明显的双重性，既有一定的 性又具有自身的 性。 61(变质岩的结构，一般按成因可分为 结构、 结构和 结构。 62(变质岩根据其片理构造的形态，可分为以下几类: 状构造、 状构造、 状构造和 状构造。 63(沉积岩的 构造是区别于岩浆岩和变质岩的重要特征。 64(变质岩的 构造是区别于沉积岩和岩浆岩的重要特征。 65(块状变质岩中，大理岩的主要矿物成分为 、 等。 66(块状变质岩中，石英岩的主要矿物成分为 。 67(岩石的工程性质通常包括: 性质、 性质和 性质。 68(岩石的物理性质是岩石结构中矿物颗粒的 及颗粒间孔隙的 所反映出来的特性。 69(岩石相对密度(比重)的大小取决于组成岩石的 的相对密度及其在 中的相对含量。 70(在同等体积条件下，辉长岩(基性)比花岗岩(酸性)的比重要 ;这主要是由于辉石为含 质的矿物。 71(岩石的密度(容重)是指包括 在内的单位体积的质量。岩石密度的大小取决于组成岩石的 、 及其含水情况。 72(岩石的密度(容重)是评价岩石 和 的指标。 73(岩石的孔隙率(度)是岩石中孔隙、裂隙的 (Vn)与岩石 (V)的百分比。 74(岩石的孔隙比是指岩石中孔隙、裂隙的 (Vn)与该岩石内固体矿物颗粒的 (Vs)的比值。 75(岩石的水理性质，通常包括: 性、 性和 性。 76(岩石的吸水率是指岩石在常压(1MPa)下所吸的 质量(Mw2)与 质量(Ms)的百分比。 77(岩石的饱水率是指岩石在高压(15MPa)或真空条件下所吸的 质量(Mw2) 质量(Ms)的百分比。 78(对岩石的软化系数(η)值的测定，有助于评价岩石的 性和 性。 79(岩石的软化系数(η)值愈 则岩石的软化性愈 。 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 80(对岩石的抗冻性而言，软化系数小的岩石，其抗冻性较 ;饱水系数小的岩石，其抗冻性较 。 81(岩石抗剪切强度是由 ( )和 ( )两部分组成。 82(岩石抗剪切强度的一般式为τ= ，当σ=0时(其抗切强度τ= ，即抗切c 强度值等于岩石的 。 83(岩石抗剪断强度的表达式:τ= ，它反映了岩石的 和 。 ck 84(影响岩石工程性质的内因有:? 、? 、? 。 85(沉积岩的胶结连结的形式，一般可分为 胶结、 胶结和 胶结三种形式;其中 胶结是强度和稳定性较好的结构。 86(岩石按工程强度分类的依据是 (rb)。 87(岩石按工程强度分为三类: 岩石、 岩石和 岩石。 88(岩石按施工难易程度分为三级:1 石、? 石、? 石。 89(常见的地层接触关系有: 、 和 三种。 90(沉积岩相对年龄的确定，通常利用(1) 律、 律和 律。 91(岩层绝对年龄是利用 来测算的。 92(在地质年代表中，下古生代有三纪，按由老到新的名称及其代号依次是: ( )纪、 ( )纪和 ( )纪。 93(在地质年代表中，上古生代有三纪，按由老到新的名称及其代号依次是: ( )纪、 ( )纪和 ( )纪。 94(在地质年代表中，中生代有三纪，按由老到新的名称及其代号依次是: ( )纪、 ( )纪和 ( )纪。 95(对某地质时年代所形成的地层的读法，例如?读法为 大寨沟组;D读为 2di2g 观雾山组。 96(岩层(或构造)产状三要素是 、 和 。 97(在野外地质工作中，只要测出岩层的 就可求知岩层的 。因为两者始终是?90?的关系。 98(裙曲的基本形态是 和 。 99(褶曲的几何要素由 、 、 和枢纽等四部分组成。 100(轴面直立，两翼岩层倾向相反，且倾角大致相等的裙曲，称为 。 101(轴画倾斜，两翼岩层相反，但两翼的倾角不等的褶曲，称为 。 102(轴画倾角较大，两翼岩层倾向同一方向，一冀正常，一翼倒转的裙曲，称为 。 103(按褶曲枢纽产状可分为 和 。 104(褶曲的组合形态是 和 。 105(根据节理与岩层产状的关系，可把节理划分为: 、 和 。 106(构造节埋分为 和 。 107(非构造节理分为: 、 、 、减压节理、人为节理等。 the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 108(在节理走向玫瑰花图中，某一玫瑰花瓣愈长，表明该方位角内出现的节理数日愈 ;花瓣愈宽，说明节理方向的 。 109(根据断盘相对位移分:上盘下降，下盘上升的为 ;上盘上升，下盘下降的为 ，上下盘只有水平方向推移的为 。 110(根据断层走向与褶皱轴向关系，可分为: 、 和 。 111(根据断层走向与岩层产状的关系，可分为: 、 和 。 112(由两条倾向相背的正断层组成，其间相对上升的岩块为 ;由两条倾向相向的正断层组成，其间相对下降的岩块 。 113(由数条倾向一致，相互平行的正断层组合而成的为 。 114(断层倾向与岩层倾向相反，当地层出现重复时，则为 ;当地层出现缺失时，则为 。 115(断层倾向与岩层倾向相同，但断层倾角,岩层倾角。当地层出现重复时。则为 ;当地层出现缺失时，则为 。 116(断层倾向与岩层倾向相同，但断层倾角,岩层倾角，当地层出现重复时，则为 ;当地层出现缺失时，则为 。 117( 是地貌演化发育的基本规律。 118(不同类型、不同规模的地貌形态，都是由 的结果。 119(地貌形成的物质基础是指 和 而言的。 120(地貌按成因可分为 和 两大类。 121(常见的山岭自上面下由山顶、 和 ( )三个要素组成。 122(在山地地貌的形态分类中将绝对高度 , m，相对高度 , m，平均坡度为5,10(度)的山界定为低山。 123(在地貌学中，把 山和 谷称为顺地形。 124(在地貌学中，把 山和 谷称为逆地形。 125(断块山，又称块状山，在地质构造上是由两条 的正断层组成的地垒式山地。 126(火山作用形成的山地，形态多种多样，但一般以 火山和 火山最为常见。 127(由酸性，中基性熔岩多次喷出活动堆积而成的火山，称为 火山;由基性熔岩堆积而形成的火山，称为 火山。 128(垭口是越岭公路必经之地，一般按成因将垭口分为三种类型: 、 和 。 129(构造型垭口，常见的有三种: 型垭口、 型垭口和单斜软弱层型垭口。 130(按山坡的纵向轮廓分，有 形坡、 形坡、 形坡和阶梯形坡。 131(按山坡纵向坡度大小分为: 坡、 坡、 坡和垂直坡。 132(平原地貌按成因可分为构造平原、 、 、 和 四大类。 133(构造平原可分为: 和 两种。 134(成都平原为洪积、冲积及冰水沉积作用形成的 平原。 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 135(从陆地正面水流的不同动态来看(可特地表流水分为 (如 )和 (如 )。 136(坡面流水的特性是流程小、 短、 大、水层薄。 137(沟谷流水中的洪流，又称山洪，它是一种 大、 快、并夹带 于沟槽中运动的暂时性流水。 138(河流的地质作用按共进行方式，可以分为: 作用、 作用和 作用。 139(河流的侵蚀作用按其侵蚀方向可分为: 作用和 作用。 140(河流的搬运作用，按物质被河水分选搬运的方式，可分为三种: 运 运和 运。 141(河流的机械碎屑沉积，按其沉积环境，可将冲积层分为:河床相冲积层、 相冲积层、 相冲积层、 相冲积层。 142(平原地区的曲流，继续发育，截弯取直后，就会形成 。 143(丘陵地区的深切式曲流(继续发育，截弯取直后，就会形成 。 144(河谷形态要素包括谷坡和谷底两大部分;谷底中包括 和 。 145(阶地地貌根据成因、结构和形态可分为 阶地、 阶地和 阶地三大类型。 146(堆积阶地根据下切深度与多级堆积阶地间的接触关系，可分为 阶地和 阶地。 147(按水力学原理:水流搬运力的大小与 次方成 比。 148(在沿河岸布设公路，应充分注意河的 力对路基的水毁。凡靠近 的工种建筑物(包括公路)应设置 或护岸挡墙。 149(如果在区域内发生 的地壳 运动;就可能形成多级阶地。 150(地下水的来源有:渗透水、凝结水、 和 。 151(存在于岩体或土体之中的液态水，按其物理力学性质可分为:吸着水、 水 、 水和重力水。 152(根据岩(土)层的透水性不同，一般将岩(土)层分为: 层和 水层。 153(地下水的形成与 、 、 等条件以及人为因素有关。 154(岩石的 是地下水形成的先决条件。 155(根据地下水埋藏条件(分布特征)可划分为三大基本类型:即 水、 水和 水。 156(大气降水的渗透是 的主要补给来源。 157(承压水按地质构造形态可分为两种类型: 和 。 158(承压水按其动态可分为三个组成部分，即 区、 区和排泄区。 159(地下水的物理性质包括温度、 、透明度、 、味道和导电性等。 160(地下水的矿化度，达到10,50g,L时为 水，它能降低 的强度，腐蚀钢筋。 the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 161(地下水的硬度是根据水中 、 的含量多少判定的。 162(在地下水作用下(混凝土中的水化铝酸钙，如果与 发生反应，便会生成工程上被称之为的 ，而导致构件的破坏。 163(崩塌按规模大小可分为: 、 和撒落。 164(崩塌发生的首要条件是 条件，即多发生在临空面高度, 、坡度, 的陡崖地段。 165(若公路处于高陡的硬软相间的水平岩层地段，为防范内边坡发生崩塌，应对软质岩层采取 的措施，以防进一步 形成凹崖坡。 166(斜坡上向下滑动的那部分岩土体，称为 :它的前部形如舌状伸出的部分称为 ;向前滑动时(因前部受阻而形成隆起的小丘称为 。 167(根据受力状态可将滑坡裂缝分为四种:(1) 裂缝、(2) 裂缝、(3) 裂缝和扇形裂缝。 168(滑坡按力学条件分:(1) 滑坡、(2) 滑坡。 169(滑坡的整治措施，通常采用 、 、 、 等。 170(泥石流的形成必须具备(1) 条件、(2) 条件、(3) 条件，但不可忽视的是人为因素。 171(泥石流按其性质分为 和 两类。 