英国文学简史期末重点

英国文学简史期末重点 P50 Marlowe’s literature achievement He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse(韵文，诗节) of dramatic works.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse(rhymeless iambic抑扬格 pentameter五步格诗 )the principal instrument of English drama.His blank verse is a living thing;it is vigorous,fluid and precise精确的.It translates thoughts and emotions into rhythmical speech with happy exactness,thus interpreting the restlessly moving and questing spirit of the Renaissance.His blank verse has been described as ‘titanic’and compared to“a swollen river sweeping down on its dried-up channel,filing its broad banks and moving on majestically雄伟的”.Marlowe’s dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical,and at times lyrical,verse.He rarely supplies a model in dramatic technicalities.In his plays there is lack of variety in characterization and construction.But he was famous for his “mighty line”。It is mighty and plastic.His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist----Shakespeare---whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. P85 “be”反更容易传达哈姆雷特的感情，“be”是生存又不完全是生存，是活着又不完全是或 活着，是发散式的充满张力的语言，所蕴含的丰富而又复杂的意义，超越了生死的解读，是 它千愁万绪无处诉时的倾诉，是对生死，存在，善恶的思考以及对真伪的思考。 The character of Hamlet Hamlet is neither a frail 脆弱的and week-minded youth or a thought-sick book-worm. 1 Hamlet is a humanist,a man who is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions迷信.He has an unbounded love for the world instead of the heaven. 2 Starting from his humanist love of man,he turns to those around him with the same eagerness.He loves good and hates evil.In his contact with the people around him,he cares for nothing but human worth and shows a contempt for rank and wealth. 3 His intellectual genius is outstanding.He is a close observer of man and manners.He easily sees through people.His quick perception drives him to penetrate below the surface of things and question what others take for granted.Hamlet is not a mere scholar,and his nature is by no means simply meditative.On the contrary,Hamlet is a man of genius,highly accomplished and educated,a man of far-reaching perception and sparkling wit.He is a scholar,soldier and statesman.His image reflects the versatility多功能性 of the men of the Renaissance. The Melancholy(忧郁)of Hamlet There can be no Hamlet without melancholy.But his melancholy is not the negative,hair-splitting and fruitless kind.It is rather the result of his penetrating habit of mind. The delay in action 延宕复仇的原因In his repeated meditation upon the crime of his uncle,he perceives something rotten in the country affairs,and his sense of personal wrong grows deeper and deeper until it becomes at last a disgust for a world in which such crime prevails.Now,he sees that cruel and unjust rulers are tyrannizing(欺压，施行暴政) the country and his beloved country is a prison for the people.He seems to understand the mere revenge on his uncle would in no way solve the problems that trouble and upset him.Revenge is easy,but it is not merely personal revenge that Hamlet seeks.What is more important is to expose the root of the evil and to establish a reign of justice.His responsibility is thus enlarged into a radical transformation of society. Daniel Defoe(1660-1731) His Robinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. His best-known pamphlet was The Trueborn Englishman---A Satire['sæta??]讽刺诗。Which contains a caustic exposure of the aristocracy and the tyranny of the church. 1 The writers of the Enlightenment(启蒙运动) attached great importance to the moulding(浇筑) of character and to education through the influence of varied environment.Defoe traces the development of Robinson Crusoe from a naive and artless youth into a clever and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. 2 In describing Robinson’s life on the island,Defoe glorifies human labour.Labour saves Robinson from despair,and is a source of pride and happiness.He toils(辛苦地工作) for the sake of subsistence(生存)，and the fruits of his work are his own. 3 The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie ([,b???wɑ?'zi?] 资产阶级;中产阶级)at the earlier stages of its development.He is most practical and exact,always religious and at the same time mindful of his profit. Sentimentalism(感伤主义) Pre-Romanticism(先浪漫主义) critical realism(批判现实主 义)(for poverty-stricken people in English countryside of the common people ) John Keats leading principle:“beauty in truth,truth in beauty” It is said that Keats’s personality seems to be breathed into his odes。Ode to Autumn秋颂,Ode on Melancholy(忧郁),Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂,Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂(with the praise of beauty as their general theme) Alfred Tennyson,the most important poet of the Victorian Age. In Memoriam The Idylls of the King Tomas Hardy(现实主义) Tess of the D’Urbervilles德伯维尔家的苔丝 Jude the Obscure 无名的裘德 The Psychological Fiction心灵小说 D.H.Lawrence Sons and Lovers The“Streams of Consciousness”School of Novel意识流 James Joyce Ulysses尤里西斯 Virginia Woolf she try to et rid of the realism