172(防治泥石流的具体措施是:上游区 、中游区 、下游区 。 173(当岩(土)体结构面的倾向与坡面倾向 ，且结构面的倾角 于坡度角时，在水的作用就有可能发生 (或 )。 174(岩溶地貌形成的基本条件有三:(1) ;(2) ;(3) 。 175(在岩溶地区的路桥工程一般采用 、 、 、清基加固等措施。 176(地震力具有方向性，即有 和 ，其中以 的地震力对建筑物的破坏作用最大。 177(在工程中，常将地震烈度分为 、 和 。 213(软土的特性是天然含水量大、 高、 低、 差。 214(鉴别软土触变性大小，常用 来表示。 215(软土地基上路堤加固与处理的方法很多，其主要有:(1) 、(2) 、(3) 、(4) 。 216(根据黄土形成的地质年代不同可将黄土分为:砂黄土(Q)、 ( )、 4 ( )和 ( )四类。 217(通常把不能完全符合典型黄土特征的黄土称为 ( )。 218(湿陷性黄土通常分为两类: 黄土和 黄土。 219(组成黄土的矿物成成分复杂，但仍以 、 、 和黏土矿物为主。 220(膨胀上(裂隙黏土)的主要特征是: 、 、 。 221(在裂隙黏土发有的地段，路堑、路堤和房建工程中的首要防治措施是 。 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 222(在实践中，对裂隙粘土病害的防治措施出三宜三不宜的经验，即 、 、 。 223(盐渍土的形成，必须具备三个因素，可简括描述为(1) 高，(2) 高、 (3) 干旱。 224(盐渍土按形成条件分为: 土、 土和胶碱土。 225(盐渍土中常见的易溶盐，主要是 盐、其次是 盐、少量是 盐。 226(盐渍土地区路基工程，常采用隔断毛细水的措施。隔断毛细水的方法有两种: 隔断法和 隔断法。 227(在多年冻土地区，—般分为两层，上层为 层，下层为 层。 228(冻土现象是 及 两种作用所引起的不良地质现象。 229(融冻层 时往往会发生土层膨胀，地面隆起成丘， 时会造成地面沉陷(因此融冻层作为天然地基时，应采取必要的防治措施。 230(由于土中水的类型不同，各具有不同的特性，当气温降到0?下时(首先冻结的是 ( )水，其次是 水，最后才是 水。 二、选 择 题 1(地球的平均半径约为( )。 A(6371km; B(6370km; C(63700km 2(地球的平均密度约( )。 333A(5.517g,cm; B(5.517 g,m; C(5.517 g,km 3(地壳与地幔之间的分界面是( )。 A(康腊面; B(莫霍面; C(古登堡面 4(地幔与地核之间的分界面是( )。 A(康腊面; B(莫霜面; C(古登堡圃 5(物厘风化过程中的?剥离”现象是由( )所引起的。 A(热胀与冷缩; B(冻结与融化; C(结晶与潮解 6(下列物质组合中，属于矿物的是( )。 A(石英和玻璃; B(水泥和石膏; C(方解石和高岭石 7(?下列每对矿物中，属于变质矿物的是( )。 A(石英、长石; B(辉石、角闪石; C(滑石、蛇蚊石 8(下列每对矿物中，属于原生深色矿物的是( )。 A(石英、长石; B(辉石、角闪石; C(滑石、蛇蚊石 9(紫水晶、蔷薇水晶，都有绚丽的颜色，在矿物学中认为是( )。 A(白色; B(假色; C(他色 10(长石类矿物常呈现有肉红、肉黄、白、乳白等颜色，属于( )。 the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation A(自色; B(假色; C(他色 11(云母类矿物表面的特殊光泽，应为( )。 A(油脂光泽; B(珍珠光泽; C(腊状光泽 12(深色矿物，条痕浅淡，具玻璃或特殊光泽的，一般认为属( )。 A(透明矿物; B(半透明矿物; C(不透明矿物 13(按矿物“摩氏硬度计”由高到低的顺序排列的是( )。 A(石膏、方解石、石英; B(方解石、石英、石膏; C(石英、方解石、石膏 14(按具解理特性鉴别云母应属( )。 A(完全解理; B(中等解理; C(不完全解理: 15(下列矿物中，具有较典型“贝壳状断口”的矿物是( )。 A(石膏; B(石棉; C(石英 16(组成地壳的岩石中，占地壳总体积88.64,的是( )。 A(岩浆岩; B(沉积岩; C(变质岩 17(占陆地表面积75,的岩石是( )。 A(岩浆岩; B(沉积岩; C(变质岩 18(构成岩浆岩的主要化学元素中，最主要的是( )。 A(O、Si、Al; B(Fe、Ca、Na; C(B、Mg、Ti 19(在岩浆岩的产状中，夹在地层中间，厚度不大，并与地层平行的侵入岩体是( )。 A(岩脉; B(岩盘; C(岩床 20(以斜长石和角闪石共生组合的岩浆岩，在化学性质上属( )。 A(酸性岩; B(中性岩; C(基性岩 21(在岩浆岩中，被称为不会共生组合的“指示矿物”是( )。 A(石英、角闪石; B(石英、辉石; C(石英、橄榄石 22(酸性深成侵入岩体的花岗岩，在结构上多为( )的。 A(全晶质; B(半品质; C(非晶质 23(在花岗岩中，按结晶先后顺序，石英的晶粒外形为( )。 A(自形晶; B(半自形晶; C(他形昌 24(组成玄武岩的矿物成分主要是( )。 A(石英和长石; B(中性斜长石和角闪石; C(基性斜长石和辉石 25(黏土矿物和有机物是( )所特有韵矿物。 A(岩浆岩; B(沉积岩; C(变质岩 26(只有( )类中，才具有化学结晶结构。 A(岩浆岩; D(沉积岩; C(变质岩 27(在沉积岩中，属黏土岩的是( )。 A(砾岩、砂岩; B(泥岩、页岩; C。石灰岩、白云岩 28(波痕、泥裂、虫迹……等现象是属于沉积岩的( )。 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation A(层理构造; B(层间构造; C(层面构造 凹(下列各组岩石中(具有碎屑结构的是( )， A(花岗岩、流纹岩; B(砾岩、粉砂岩; C(片岩、片麻岩 30(能顺着岩石中的矿物定向排列方向剥裂开的特性，称为( )。 A(解理; B(层理; C(片理 31(下列岩石中，属于变质岩的是( )。 A(砂岩; B(石英砂岩; C(石英岩 32(汉白玉是( )的一种。 A(石灰岩; B(大理岩; C(石英岩? 33(在变质岩中，常具有“变余泥质结构”的岩石是( )。 A(板岩; B(大理岩; C(片麻岩 34(下列各项指标的代号中(表示岩石密度的是( )。 A(G、ρ; B(n、e; C(kw、η 35(下列各项指标的代号中，表示岩石孔隙性的( )。 A(G、ρ; B(n、e ; C(kw、η 36(下列各项指标的代号中，表示岩石水理性质的是( )。 A(G、ρ; B(n、e ; C(kw、η 37(一般认为易软化的岩石，其软化系数值为( )。 A(η<0.75; B(η=0.75; C(η>0.75 38(表示岩石抗压强度的代号是( )。 A(R; B(P; C(σ 39(岩石在无垂直压力(σ=0)，只有水平推力，条件下的抗剪切力强度称为( )。 A(抗切强度τ; B(抗剪强度τ; C(抗剪断强度τ 0ck40(岩石抗剪切强度的一般式为( )。 A(τ=C; B(τ=σtgυ; C(τ=σtgυ+C 0ck 41(在沉积碎屑岩的三种胶结形式中，—般认为强度和稳定性较好的是( )。 A(基底胶结; B(孔隙胶结; C(接触胶结 42(在工程上，岩石按强度分类的根据是( )。 A(干试件的抗压强度Rc; B(湿试件的抗压强度R; C(饱和抗压强度Rb 43(在工程上，划分硬质岩石的抗压强度值为( )。 A(5MPa; D(30MPa; C(60MPa 44。硅质砂岩、硅质页岩按施工难易程度应属( )。 A(软石; B(次坚石; C(坚石 45(标志某两个地质时代之间的一次强烈的构造运动的地层接触关系称为( )。 A(整合; B(平行不整合; C(角度不整合 46(地层的“平行不整合”，是指上、下两套岩层之间( )。 the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation A(产状一致、沉积连续; B(产状一致、沉积间断; C(产状不一致、沉积间断 47(测定岩层绝对年龄的方法是( )。 A(利用地层层序律; B(利用古生物深化律; 巳利用放射元素衰变律 48(泥盆纪在地质年代表中，划为( )。 A(下古生代; B(中生代; C(上古生代 49(地壳的?燕山运动”发生在( )。 A(中生代束新生代之初; B(上占生代末中生代忉; C(下古生代末上古生代初 50(顺着倾斜岩层层面向下的倾斜线在水平面上投影的方位角为该岩层的( )。 A(走向; B(倾向; C(倾角 51(用地质罗盘测定岩层产状三要素时，只须测量( )。 A(走向与倾向; B(倾向与倾角; C(倾角与走向 52(轴面倾斜(两翼岩层倾向相反，但两翼倾角不等，称为( )。 A(倾伏褶曲; B(倾斜褶曲; C(倒转褶曲 53(岩层产状对路堑边坡的稳定性有很大影响的是( )。 A(岩性单一的水平岩层; B(倾向于路基的单斜岩层; C(节理不发育的直立层 54(对桥基造成极不稳定的地质构造是( )。 A(倾斜岩层; B(节理发育; C(断层破碎带 55(隧道工程沿褶曲走向穿越时(较为有利的部位是( )。 A(背斜轴部: B(向斜轴部; C(翼部 56(在地质平面图上。岩层界线的弯曲方向与等高线弯曲的方向相反，表现在削面图上为( )。 A(岩层倾向与地形坡度相反; B(岩层倾向与地形坡度相同但倾角,坡度角; C(岩层倾向与地形坡度相同但倾角,坡度角 57(断层走向与裙曲轴向垂直的逆断层，其上盘在地质平面图上表现为( )。 A(背斜核部变宽、向斜核部变窄; B(背斜核部变窄、向斜核部变宽; C(背斜或向斜的核部无宽窄变化 58(地球表面的巨型地貌:陆地和洋盆是由( )所形成的。 A(内力作用; B(风化作用; C(搬运作用 59(单斜谷中，公路布线时，一般认为( )不利。 A(顺向坡; B(逆向坡; C(两坡均 60(地貌学中，对地形倒置(逆地形)的概念是( )。 A(背斜山、向斜山; D(背斜谷、向斜谷; C(背斜谷、向斜山 61(盾状火山是由( )熔岩喷出而形成的。 A(酸性; B(中性; C(基性 62(在构造型垭口中，一般认为工程地质条件较好，有利于公路越岭的是( )。 A(断层破碎带型垭口; B(背斜张裂型垭口; C(单斜较弱层型垭口 63(在三种不同情况的阶梯形山坡中，对路基或房建会造成很大危害的是( )。 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation A(软硬相间的水平或倾斜岩层，因差异风化形成的阶梯状山坡; B(由滑坡台阶组成的次生阶梯斜坡; C(河谷中多级阶地构成的阶梯形山坡 64(山坡的纵向坡度介于16?-30?之间称为( )。 A(微坡: B(缓坡; C(陡坡 65(在不同成因类型的平原地貌中，工程地质条件—般较好的是( )。 A(构造平原: B(剥蚀平原; C(堆积平原 66(大气降水和冰雪融水按地表流水动态而言应属( )。 A(坡面流水; B(沟谷流水; C(常年河流水 67(冲沟是由( )所造成的一种动态地貌。 A(片流的洗刷作用; B(洪流的冲刷作用; C(河流的侵蚀作用 68(洪积层(扇)是( )所形成的一种堆积型地貌。 A(坡面流水; B(沟谷流水; C(河流水 69(“V“形谷、峡谷主要是由( )形成的地貌形态。 A(底蚀作用; B(侧蚀作用: C(溶蚀作用 70(“河曲”、离堆山主要是由( )形成的地貌形态。 A(底蚀作用; B(侧蚀作用; C(溶蚀作用 71(按水力学原理:水流搬运力P的大小与液速V的关系式为( )。 246A(P=kv; B(P=kv; C(P=kv 72(冲积层是( )所形成的一种地貌形态。] A(片流的沉积作用; B(洪流的沉积作用; C(河流的沉积作用 73(按河水流向与岩层产状的关系而论，单斜谷属于( )。 A(顺向河; B(斜向河; C(走向河 74(阶地面与阶坡均为基岩组成的，称为( )。 A(侵蚀阶地; B(堆积阶地; C(基座阶地 75(阶地面与阶坡均为冲积层组成的，称为( )。 A(侵蚀阶地; B(堆积阶地; C(基座阶地 76(阶地面覆盖一层冲积物(下伏为基岩的，称为( )。 A(侵蚀阶地; B(堆积阶地; C(基座阶地 77(沉积岩在形成过程中(被储存于岩层中的古代湖(海)水，也是地下水的来源之一，故被称之 为( )。 A(渗透水; B(原生水; C(封存水 78(埋藏于岩(土)层的包气带中的上层潜水按其性质应属( )。 A(结合水; B(毛细水; C(重力水 79(下列各组岩层中，具有良好透水性能的是( )。 A(泥岩、页岩; B(粗砂岩、节理发育的石灰岩; C(细晶花岗岩、致密状玄武岩 80(在下列三种岩层中，属于相对不透水的岩层是( )。 the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation A(页岩; D(粉砂岩; C(砂岩 81(在工程上被称之为“水泥杆菌”，是由于地下水中( )超标。 A(碳酸盐; B(硫酸盐; C(镁盐 82(崩塌，不良地质现象发生的首要条件是( )。 A(地形条件; B(坡面条件; C(岩性条件 83(泥石流，不良地质现象发生的首要条件是( )。 A(地形条件; B(坡面条件; C(岩性条件 84(从力学观点分析，斜坡上岩(土)块因其粘(内)聚力C值与内摩擦力σtgυ中之和( )下滑力 值，就失去平衡而产生滑坡或崩塌。 A(大于; B(等于; C(小于 85(在山区沿河谷布设公路，当越过较大、较窄、较陡的冲沟口时，应特别注意可能造成危害的 不良地质现象是( )。 A(崩塌; B(滑坡; C(泥石流 86(在软质岩体或均质粘上层中发生滑坡时(其滑坡床常呈现( )形。 A(直线; B(凹线; C(折线 87(顺层滑坡发生后的滑坡面常呈( )形。? A(直线; B(凹线; C(折线 88(岩溶地貌形成的最基本的首要条件是( )。 A(地质构造; B(水文气象: C(可溶性岩体 89(最适宜于岩溶地貌发育的主要岩牲是( )。 A(凝灰岩; B(石灰岩; C(泥灰岩 90(地震发生时，对地面破坏性最大的地震波是( )。 A(纵波; B(横波; C(面波 91(( )是某地区在今后一定时期内可能普遍遇到的最大地震烈度。 A(基本烈度; B(场地烈度; C(设计烈度 136(软土的天然孔隙比e,1，当其( )时，称为淤泥。 A(e=1; B(11.5 137(软土的透水性能很低，不同方向的渗透系数K值也不一样，其一般规律是( )。 A(垂直方向的K值,水平方向的K值(K,K); ?? B(垂直方向的K值,水平方向的K值(K,K); ?? C(垂直方向的K值=水平方向的K值(K=K) ?? 138(我国黄土地貌主要分布于黄河( )地区。 A(上游; B(中游; C(下游 139(黄土的质地匀一，其粒度成分以( )为主。 A(砂粒; B(粉粒; C(粘粒 140(在描述黄土的特征中，除多孔性、厚度大、无层理外，还因具有显著的( )构造，使之 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 能保持直立边坡。 A(重力节理; B(柱状节理; C(岸剪竹理 141(根据黄土形成的地质年代不同，早更新期(Q)的是( )。 1 A(砂黄土; B(老黄土; C(红色黄土 142(膨胀土又称“裂隙黏土”是一种( )粘土。 A(软塑到流塑的饱和;B(亲水性很强的高塑性;C(有机质高液限土 143(膨胀土最主要的特征是( )。 A(天然含量高、孔隙比大; B(裂隙发育、湿胀干缩; C(具多孔性，无层理 144(对裂隙粘士病害的主要工程措施是( )。 A(换土、反压护道; B(做好排水、防护坡面; C(隔断毛细水、控制路堤高度 145(盐渍土中易溶盐的平均含量为( )。 A(>0.5,; B(<0.5, C(=0.5, ,2-146(海滨盐渍土中的Cl,SO较内陆型盐渍土的( )。 4 A(大; B(小; C(相等 147(对盐渍土病害的主要工程措施是( )。 A(换土、反压护道; B(做好割冰、防护坡面; C(隔断毛细水、控制路堤高度 148(多年冻土区内粉土和粘土按其冻结状态应是( )冻土。 A(坚硬; B(塑性; C(松散 149(多年冻土区内，砂土和碎石土，按其冻结状态应是( )冻土。 A(坚硬; B(塑性; C(松散 三、名词解释 1(工程地质条件 2(工程地质现象 3(地球表面的重力 4(地热增温率(地热梯度) 5(磁偏角 6(自然界水的循环 7(岩石圈 8(地质作用 9(地壳运动 10(岩浆 11(矿物 12(造岩矿物 13(结晶质与晶体 the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 14(解理与断口 15(原生矿物 16(次生矿物 17(岩石 18(主要矿物 19(次要矿物 20(岩浆岩 21(岩浆岩的产状 22(沉积岩 23(层理 24(层面与岩层 25(变质岩 26(片理 27(岩体 28(岩石的饱水系数(kW) 29(岩石的软化系数(η) 30(岩石的抗压强度(R) 31(岩石的抗剪切强度(τ) 32(地层 33(化石、标准化石 34(地质构造 35(节理 36(节理密度 37(断层 38(叠互式构造 39(岩体结构面 40(软弱结构面 41(地质图 42(地形 43(地貌 44(垭口 45(洗刷作用 46(冲刷作用 47(冲沟 48(向(溯)源侵蚀 49(侵蚀基准面 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 50(河流阶地 51(地下水 52(上层滞水 53(潜水 54(承压水 55(透水层 56(不透水层 57(含水层 58(潜水埋藏深度 59(潜水的水力坡度 60(地下水的矿化度 61(原生水 62(封存水 63(崩塌 64(坍岸或塌方 65(坍陷或塌陷 66(滑坡 67，崩塌性滑坡 68(滑坡后壁 69(滑坡台阶 70(泥石流 71(岩溶地貌 72(天生桥(天然桥) 73(地震力 74(地震震级与地震烈度 75(基本烈度 76(场地烈度 77(设计烈度 108(特殊土 109(软土 110(软土的触变性 111(软土的流变性 112(灵敏度 113(黄土 114(黄土的湿陷性 115(非自重湿陷黄土 the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 116(膨胀土(裂隙黏土) 117(盐渍土 118(海滨盐渍土 119(内陆盐渍土 120(冻土 四、识 图 题 砂岩页岩 1( 2( 3( 4( 5( 6( 7( 8( 9( 10( 11( 12( guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 13(a( b( 14( 15(图中属于正断层的是 ;属于逆断层的是 。 16(指出图中不稳定，或有可能发生滑动的边坡: 。 1水平岩层或近于水平岩层 2直立岩层 3倾斜岩层 岩层产状与隧道工程的关系 17(指出图中对隧道工程较为不利的是: 。 背斜 向斜 冀部 断层与隧道工程 18(指出图中对隧道工程不利的是: 。 请判断下列平面地质图的构造类型: the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 19( 20( 21( 22((1) ;(2) 23((1) ;(2) 24( 25( 26( 27( 28( 29((1) ;(2) 30((1) ;(2) guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 31(F1 ; F2 ; F3 32(a( ;b( 33(判别构造型的三种垭口: a( ;b( ;c( 。 a( b( c( d( 34(判别上列河流冲积层的4种结构。 the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 1( 2( 3( 4( 5( 35(写出阶地形态要素的名称。 36(指出下列图中河流阶地成因类型的名称。 a( b( c( d( 37(指出图中承压水按其动态分成的三个组成部分。 a( b( c( 承压盆地示意图 38(指出图中潜水与地表水之间的三种情况。 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 潜水与地下水的关系图示 a( 、b( 、c( 。 五、计 算 题 1(以北京为例，如果用罗盘测知某桥位的走向方位角为87?35′，试问该桥位的真方位角是多少?(注:北京的磁偏角为-5?50′) 2(如果在地图上(由北京向西沿北纬40?选修一条高速公路，在实地测最时用罗盘定线，试问改从公路线的磁方向位角读数是多少? (注:北京的磁偏角为-5?50′) 3(在地质平面图中，某地A点岩层露头为炭质页岩、产状为290?30′，其地面高程为280.00m(B点距A点的平距为100m，其地面商程为250m。试问若在B处钻孔，应钻深多少米方可见该极软质岩层?(如图1所示) 图 1 4，某地区测得断层产状野外记录为325??40?，试问该断层沿NE的走向线的读数该是多少? 5(在某滑坡体中部地面某点高程为1038m，根据“潜水等水位图”，查知该地点的潜水等水位线的高程值为1025m。试问该地点的潜水埋藏深度是多少? 六、简 答 题 1(公路工程技术人员为什么要学《工程地质》(提示:必须首先指出公路工程不同于其它工程的主要特性，然后再说明学习的必要性) 2(风化作用和剥蚀作用有何区别? 3(试述内、外动力地质作用之间的相互关系，它怎样改变着地球的面貌? 4(矿物最基本的光学性质有哪几个方面?它们之间有何内在联系? the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 5(试问原生矿物中，浅色矿物和深色矿物的本质区别何在?请各列出二种矿物的名称。 6，怎样区别石英和方解石;黄铁矿和黄铜矿(要求分清主次，指出三点区别), 7(简述岩浆岩的颜色、矿物成分、化学性质之间的内在规律(共生组合规律)。 8(简述沉积岩的形成过程(可用图式加以概括)。 9(岩浆岩的结晶结构、沉积岩化学结晶结构，变质岩的变晶结构(这三者的区别何在? 10(沉积岩中常见的胶结物主要有哪几种，它们对岩石(以砂岩为例)的强度有何影响? 11(石英岩和大理岩的主要区别何在? 12(试比较方解石、石灰岩和大理岩三者之问的关系。 13(简述石英、砂岩和石英岩三者之间的关系。 14(简述岩浆岩在野外的基本描述和命名。 15(简述沉积岩在野外的基本描述和命名(以碎屑岩类为例)。 16(简述变质岩在野外的基本描述和命名。 17(试分析组成岩石的矿物成分，对岩石工程性质的影响(提示:从单矿岩和复矿岩、矿 物的硬度，矿物的相劝密度等方面分析) 18(什么叫岩石风化?它对岩体的工程性质有何影响? 19(为什么岩石被水饱和后的强度都会降低? 20(什么叫化石?化石的形成必须具备哪些条件?化石对地层的研究有何意义? 21(什么是角度不整合，它表明什么?标志着什么? 22(岩体中节理的存在对工程有何影响? 23(请说明在平面地质图中常见的地质构造图例，如:? ? ? ? ?，各表示什么构造?(具有什么内容?) 24(什么叫单面山?它在地貌形态上具有什么特征?在公路布线时应注意哪些问题? 25(简述坡积层(锥、裙)的形成，地貌特点及其工程性质。 26(筒述洪积层(扇)的形成，主要特征及工程地质条件的地段性? 27(简述冲沟的发育阶段，公路工程在冲沟发育的不同阶段应注意哪些问题? 28(河流阶地对公路工程有何意义? 29(上层滞水具有什么特性?它对公路工程有何影响? 30(略述潜水等水位图的编绘方法，根据潜水等水位图可以解决哪些问题? 31(略述崩塌的防治原则及措施。 32(在野外路线测没中，通过哪些标志去识别古滑坡?(提示:报据古滑坡的外貌特征，只须指出5个即可)。 33(斜坡上滑坡发生之前常有哪些先兆?(提示:最少指出4点现象) guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 34(简要地列出滑坡可能发生的条件。 35(简述滑坡对山区建设和交通设施的危害及防治原则。 36(简要分析山区“阶梯形山坡”的三种成因。 37(崩塌与滑坡有何区别? 38(泥石流的形成必须具备哪些条件? 39(公路在穿越可能发生泥石流的地段，应采取哪些防治措施? 40(简述岩溶地区路基工程的整治措施。 注:凡已进行野外地质教学实习的班次，应以实例对31-39题编拟试题，如:以大溪沟为例，简述该地区泥石流发生的条件，危害及所采取的具体措施。 56(试分析软土的主要工程地质问题。 57(简述软土地基上常采用的工程措施。 58(试比较黄土和黄土质土，在成因和物理性质方面有何差异? 59(黄土地区常见的工程病害有哪些?通常采取哪些技术措施来加以防范。 60(简述裂隙粘土地段，路堑边坡变形破坏的几种形式。 61(以裂隙粘土作地基修建房屋时，为什么要增大基础埋置深度? 62(简述盐渍土对路基工程的影响。 63(筒述盐渍上地区路基工程常采用的几种措施。 64(对工程危害更大的是季节性冻士地区，为什么? 65(在饱冰冻土或含土冰地层地段，怎样防止路堤基底融化造成的危害?(图5) 图5 保温护道 the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 题 解 一、填 空 题 1(地球的壳层(地壳) 2(土和岩石工程性质 3(地质 4(延伸很长，且以地壳表层为基底的 5(梨状三轴旋转椭球体 6(6371km(或6370km) 827(5.×10km 30 70 8(5.517 9(由赤道向两极方向逐渐增大 10(递减 11(磁偏角 12(大气圈 水圈 生物圈 13(地壳 地幔 地核 14(地震波 15(莫霍(莫氏) 古登堡(古氏) 16(大陆海洋 17(70 1.6 18(内动力地质 外动力地质 19(地壳运动 岩浆作用 地震作用 变质作用 20(风化剥蚀搬运沉积 21(水平 垂直(升降) 22(侵入活动 喷出活动 23(构造地震 火山地震 陷落地震 构造大震 24(接触 动力 区域 25(剥离 冰劈 晶胀 26(氧化 溶解 水化 水解 27(原生矿物 次生矿物 变质矿物 28(变质 次生 原生: 29(光学 力学 30(颜色 条痕 光泽 31(透明 32(长石(或:白云母、石英) 角闪石(或:黑云母、辉石) guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 33(石膏 萤石 黄玉 34(岩浆岩 沉积岩 变质岩 35(地基 原材料(或:建筑材料) 36(侵入 喷出 37(岩基 岩株 38(岩脉 岩盘(或:岩盆) 岩床 30(火山锥 岩流 岩被 40(浅色 深色 41(酸性 中性 基性 42(石英 长石类 43(角闪石 中性斜长石 44(辉石 基性斜长石 45(石英 橄榄石 指示 46(岩浆冷凝时所处理化环境 分类 命名 47(全晶质 半晶质 非晶质 48(气孔状 杏仁状 流纹状 49(碎屑矿物 粘土矿物 化学沉积矿物 50(碎屑 泥质 化学结晶 51(硅质 铁质 钙质 52(砾状 砂状 粉砂状 53(泥质 粉砂泥质 砂泥质 54(水平 斜 交错 55(石英 56(粘土矿物 57(方解石 58(白云石 59(温度 压力 新的化学成分(或化学活动性流体) 60(继承 独特 61(变余 变晶 碎裂 62(板 干枚 片 片麻 63(层理 64(片理 65(方解石 内云石 66。石英 67(物理 水理 力学 68(排列形式 孔隙连通情况 the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 69(矿物岩石 70(大 铁镁(或:FeMg) 71(孔隙 矿物密度 孔隙性 72(密实程度 坚固性 73(体积 总体积 74(体积 体积 75(吸水 软化 抗冻 76(水分 干燥岩石 77(水分 干燥岩石 78(抗风化 抗冻 79，小(或:大) 大(或:小) 80(小 高 81(内(粘)聚力(C) 内摩擦系数f(tgυ) 82(σtgυ C 内聚力 83(σtgυ+C 内聚力(C) 内摩擦力(σtgυ) 84(矿物成分 结构 构造 85(基底 孔隙 接触 孔隙 86(饱和单釉极限抗压强度 87(硬质 软质 极软质 88(软 次坚 坚 89(整合 平行不整合(或:假整合) 角度不整合 90(地层层序 古生物演化 岩性变化 91(放射性元寨 92(寒武(?) 奥陶(O) 志留(S) 93(泥盆(D) 石炭(C) 二叠(P) 94(三叠(T) 侏罗(J) 白垩(K) 95(寒武系中统 泥盆系中统 96(走向 倾向 倾角 97(倾向 走向 98(背斜 向斜 99(核 翼 轴面 100(直立褶曲、 101(倾斜褶曲 102(倒转褶曲 103(水平褶曲 倾伏(没) 褶曲 104(复背斜 复向斜 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 105(走向节理 倾向节理 斜向节理 106(张节理 剪节理 107(风化节理 重力节理 岸剪节理 108(多 变化范围愈广 109(正断层 逆断层 平移断层 110(纵断层 横断层 斜断层 111(走向断层 倾向断层 斜向断层 112(地垒 地堑 113(阶梯状断层 114(正断层 逆断层 115(逆断层 正断层 116(正断层 逆断层 117(内力外力的对立统一 118(内力和外力相互作用 119(岩石性质 地质构造 120(内生地貌 外生地貌 121(山坡 山麓(山脚) 122(500,1000 200,500 123，背斜 向斜 124，向斜 背斜 125(倾向相背 126(锥形 盾形 127(锥形 盾状 128(构造型垭口 剥蚀型垭口 剥蚀,堆积型垭口 129(断层破碎带 背斜张裂带 130(直线 凸 凹 131(微 缓 陡 132(剥蚀平原 剥蚀,堆积平原 堆积平原 133(海滨倾斜平原 大陆拗曲平原 134(复合式堆积 135(暂时性流水(如片流和洪流) 常年性流水(如河流) 136(时间 面积 137(水量 流速 大量泥沙 138(侵蚀 搬运 沉积 139(底(下)蚀 侧(旁)蚀 140(拖(推) 浮 溶 the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 141(河漫滩 牛轭湖 河口三角洲 142(牛轭湖 143(离堆山 144(河床 河漫滩 145(侵蚀 堆积 基座(复合式) 146(内叠 上叠 147(流速的六 正 148(侧(旁)蚀力 凹岸 丁坝、防浪堤 149(多次振荡式 上升 150(原生水 封存水 151(薄膜 毛细 152(透水 不透水 153(地质 气候 地貌 154(孔隙性 155(包气带水 潜水 承压水 156(潜水 157(承压盆地 承压斜地 158(补给 承压 159(颜色 气味 160(高矿化(盐) 水泥混凝土 2+2+161(Ca、Mg离子 162(硫酸钙 水泥杆菌 163(山崩 落石 164(坡面 30m 50? 165(坡面加固(或:喷浆、抹面) 风化 166(滑坡体 滑坡面 滑坡鼓丘 167(拉张 剪切 鼓胀 168(牵引 推移 169(排 挡 减 170(地形 地质 水文气象 171(粘滞性泥石流 稀释性泥石流 172(预防 拦截 排导 173(近于一致 小于 崩塌(滑坡) 174(可溶性岩体的存在 岩体的透水性 有溶解能力的地下水活动 175(堵塞 疏导 跨越 176(水平分力 垂直分力 水平分力 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 177(基本烈度 场地烈度 设计烈度 213(压缩性 承载力 透水性 214(灵敏度 215(换土 抛石挤淤 反压护道 砂井 216(新黄土(Q) 老黄土(Q) 红色黄土(Q) 321 217(黄土质土(或:黄土类土) 218(自重湿陷性 非白重湿陷性 219(石英 长石 白云母 220(裂隙发育 峰值强度大而残余强度极小 干缩湿胀 221(做好排水工程 222(宜早不宜迟 宜挡不宜清 宜排不宜堵 223(地下水矿化度 地下水较 气候比较 224(盐 碱 胶碱 225(氧 硫酸 碳酸 226(渗水土 石灰沥青膏 227(夏融冬冻的融冻 常年不化的永冻 228(冻结 融化 229(冻结 融解 230(重力(或:自由)建筑物 毛细 土粒表面结合 二、选 择 题 1(B; 2(A; 3(B; 4(C; 5(A; 6(C; 7(C; 8(B; 9(B; 10(A; 11(B; 12(B; 13(A; 14(A; 15(C; 16(A; 17(B; 18(A; 19(C; 20(B; 21(C; 22(A; 23(C; 24(B; 25(B; 26(B; 27(B; 28(C; 29(B; 30(C; 31(C; 32(B; 33(A; 34(A; 35(B; 36(C; 37(A; 38(A; 39(A; 40(C; 41(B; 42(C; 43(B; 44(B; 45(C; 46(B; 47(C; 48(C; 49(A; 50(B; 51(B; 52(B; 53(B; 54(C; 55(C; 56(B; 57(A; 58(A; 59(B; 60(C; 61(C; 62(B; 63(B; 64(B; 65(B; 66(A; 67(B; 68(B; 69(A; 70(B; 71(C; 72(C; 73(C; 74(A; 75(B; 76(C; 77(C; 78(C; 79(B; 80(A; 81(B; 82(B; 83(A; 84(C; 85(C; 86(B; 87(A; 88(C; 89(B; 90(C; 91(A; 136(C; 137(B; 138(B; 139(B; 140(B; 141(C; 142(B; 143(B; 144(B; 145(A; 146(A; 147(C; 148(A; 149(C 三、名词解释 1(工程地质条件，通常是指那些影响工程建筑结构类型、施工方法及其稳定性的各种自然条件如the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 地层、岩性、地质构造、水文地质、地貌特征、气候……等的综合。(注:自然条件未加注解的不能算是全对) 2(一般是指由于人类工程活动所引起的地质环境改变而产生的地质现象。 3(地球表面重力是指地心引力与离心力的合力。 4(地壳恒(常)温层以下，每升高1?所增加深度;或每深100m所增加的温度称之为地热增温度(地热梯度)。 5(磁偏角是指地理子午线与地磁子午线之间的夹角。 6(自然界的水，在大阳辐射热的作用下(经蒸发变为水汽进入大气圈，随着气流运动，在 适当条件下，以降水形式又落到陆地和海洋，这种往复循环过程称为水的循环。 7(通常把软流层以下包括地壳全部和地幔上部的固态岩石圈层，称为岩石圈。 8(由自然动力促使地壳物质组成、内部结构、地表形态发生变化的过程(称为地质作用。 9(由内部能源引起地壳结构和面貌发生改变或相对位移的运动，称为地壳运动。 10(岩浆，通常是指地下40-l00km的深处，呈高温粘稠状的、富含挥发组分、成分复杂的硅酸盐熔融体。 11(自然界凡具有一定化学成分和物理性质的单质体及化合物，均称矿物。 12(在主要的常见的矿物中，构成岩石的矿物，称为造岩矿物。 13(物质内部质点(原子、离子)作有规律排列，即具有格子构造的称为结晶质;结晶质在三维空间的有限部分即为晶体。 14(矿物晶体或晶粒受外力作用，能沿一定晶面裂开成一系列光滑平面的固有特性，称为解理;矿物在外力打击下，沿任意方向发生不规则的裂口，称为断口。 15(原生矿物也称内生矿物，在成岩或成矿时期内，从岩浆熔融体中经冷凝结晶过程中所形成的石英、长石、云母、角闪石、辉石和橄榄石等;或热液成矿过程中所形成的方铅矿、方解石等，均是原生矿物(或简释为:从岩浆熔融体中冷凝结晶过程中所形成的矿物)。 16(次生矿物也称外生矿物，是指原生矿物遭受化学风化作用而形成的新矿物，如长石经水解的作用后形成高岭石。 17(在地壳发展过程中，由一种或多种矿物组成，且在成分和结构上具有一定规律的集合体(称为岩石。 18(主要矿物是指岩石中含量较多(,20,)，对分类和命名起决定作用的矿物。 19(次要矿物是指某种矿物在岩石中的含量较少(3,,10,)，对划分岩石大类不起主要件用但可作为确定岩石种属的依据。 20(岩浆涌向地表或地下一定深处，因其理化环境即压力和温度条件发生了变化，使之冷凝而成的岩石，称为岩浆岩。 21(通常把岩浆岩生成的空间位置和形态大小，称为岩浆岩的产状。 22(在地表常温、常压环境下，由外动力地质作用促使地壳表层先成的矿物和岩石遭到破坏，将其松散碎屑、浮悬、溶解物搬移到适宜的地带沉积下来(再经压固、胶结，形成层状的岩石，称为沉积岩。 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation (或:概括地认为，沉积岩就是外动力地质作用五个环节全过程的综合特征的集中反映。) 23(由于季节变化、沉积环境的变迁，使先后沉积的物质在成分上发生相应变化，从而显示出来的成层现象，称为层理。 24(层面是指性质不同的岩石之间的接触面;岩层是指上下两层面间成分基本一致的岩石。 25(地壳中原岩(岩浆岩、沉积岩和老变质岩)受到温度压力及化学活动性流体等的影响，在固态状态下发生剧烈变化后所形成的新的岩石，称为变质岩。 26(能顺着变质岩中矿物定向排列方向剥裂开的特性。称为片理。 27(岩体是由各种岩石组成并在后期经历了不同性质的构造运动的改造，被各种结构面分割后的综合地质体。 28(岩石饱水系数是指岩石的吸水率W与饱水率W的比值，其表达式为: 12 W1 K,WW2 29(岩石软化系数是指岩石在饱水状态下的抗压强度R与干燥状态下的抗压强度R的比值(用WC小数表示，表达式为: RW ,,RC 30(岩石的抗压强度是指岩石单向受压时，所受的最大压力，单位:Pa，表达式为: PR, A 式中:P――岩石破坏时的总压力(N); 2 A――受压横截面积(cm)。 31(是岩石在一定的压力下，被剪破时的极限剪切应力值，用τ表示。岩石抗剪切强度τ，是由c内聚力和内摩擦力f(tgυ)两部分组成。 32(通常把某一地质时代所形成的一套岩层或堆积物，统称为那个时代的地层。 33(化石是指保存在地层中的古生物的遗体和遗迹。标准化石是指那些生存时间短、演化快、分布地区广、个体数目多的生物种类所形成的化石。 34(岩层或岩体在地壳运动中，由于构造应力长期作用使之发生永久变形和变位的现象，如褶曲、断层等(称为地质构造。 35(节理是指断裂面两侧岩块未发生明显相对位移的断裂现象。 36(节理密度是指岩石中某节理组在单位面积或单位体积中节理总数。实践中，常以某节理面的垂立方向上每米距离中的节理平均数目，即根(条),米。 37(沿断裂面两侧岩块有明显相对位移的构造现象，称为断层。 38(岩体叠瓦式构造是由数条倾向一致、相互平行的逆断层组合而成，似叠瓦状而得名。 39(在地质发展中岩体变形(褶皱、断裂)时，使其内部产生有一定方向，延展较大、厚度较小的两维面状的地质界面，如层面片理面、节理面……等，称为岩体结构面。 the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 40(结构面上物质较软弱，易破碎，含泥质物及水理性质不良的粘土矿物(在水作用下泥化而降低它的C与υ值)、抗剪强度低，对岩体稳定性影响最大的结构面称为软弱结构面。 41(对一个地区进行了地质调查后(将各种地质情况(地层、岩性、地质构造等)按一定比例和规定的图例缩绘在一定地形底图上所构成的图件，称为地质图。 42(地形是指地球表面起伏形态的外部特征:即海拔、相对高度和平均坡度等三个要素。 43(地貌是指地球表面由不同动力因素所造成的不同类型、不同规模的起伏形态。 44(山岭顶部受切割后，山脊呈现波状起伏形态(其下坳的鞍部称为垭口。 45(面状流水在重力作用下，沿整个坡面将其松散的风化物带至斜坡下部，使坡间上部比较均匀地呈面状降低的过程，称为洗刷作用，: 46(洪流以巨大的流量和流速，冲击并破坏着被它流经的沟底和沟壁的过程，称为冲刷作用。 47(由冲刷作用所形成的沟谷形态，并在短期内显得变化比较大的一种动态地貌，称为冲沟。 48(河谷流水从河口逐渐向上游源头方向不断扩展伸长的现象，称向(溯)源侵蚀。 49(河流底蚀作用消失的极限平面，称为侵蚀基准面。 50(河谷受流水侵蚀所拓宽的谷底或冲积面成的河漫滩，因地壳上升运动，河水下切，使之高出现今洪水之上呈阶梯状分布于河谷谷坡之中的地貌形态。 51(凡存在于地面以下，土和岩石孔隙、裂隙及洞穴中的各种状态的水，称为地下水。 52(上层滞水是指埋藏在包气带中(局部隔水层之上的重力水。 53(潜水是指埋藏在地表以下第一个稳定隔水层之上，具有自由水面的重力水。 54(承压水充满于两个隔水层之间，含水层中具有水头压力的地下水。 55(透水层是指孔隙和裂隙多而大，能使地下水流通过的岩(土)层。 56(孔隙和裂隙少而小，相对不透水的致密岩(土)层，称隔水层。 57(含水层是指贮存有地下水的透水层。 58(任一点上的地面高程与该点潜水面高程的差值，即: 某地点潜水埋藏深度=该地点高程,该地点潜水面高程。 59(潜水的水力坡度(J)是指潜水面上两条水位线之间的高程差(H,H)与两条水位线间水平法线21 距离(L)的比值，其表达式如下: H,H,H21J,, LL 60(地下水中所含各种离子、分子及化合物的总量，称为地下水的矿化度，以克,升(g/l)表示。 61(来自地球内部的水，随着岩浆活动所携带的水蒸气在岩石孔隙中冷凝而成的岩浆水，称为原生水。 62(在沉积岩形成过程中，储存于沉积岩孔隙里的古代湖(海)水，当其被黏土物覆盖，封闭于岩层之中被保留了下来的水，称为封存水，也称“埋藏水”。 63(在陡峻斜坡或悬崖上的岩、土体，由于裂隙发育或其它因素的影响，在重力作用下突然而急剧地向下崩落、翻滚、坍塌，在坡脚形成倒石堆或岩堆的现象，称为崩塌。 64(在河岸、湖岸、海岸受水流波浪的冲刷、淘蚀而使岸坡发生水毁崩塌的现象称为坍岸或塌方。 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 65(如果崩塌是由于地下溶洞、潜蚀穴或采空区引起的则称为坍陷。 66(滑坡又称地滑，斜坡上不稳定的岩、土体在重力作用下，沿一定的滑动面(或带)整体向下滑动的物理地质现象。 67(滑坡体内有部分土(或岩)体形成翻倾，而大部分作整体位移，这种先缓后急的滑坡现象，称为崩塌性滑坡。 68(滑坡发生后，滑体后缘和斜坡未动部分脱开的陡壁称为滑坡后壁。 69(滑体由于各段滑动速度的差异，在滑体上形成的阶梯状的错台，称为滑坡台阶。 70(泥石流是山区特有的一种不良地质现象，系山洪水流挟带大量泥砂、石块等固体物质，突然以巨大的速度从沟谷上游奔腾直泻而下，来势凶猛，历时短暂，具有强大破坏力的一种特殊洪流。 71(岩溶地貌是可溶性岩层(石灰岩、白云岩……)受水溶蚀为主的化学溶解及机械破坏作用，对地表和地下所造成的奇特景观。(或:是地表水或地下水，对可溶性岩石进行化学溶解作用所形成的一种特殊的地质现象。) 72(近地表的溶洞或暗河顶板塌陷，有时残留一段未塌陷的洞顶，形成横跨水流呈桥状形态，故称天生桥，也称天然桥。 73(由地震波传播时引起地面振动所产生的惯性力，称为地震力。 74(地震震级是地震震源处释放出能量大小的一种量度。地震烈度是指地面及房屋等建筑物遭受地震影响破坏的程度。 75(基本烈度是指一个地区在今后一定时期内可能普遍遇到的最大地震烈度。 76(建筑场地内因地质、地貌和水文地质条件等差异而引起基本烈度的降低或提高的烈度(叫场地烈度。 77(设计烈度是指抗震设计所采用的烈度(它是根据建筑物的重要性、永久性、抗震性以及工程的经济性等条件对基本烈度进行适当调整后的烈度。 108(在特定地域内(由于成生条件的特殊，使之不同于一般土而具有某些特殊性质，在工程上必须给予特殊处理的土。(注:该定义中有4个特字，以助记忆) 109(在静水或缓慢流水环境中沉积而成的、天然含水量大、比缩性高、承载力低、透水性差的一种软塑状态的饱和粘土层。 110(软土是“海绵状”结构性沉积物，当原状土的结构未受到破坏时，常具有一定的结构强度，但一经扰动，结构强度便被破坏。如果在含水量不变的条件下，静置不动又可恢复原来的强度，这种受扰动而强度减弱，由静置而又恢复强度的特性，即为软土的触变性。 111(在一定荷载的持续作用下，土的变形随时间而增长的特性，称为土的流变性。 112(是鉴别软土触变性的指标。灵敏度S是指在无侧限条件下，原状试件的抗压强度q与重塑(结tu构破坏后)试件的抗压强度q′之值。如式: u quS, t,qu 113(黄土是自第四纪以来，大陆上于干早和半干旱气候条件下沉积而成的，呈褐黄色或灰黄色，the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 具有针状孔隙及垂直节理的一种特殊土。 114(天然黄土在一定压力作用卜，被水浸湿后土的结构受到破坏面发生突然下沉的现象称为黄土湿陷性。 115(湿陷性黄土被水浸湿后在自重压力下不发生湿陷，而在附加压力作用下产生湿陷的称为非自重湿陷故土。 116(也叫胀缩土，有的地区称为“裂隙黏土’，是一种亲水性很强的高塑性粘土。当土受水浸湿时，体积发生显著膨胀，干燥失水明显收缩，故称为膨胀土。 117(在地表土层1m厚内，易溶盐的平均含量,0.5,，使之盐渍化的土。 118(沿海一带受海水的浸渍或海岸退移，经过蒸发，盐分残留地面而形成的盐渍土，称为海滨盐渍土。 119(内陆干早和半干早地区，年蒸发量大于降水量，地势低洼，地下水埋藏浅，矿化度高，排水不畅所形成的盐渍土，称为内陆盐渍土。 120(冻土是指高纬度、高寒地区，土层温度?0?，并含有冰的土层。通常将冻结状态持续多年不融的土，称为多年冻土;而将受季节影响，冬冻夏融呈周期性变化的上，称为季节性冻土。 四、识 图 题 1(斜层埋; 2(交错层埋; 3(透镜体; 4(基底胶结; 5(孔隙胶结; 6(接触胶结; 7(整合(或正常层位); 8(平行不整合; 9(角度不整合; 10(侵入接触; 11(沉积接触; 12(喷出接触; 13((a)背斜，(b)向斜; 14(叠瓦式构造; 15(a、c、f、b、d、e: 16(d、e、f; 17(a、c、e; 18(a、c、e; 19(水平岩层(水平构造); 20(倾斜岩层(单斜构造); 21(单斜岩层(倾斜构造);22(?倾斜背斜;?直立向斜; 23(?倾伏背斜;?倾伏向斜; 24(倒转背斜; 25(横向逆断层; 26(横向正断层; 27(逆断层; 28(逆断层; 29(?平行不整合;?角度不整合;30(?地垒;?地堑; 31(F纵断层，F横断层，F斜断层; 32(a(顺123 地形、b(逆地形(地形倒置); 33(a(单斜软弱层型垭口、b(背斜张裂带型垭口、c(断层破碎带型垭口; 34(a(河床相冲积层、b(牛轭湖相冲积层、c(河漫滩相冲积层、d(河口三角洲相冲积层: 35(?阶地面、?阶坡(陡坡)、?前缘、?后缘、?坡脚; 36(a(基座阶地、b(侵蚀阶地、c(上叠阶地、d(内叠阶地;37(a(补给区、b(承压区、c(排泄区; 38(a(潜水补给河水、b(河水补给潜水、c(两者互为补给。 五、计 算 题 1(答:真方位角读数为81?45′。 2(答:磁方位角读数为275?50′。 3(解:(1)绘制1:100剖面图(如图6)，可求得B处钻孔在27.74m深处的炭质页岩层。 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 图 6 (2)可查函数表tg30??0.5774×100.00m=57.74m 57.74-30=27.74m 4(解:倾向为325?的NE(走向线为:325?+90?-360?=55?。 5(解:潜水埋藏深度为:1038m-1025m=13m。 六、简 答 题 1(答:公路工程是一种延伸很长，且以地壳表层为甚底的线形建筑物，它常常要穿越许多自然条件不同地段，故路桥工程必然要受到不同地段的地质、地理各种因素的影响，这是公路工程区别于房屋、水库、矿山等工程建筑物最重要的特征。 为保证建筑工程的合理设计，顺利施工和正常使用需要提供可靠的地质与土质等方面的科学依据及数据，故必须认真学习有关工程地质的基本理论及基本技能等方面的基础知识。 2(答:风化作用是指组成地壳的岩石，由于温度的变化、天气、水溶液和生物的作用，使之在原地发生物理、化学变化的现象。而剥蚀作用是将风化后的松散物通过风力、地面流水、地下水、湖泊、海洋和生物等各种外动力因素从岩石表面搬离原地，并以风化物为工具，参与对其地壳的破坏过程。 3，答:内动力地质作用不仅使地壳内部结构、构造复杂化(还造成了地壳表面的巨大起伏不平面(陆地和海洋)。而外动力地质作用则力图削高填低，夷平内动力地质作用所造成起伏面，并使之复杂化。内、外动力地质作用之间既互相排斥和互相联系，又互相对立和相互依存，这种对立统一的矛盾的运动，推动着整个地质作用的运行，也推动着地壳的演变和发展。 4(答:矿物最基本的光学性质包括、颜色、条痕、光泽、透明度等几个方面。对于标本刚言，其透明度是以光学性质的四个方面的内在联系作综合判定的，—?般认为，颜色浅淡、条痕无色或白色，非金属光泽的非金属矿物，都是透明的;颜色深暗、条痕黑色或暗色，金属光泽的金属矿物，the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 基本上是不透明的，介于两者之间为半透明的矿物。 5(答:矿物颜色是原生矿物本身化学特性的反映，浅色矿物多以含硅、铝质(SiAl)为主，如石英，长石类、白云母等;深色矿物多以含铁镁(FeMe)为主，如橄榄石、辉石、角闪石、黑云母等。 6(答: 矿 物 石英 方解石 黄铁矿 黄铜矿 硬 度 7 3 高 中 解理与断口 贝壳状断口 三向完全解理 锯齿状断口 参差状断口 SiO CaCO FeS CuFe 2322化学成分 遇HCl无反应 遇HCl强烈反应 制硫酸 炼铜 7(答:如图11: 从网络图中可以看出:岩 浅色矿物石　英正长石斜长石浆岩中原生矿物在冷凝过 程中所形成的共生组合规橄榄石黑云母角闪石深色矿物辉　石律: (1)酸性岩 石英与正长岩石颜色浅色岩深色岩中色岩暗深色岩石及酸性斜长石共生为 主; 化学性质酸性岩中性岩基性岩超基性岩(2)中性岩 石英含量极 图11 岩浆岩颜色、矿物成分、化学性质网络图 少，以中性长石类与角闪 石共生为主; (3)基性岩 无正长石和石英或含量极少，以基性斜长石与辉石共生为主; (4)超基性岩 长石类及角闪石极少见，绝无石英，以橄揽石与辉石共生为主。 可见，石英与橄榄石绝不共生，以此二者视为岩浆岩的“指示矿物”。 8(答:见图12所示: 原始物质风化剥蚀作用搬运作用沉积环境成岩作用生成物 压固沉岩浆岩水力机械崩解和化海洋湖盆 积脱水学溶解、分解老沉积岩重力，风力河岸、河口 岩胶结生物理化作用冰川变质岩封闭洼地 图 12 或答:沉积岩是在地表常温常压环境下，由外动力地质作用促进地壳表层行成的矿物和岩石遭到破坏，将其松散碎屑、浮悬、溶解物搬移到适宜的地带沉积下来，再经压固、胶结、形成层状的岩石。 9(答:岩浆岩的结晶结构是直接由高温熔融状的岩浆冷凝而成，在矿物组合上有先后冷凝的顺序性。 澳中的化学溶运物汇集达到饱和浓度后使之重结晶沉淀而具有化学性。 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 变质岩中各种矿物在固态情况下，受定向压力进行重结晶而具有定向性。 10(答:沉积岩中的主要胶结物有硅质、铁质、钙质、泥质等四种。以硅质砂岩强度高，抗风化力强，而泥质砂质，吸水性大，易软化，强度和稳定性差。 11(答:石英岩和大理岩同属块状变质岩。石英岩的成分以石英为主，而大理岩的成分以碳酸盐矿物如方解石、白云石为主，因此石英岩中的石英要比大理岩中的方解石、白云石的硬度要高得多，故石英岩的抗压强度(150,300MPa)比大理岩的抗压强度(100,200MPa)也高得多。 12(答:方解石是碳酸盐类的矿物。石灰岩的主要组成物质为方解石，是由碳酸盐类溶液的纯化学作用沉淀而成的沉积岩。大理岩是由碳酸盐类的岩石如灰岩经热变质而成的变质岩。三者之间以碳酸盐类为物质基础，方解石为CaCO以矿物形式产出，石灰岩为沉积岩的化学结晶形式，大3 理岩为变质岩的变晶形式。 13(答:石英多为原生矿物。砂岩属砂状碎屑沉积岩，以石英为其主要矿物成分。石英岩是石英砂岩经热接触或区域变质作用而形成的变质岩。三者之间以SiO物质基础，石英是SiO的矿物形22式(砂岩是以石英碎屑为主的沉积形式，石英岩是石英以变晶产出的形式。 14(答:岩浆岩在野外常采用全名法描述，即:颜色+结构+构造+特征矿物+基本名称。例如:淡肉红色全晶质等粒半自形块状角闪石花岗岩。 15(答:在野外，为了能较全面地反映沉积岩多方面的特征，在肉眼鉴定中常用综合描述法来命名(以碎屑岩类为例，一般格式如下:颜色+构造(层位厚度)+胶结物+结构+成分及基本名称。例如:紫红色中厚层钙质细粒石英砂岩。 16(答:在野外，对变质岩常采用的描述方法包括几个方面:颜色+结构+次要矿物+主要矿物及构造特征基本命名，例如:浅灰色鳞片变晶石榴子石云母石英片岩。 17(答:组成岩石的矿物成分对岩石工程性质的影响可从以下几个方面来看，?单矿岩如石英岩比复矿岩如花岗岩的耐风化，其抗压强度前者高于后者;?矿物的硬度对岩石的抗压强度有密切的关系，石英岩中的石英要比大理岩中方解石的硬度高，故前者比后者抗压强度高;?矿物的比重决定着岩石的比重，如铁镁质多的辉长岩要比含硅铝质多的花岗岩的比重大得多。 18(答:岩石在风化作用下发生物理化学变化的过程，称为岩石风化。岩石风化使岩体的工程地质特征发生改变，其表现有三:(1)岩体的完整性受到破坏;(2)岩石的矿物成分发生变化;(3)风化作用改变了岩石的水理力学性质。 19(答:任何岩石被水饱和后的强度都会降低，这是因水能沿着岩石极细微孔隙、裂隙浸入，在其颗粒间向深部运移，从而削弱矿物颗粒彼此之间的连结力，降低岩石的内聚力C值和内摩擦系数f(tgυ)，使岩石的抗压，抗剪强度受到影响。 20(答:化石是保存地地层中的古生物的遗体和遗迹。化石的形成必须具备一定的条件，首先，生物本身具有易于保存的硬体;其次，生物死亡后要有掩埋的地质环境;最后，要经过石化作用，才能形成化石。 生物演化经历着不断地由简单到复杂、由低级到高级的向前发展规律。生物进化是不可逆的，有阶段性的，同一时代的地层具有相同的化石组合特点，不同时代的地层只有不同的化石组合。因此，可以根据化石推断古地理环境和古气候的变化并确亿地层的年代。 the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 21(答:上下两套岩层以一定交角的接触关系称为角度不整合。它表明该地区下伏岩层形成后曾发生构造运动及剥蚀作用，不仅出现沉积间断，而且使下伏岩层发生变形或变位，当地壳再次下降接受新的沉积时，剥蚀面上下岩层就形成一定交角的接触关系。它标志着某两个地质时代之间的一次强烈的构造运动。 22(答:岩体中节理的存在仅对工程而言，有几点影响:(1)使岩体的完整连续性遭到破坏，大大降低了岩体的强度和稳定性;(2)对采石而言，节理适当分布有利于成材石料的采集，但是若节理密度过大，就会降低开采率;(3)对施工而言，节理发育却有利于挖掘和爆破，可大大减小施工量。 23(答:在平面地质图中常见的地质构造图例，如: ? 表示岩层产状，长线为在图纸上走向线的实际方位角，短线为岩层倾向，侧边的数字为倾角度数。 ? 表示背斜，长线为背斜轴在图纸上的实际方位角，简称轴向线，两侧短线为背斜两翼岩层的倾向。 ? 表示倾伏背斜，长线箭头指向为枢纽倾伏的方位角，侧边数字为枢纽倾伏的倾角度数，两侧短线为倾伏背斜两翼岩层倾向。 ? 表示逆断层，长线为断层走向在图纸上的实际方位角，箭头所指为断层倾向，侧边数字为断层面的倾角度数，有短齿线的一侧为下落(降)的郎分;下盘下降故为逆断层。 ? 表示正断层描述同上。上盘下降故为正断层。 24(答:单面山是由单斜岩层构成的山。在地貌形态上的主要特征是山脊沿岩层走向延伸，顶层由抗蚀性较强的岩石构成，经差异风化形成两坡不对称的形态;与岩层倾向基本一致的一坡为顺向坡，与之相反的一坡为剥蚀坡。在公路布线时，一般认为顺向坡有利(但是，如果岩层倾角较大，层位较薄，开挖路堑较深时，应注意高边坡的稳定性，防止深挖后会使边坡岩体表层失去支撑，产生滑坡。 25(答:片流将坡面上的风化物经洗刷作用，带到半山坡或坡麓地段堆积，形如半圆锥体，故称坡积锥，多个坡积锥连片成裙状，故称坡积裙。其特点是:坡积物质未经长距离搬运多呈棱角状，成分与山坡上基岩一致;在结构上以细小亚粘土和砂粒，岩屑为主，颗粒的分选性较差，略显斜层理。 坡积层常处于不稳定状态，受水浸润会变成流动状态，天然孔隙度高，压缩性大，抗剪强度随雨水的渗透而降低，其稳定性很差。 26(答:洪积层是由暂时性洪流所搬运的碎屑物质，冲出沟口，因地势开阔，水流分散，流速锐guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 减，将粗大的石块、岩屑、砂砾等堆积于沟口附近，而将细小的泥沙等物质带到沟口外围呈扇状散开堆积，故又称洪积扇。 洪积扇的工程地质特征，可分三部分: ?顶部:孔隙大、透水性强，地下水埋藏较深，压缩性小，承载力比较高，是良好的天然路基; ?下部沉积物较细小，透水性较差，干燥时承载力较高;但遇水易软化; ?中部，处于顶部与下部的过渡地段(因地下水接近地表或溢出，水文地质条件不良，易发生翻浆或盐渍化现象，对工程建筑不利。 27(答:冲沟的发育分四个阶段:细沟、切沟、冲沟、坳谷。公路工程在冲沟发育的不同阶段应注意: 细沟阶段，只要填平沟槽，不使坡面水流汇集，种植草皮及保护坡面，即可制止细沟的发育。 切沟阶段，在切沟发育地带，路线应避免从沟顶或附近的沟壁通过;若从切沟的中、下部通过，也应在沟顶修截水沟，以防向源侵蚀的延伸;或在沟头设置多级跌水石坎以减缓水的流速，降低冲刷下切力;在沟底可采用铺石加固。 冲沟阶段:应特别注意沟谷洪流的水文地质状况，对路基、桥涵设置高度应在洪水位之上，桥涵孔径大于排洪量;对进、出沟的线路布设，应加固沟壁，防止侧蚀水毁路基及切坡后内边坡上壁的稳定性，以防止崩塌和滑坡的产生。 坳谷阶段:除在地形上应加考虑和尽量少占良田外，对公路工程已无特殊影响。 28(答:河流阶地反映了河流的发展历史，由于它沿河谷纵坡方向分布，对于山区公路工程来说，顺应阶地面的地势，有利于沿河布线和施工，还不易遭受山坡变形和洪水淹没的威胁，能保证路基稳定。当有多级阶地时，除考虑越岭标高外，一般常利用一、二级阶地顺河谷方向布设路线。 29(答:上层滞水的隔水层，通常是弱透水层或不透水的透镜状粘土、亚粘土。它们能阻止水的下渗形成季节性的地下水。上层滞水因是雨季出现，干季消失(水量一般不大，且分布范围有相当的局限性。但由于它接近地表能使土、石强度降低，造成道路翻浆和导致路基稳定性的破坏，因此，在设计施工时应予以查明并用适当方法给予处理。 30(答:潜水等水位线图是以地形图为底图，根据工程要求的精度，在测绘区布置一定数量的钻孔，试坑或利用泉和井，测出每个水文点的潜水位高程，然后将这些点以相应的位置投影在地形图上，再把同高程的水文点用光滑曲(虚)线连接起来，就绘成潜水位等水位线图。 31(答:在公路工程中防治崩塌一般采取以防为主的原则，着重在两个方面: (1)选线时，应认真分析斜坡岩体的具体条件及崩塌发生的可能性，如果有发生大规模崩塌可能的地段，就设法绕避:若绕避有困难时，可调整路线的位置，离崩塌范围稍远一点，或以隧道、明硐

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穿过; (2)在设计和施工中，避免不合理的高陡边坡，不宜大挖大切，以维持山体平衡;在岩体松散破碎地段(不宜使用大焊破施工，以防岩体震裂; 整治措施:?清除坡面危石;?坡面加固;?危岩支顶;?拦截防御;?调整水流。 32(答:在发生滑坡的谷坡上，必然要留下地形、地貌、地层及地物等方面的标志，如:(1)山坡变形，后壁陡崖因拉破呈圈椅状;(2)滑体上地形等高线向谷坡下弯曲，滑坡舌向河心凸出呈河谷the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 不协调现象;(3)滑体两侧切割较深，常出现双沟同源;(4)滑体表面的植物因受不匀速滑移呈零散状分布，树木东倒西歪成醉林状，时间更老的滑体上还会出现马刀树……等等。 33(答:斜坡上滑坡发生之前，常有一些先兆，如?地下水位发生显著变化，干涸的泉水重新出水并混浊，坡脚附近湿地增多，范围扩大;?斜坡前缘土石零星掉落，坡脚附近土石被挤紧，出现大量鼓胀裂缝;?斜坡上部不断出现弧形裂缝;?坡面上树木逐渐倾倒，建筑物开始开裂变形等等。 34(答:滑坡可能发生的条件:?从岩性分析，滑坡常发生在易于亲水软化的软质岩层中，如页岩、片岩等等;?从构造上看，滑动面常发生于倾向坡面的软弱结构面之上，如顺坡层面、大节理面、……等等;?水是滑坡发生的重要条件，水不仅加大岩体的容重，而且降低了岩体的C值和tgυ值，使层间产生润滑作用，失去平衡发生滑坡;?大地震产生的巨大的惯性力破坏了山体的稳定;?人为的不合理的工程活动，也能导致滑坡产生。 35(答:大规模的滑坡能堵塞河道，摧毁公路、破坏厂矿、掩埋村庄，对山区建设和交通设施危害很大。 滑坡防治原则:?大型滑坡以绕避为主;?中、小型滑坡地段，应调整路线平面位覆;?对古滑坡的结构、性质、规模、成因作详细勘测后，对路线的平、纵、横作出合理的布设，对施工中的挖、切、弃、填等应作通盘部署，以防引起古滑坡的复活。 36(答:山区“阶梯形山坡”形成有三:一是硬软岩层相间的水平构造地区，因差异风化，硬质岩成为陡崖，软质岩成为缓坡，随着硬软岩层相间的多层次，便形成多极构造阶梯状的山坡:二是地壳间歇性振荡式上升，河水下切，在河谷谷坡形成多级阶地，其山坡也呈阶梯状;三是发生滑坡的地带，由于滑坡体向下滑移时，各部位运动速度不一，使之形成阶梯状的平面或反坡面，其山坡也呈阶梯状。 37(答:崩塌与滑坡同属于重力作用造成的不良地质现象，但两者区别可归纳为几点: (1)崩塌多发生在临空面高陡山崖地段;滑坡常发生在不是很陡峻的斜坡上; (2)崩塌沿重力方向突发性崩落快速直下;滑坡常沿一定滑动面先缓而后急的滑移; (3)崩塌岩块碎裂翻滚，在坡脚形成倒石堆;滑坡岩体虽滑移变形，但仍为整体移位; (4)若在斜坡较陡地段发生滑坡，滑体内岩(土)体有部分翻倾，但仍不失整体移位的特征，此种情况称为崩塌性滑坡。 38(答:泥石流是山区特有的一种不良地质现象，它形成的自然条件，一般归纳有三条:第一，地形条件，流域上游汇水区多为三面环山，沟床和山坡陡峻，只有一面低处泻水呈漏斗状地形，是泥石流物质的形成区;中游地势狭窄，高岸深谷的流通区，使上游汇集到此的泥石流形成迅猛直泻之势，下游地势平缓开阔为泥石流的堆积区;第二，地质条件、地质构造复杂，尤其在下游区山坡岩体因断层、裂隙、片理构造发育显得十分破碎，形成大量的松散物成为泥石流的物源区;第三，水文气象条件，当有强度较大的暴雨或冰川、积雪急剧消融，或高山湖泊，水库突然溃决等，造成短时间内大量地面流水汇集倾泻;水既是泥石流的组成部分，又是泥石流形成的基本动力。 39(答:在可能发生泥石流的地段，以防为主(其措施如下:(1)预防，在上游汇水区，作好水土guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 保持，种植草皮、植树造林;调整地表径流，修横向截水沟，减缓流速，加固坡岸，减少固体物质的来源;(2)拦截:在中游流通区，设置一系列拦截构筑物，以阻挡泥石流中的固体物质，降低流速;(3)在下游设置排导措施，如导流堤、导流渠、导流坝、引导泥石流避开工程建筑物使之安全地泄走。 40(答:岩溶地区路基工程，一般采用堵、疏、跨、固等措施。堵塞:对一般干涸无水，不太大的溶洞，可用片石填塞，洞口用浆砌块石或混凝土封闭;对挡土墙基部的小空洞，先清除洞内充填物然后用混凝土浇灌。疏导:对经常有水的岩溶洞，—般宜疏，不宜堵，尤其有周期性冒水孔洞，更应疏导排水。跨越:路基底部有暗河，基顶板薄且破碎，则宜炸开顶板，以桥涵跨越。清基加固:对桥基下若有小溶洞，应将其上部岩体揭开，清除充填物(使桥基直接修建在基岩上，或填以片岩砌实，用钢筋混凝土盖板后再作桥基。 56(答:软土是一种软塑到流塑状态的饱和粘性土层，其工程性质有以下几点:?天然含水量高，孔隙比大;?压缩性高;?抗剪强度很低;?透水性能极差;?具有触变性和流变性等。 在自然界可保持潜液态，一经搅动很容易破坏其结构而流动，在干燥时体积收缩很大。可见软土的主要工程地质问题是地基的沉降和稳定性，这是由软土的上述特性所决定的且是不可避免的问题。因此，在施工中应设法采取措施加速地基早期沉降，减少后期沉降，缩短沉降时间，尽早达到压密、固结、稳定。 57(答:软土地基土路堤常采用的工程措施:为保证路堤的安全填筑和正常使用，应进行加固与处理，其方法归纳有两大类，一是改变荷重，即改变荷重的结构形式和大小:二是改善地基，即提高地基的承载力。目的在工程实践中常因地制宜地采取多种方法，如:?换土;?抛石挤淤;?反压护道;?砂井。此外还有强夯、爆破排淤、侧向约束、石灰砂桩，柴排、电渗排水……等等。 58(答:黄土和黄土质土在成因上和物理性质性方面差异可列表如下: 土 名 黄 土 黄土质土 特 征 成 因 以风成为主，少量水成 主要是流水堆积 孔隙度 孔隙度高，一般为40-50% 孔隙度一般为40%以下 物理湿陷性 显著 较小或无 性质 渗透性 较大，渗透系数有时可达1m/d 渗透系数较小，有时实际上不渗水 59(答:由于黄土结构疏松，具大孔隙、抗水性能差、易崩解、潜蚀，冲刷和湿陷等特性，使之在黄土地区的工程出现多种病害，如路堑边坡的剥落、冲刷、坍塌、滑坡;路堤和房建不均匀沉陷，变形开裂等。因此，在工程中必须针对不同的具体情况采取相应的措施，以保证安全。例如说，?边坡防护，可采用“捶面护坡”和“浆砌片石或干砌片石防护”;?地基处理，可采用“重锤夯实表层”、“土垫层或灰土垫层”、“土桩深层加密”和“硅化加固”等措施;?排水。 60(答:在裂隙粘土地区的路基，普遍发生路堑、路堤边坡变形，这是凡新开挖的边坡，几乎都要出现的病害。其表现的形式分别是: the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation (1)路堑边坡变形与破坏形式，可归纳为“浅层滑坡”和“表土滑坍”两类; (2)路堤变形破坏形式归纳有五种:?坡脚坍滑:?腰部溃爬;?路肩错落滑坍;?下沉;?纵裂等。 61(答:裂隙粘土作地基修建房屋时，基础应适当埋深，其作用是:相应地减小裂隙粘土的厚度;增大基础底面以上土的自重;加大基础侧面与土的摩擦力;增大基底的渗透距离和改变蒸发条件;致使地温和湿度的变化较为稳定。此外，在室外墙脚处加宽水泥散水坡，这样可以在基础附近一定范围内减少土体湿度的变化。 62(答:由于盐渍土的工程性质是随易溶盐的种类和含量的大小而变化(盐分对土既有利的一面，也有不利的一面，故盐溃土对路基工程影响的表现为:在干旱地区，氯盐的吸湿、保湿及胶结等作用常常有利于路基的稳定。但是，路基在潮湿状态下，因易溶盐的存在及其状态的转变(结晶与溶解)能使路基土的密度减小，并较快地失去其稳定性，造成道路泥泞、翻浆、甚至坍陷。当含有硫酸盐类时，对路基可产生有害的松胀作用，土体十分疏松，强度降低失去稳定性。盐溃土的碱化作用，可使土膨胀性增加，破坏路面的平整。 63(答:根据盐渍土的性质及对路基工程的影响，一般常采用的措施有如下几种: (1)控制填料的含盐量; (2)隔断毛细水:?渗水土隔断法;?石灰沥青膏隔断法。 (4)降低地下水位和排水; (5)防松胀与溶蚀。 64(答:冻土现象是冻土地区特有的不良地质现象，它是由冻结及融化两种作用所引起的。对工程危害更大的季节性冻土地区，因为，冻结时往往会发生土层体积膨胀，使地面隆起成丘，冻土解化冻胀会使路基隆起，使柔性路面鼓包、开裂，刚性路面错缝或折断，一到春暖土层解冻融化后，由于土层丘部冰晶体融化，增大了含水量，加之细粒土排水能力差，使之处于饱和状态(土质软化，强度降低。路基土解冻融化后，在车辆反复碾压下，轻者因路面松软，限制了行车速度，重者路面开裂、冒泥(翻浆)，便路面完全破坏。冻融还会使房屋、桥梁、涵管发生大最下沉或不均匀沉降，引起建筑物开裂破坏。因此，季节性冻土的冻胀及冻融都会给工程带来危害，必须引起重视，采取必要的防治措施。 65，答:在饱冰冻土或含土冰层地段，为防止路堤基底融化，可设置保温护道、护脚的工程措施，如图14所示: 图14 保温护道 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation护道或护脚所用保温材料如苔藓、草皮、塔头草、泥炭或粘性土等分层铺填，草根向上，最外一 层草根宜多带泥土，以便拍压成一个护面。如采用泥炭时，其表面应包0.2m厚的黏性土保护层， 以防保温材料失火，冲毁与浸湿。 the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation