英美国家文化概况

判断（红为对）UKU11.TheUnitedKingdomislocatedinnorthernEurope.2.TheUnitedKingdomconsistsoffourpoliticaldivisions—England,Scotland,WalesandIreland.3.EnglandisoneofthetwolargeislandsintheBritishIsles.4.TheBritishIslesaremadeupofthreelargeislandsandhundredsofsmallones.5.WalesliesontheeastcoastoftheislandofGreatBritain.6.ThemonwealthofNationsisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatallusedtobecoloniesofBritain.7.InScotland,ruggedmountains,greenvalleys,anddeep,bluelakesprovidesomeofthemostbeautifulsceneryinEurope.8.ThelongestriverinBritainistheThames.9.ThelargestlakeinBritainistheLoughNeaghinnorthwestEngland.10.Britain’sclimateisinfluencedbytheGulfStream,awarmoceancurrentthatsweepsupfromtheequatorandflowspasttheBritishIsles.U21.TheEnglish,theScots,andtheWelshareAnglo-Saxons,buttheIrishareCelts.2.LondonandEnglandasawholehavegreatinfluenceovertherestoftheUnitedKingdombecauseoftheirlargepopulation.3.PeopleofIndian,Pakistani,andBangladeshioriginarethelargestgroupofimmigrantsinBritain.4.paredtotherestoftheworld,theUKhasasmallerpercentageofolderpeopleandahigherpercentageofyoungerpeople.5.The Welsh language isthe official language inWales.6.ScottishGaelicistheofficiallanguageinScotland.7.TheEnglishlanguageisthepredominantlanguageinNorthernIreland.8.EnglishpeopleallstrivetofreethemselvesofregionalorlocalaccentsinordertosoundlikeeducatedEnglish-speakingpeople.9.SocialclassintheUKlaysmoreemphasisonmoneyandproperty.10.Britishnessisassociatedwithpolitical,historical,technological,sporting,andculturalachievementsinBritain.U31.ThefirstRomaninvasiontookplacein43AD,headedbytheEmperorJuliusCaesar.2.Thename“England”derivedfromtheAngles,oneoftheGermanictribeswhocametoEnglandinthe5thand6thcenturies.3.TheMagnaCartadefinedtheKing’sfeudalrights,preventinghimfromarbitrarilycollectingrevenue.4.TheBlackDeathonceravagedEngland,carryingoffthreefourthsofthepopulation.5.DuringEdwardIII’sreign,thewarwithFranceknownastheHundredYears’Warbegan.6.TheWarsoftheRoseswereinthemainagreatcontestforCrownbetweentherivalhousesofYorkandLancaster.7.QueenMarywasafolloweroftheChurchofEnglandandshewasdeterminedtomakeEnglandonceagainaProtestantcountry.8.James’son,CharlesI,whosucceededhimin1625,alsothoughtthathisrighttorulewasGod-given.9.TheestablishmentoftheBritishEastIndiapanyin1600wasacaseofeconomicpenetration.U41.Althoughthemonarchdoesnothaveanyrealpower,he(orshe)doeshavegreatinfluence.2.Britaindoesnothaveawrittenconstitution.3.EachMemberofParliamentrepresentsaconstituency,andholdshisseatduringthelifeofaParliament.4.TheHouseofLordsisthesecondchamberwherechangesinlawcanbemade.5.ThepartywhichwinsthesecondlargestnumberofseatsintheHouseofLordsbeestheofficialOpposition.6.MinistersareappointedbytheQueenontheremendationofthePrimeMinister.7.ThetwomajorpartiesinBritaintodayaretheConservativePartyandtheLiberalDemocraticParty.8.MinistersinBritaincannotbeelectedMembersofParliamentatthesametime.U51.AlthoughBritainisaunitarystate,itdoesnothaveasinglelegalsystem.2.AMagistrates’Courtsitswithajury.3.InScotland,allappealsareheardbythreeormorejudgesoftheHighCourtofJusticiary.4.OfficersinGreatBraindonotnormallycarryfirearms.5.London’sMetropolitanPoliceForceisdirectlyunderthecontroloftheLordChancellor.6.ThemaincourtsofciviljurisdictioninEnglandandWalesaretheCountyCourts.7.HouseofLordsisthecourtoflastresortformostinstancesofUKlaw.8.LordChancelloristhehighestcourtofficerinBritain.9.Unlessthecasewithwhichanarrestedpersonischargedisveryserious,hewillusuallybegrantedbailifhecannotbebroughtbeforethecourtwithinaday.10.Ifapersonischargedwithmurder,andhasinsufficientmeans,hemustbegrantedlegalaid.U61.AcenturyagotheBritisheconomywasamongthestrongestintheworld.2.JohnMaynardKeyneswasaninfluentialAmericaneconomist.3.AstrongopponentofthepoliciesoftheLaborParty,MargaretThatcherworkedtoincreasegovernmentcontrolovertheBritisheconomy.4.InBritainserviceindustriesaccountforabouttwo-thirdsofitsgrossdomesticproduct.5.TheareabetweenLondonandSouthWalesisoftenreferredtoasBritain’s“SiliconGlen”.6.Britainimportschieflymanufacturedproductsandexportsmostlyrawmaterials.7.MostoftheUnitedKingdom’stradeiswithotherdevelopedcountries,especiallyothermembersoftheEuropeanUnion.8.ThevalueofBritain’sexportsofgoodsusuallyexceedsthevalueofitsimports.9.Today,theCityofLondonisthecentreofLondonwheregovernmentdepartmentsarelocated.10．Thetradeunion movementinBritainis beingstrongertheseyearsbecauseofchangesinthestructureofemployment.U71.TheNationalHealthService(NHS)providesforeveryresident,regardlessofine,afullrangeofmedicalservices.2.TheNationalHealthService(NHS)isnowalargelyfreeservice.3.Socialservicesauthoritiesgivehelptofamiliesfacingspecialproblems.4.Socialsecuritybenefitsareincreasedannuallyinlinewithpercentageincreasesinretailprices.5.GeneralPractitionersreceivefeesbasedonthenumberofindividualswhoregisterwiththemaspatients.6.InNorthernIreland,theneedsofthoseindifficultyaremetbylocalauthorities,whodrawuponfundsprovidedbytheDepartmentforWorkandPensions(DWP).7.EyetestsanddentaltreatmentsinNHShospitalsarefreeofcharge.8.Personalsocialservicesrefertotheprovisionoffinancialsupportforthepeopleindifficulty.9.MostBritishpeoplenowliveindetachedhouses.U81.IntheUK,morethanhalfoftheChristiansattendworshiponaregularbasis.2.ChristianitywasfirstintroducedintoBritainbySt.Augustineinthe6thcentury.3.UndertheActofSettlement1701,theBritishmonarchisrequiredtobeamemberoftheChurchofEngland.4.TheSupremeGovernoroftheChurchofEnglandistheArchbishopofCanterbury.5.CanterburyCathedralisusedfortheCoronationofallBritishMonarchs.6.In1994thefirstwomenwereordainedaspriestsintheAnglicanChurch.7.TheChurchofScotlandistheestablishedchurchinScotlandandissubjecttostatecontrol.8.TheBaptistUnionofGreatBritainisthelargestoftheFreeChurchesinBritain.9.TheUKhasthesecondlargestJewishmunityinWesternEurope.10.SincetheUnitedKingdomguaranteesitscitizensreligiousfreedomwithoutinterferencefromthestateorthemunity,religioninBritainisseparatedfrompolitics.U91.Parentsarerequiredbylawtoensurethattheirchildrenreceivepulsoryfull-timeeducationbetweentheageof5and16.2.MostofthestatesecondaryschoolpopulationinGreatBritainattendsprehensiveschools.3.Thankstothe1988EducationReformAct,theUKhassinceprovideduniversalandfreestateprimaryandsecondaryeducation.4.TheSecretaryofStateforEducationisresponsibleforeducationintheUK.5.TheDepartmentofEducationandScienceisprimarilyresponsibleforpublicspendingonschools.6.IntheUK,publicschoolsarepublicly-fundedschools.7.Universitiesandhighereducationcollegesenjoyacademicfreedom,appointtheirownstaff,awardtheirowndegrees,decidewhichstudentstoadmitandarefinanciallyself-reliant.8.IntheUK,mostundergraduate(bachelor’s)degreestakethreeyearstoplete.9.TheOpenUniversitywasintendedtogiveopportunitiestoadultswhohavebeenunabletotakeconventionalhighereducation.10.Morethan70BritishcitizenshavebeenawardedtheNobelPrizeinscience,secondonlytotheUnitedStates.U101.PeopleintheUKspendmostoftheirfreetimeinthepub.2.TheRoyalNationalTheatreoftenperformsinStratford-upon-Avon,Shakespeare’sbirthplace.3.WiththeemergenceoftheBeatles,theRollingStones,andtheWho,Britishpopularmusicledtheworldfromtheearly1980s.4.TheBritishLibrary,thenationallibrary,isoneoftheworld’sthreelargest.5. TheUK’sbiggest-sellingnewspaperisTheTimes.6.TheChannel4isstate-owned,thoughitoperatesinamercialway.7. ThenationalsportoftheUKisrugby.8. Cricketispopularinallthefourhomenations.9.GolfwasborninScotland.10.TennisisthehighestprofilesportforthetwoweeksoftheWimbledonChampionships.USAU11.TheUnitedStatesstretchesfromtheAtlanticOceaninthewesttothePacificOceanintheeast.2.TheMississippiriveristhelongestriverintheUnitedStates.3.TheAppalachianregionisbothplicatedandvaried,containingsomeofthehighestmountainsinNorthAmerica,butalsoavastexpanseofintermontanebasins,plateaus,andisolatedranges.4.WesternWashingtonandOregonreceiveplentyofrainandcentralCaliforniaisnoticeablydrierinwinter.5.NewEnglandissometimescalledthebirthplaceofAmerica.6.WashingtonD.C.islocatedintheSouthernStatesRegion.7.ManySouthernershaveastrongsenseofregionalloyaltyandtakeprideintheSouth’shistoryandtradition.8.TheMidwesternStatesRegionisavastareaofgenerallyflatlandthatcoversmuchofthecenteroftheUnitedStates.9.LasVegasandRenostandoutas“Americandreamland”,fortheyprimarilyfindwealththroughthegamblingandentertainmentindustries.10.Hawaiihasthelargestlandareaofallthestates,andAlaskahasoneofthesmallestlandareas.U21.ThefirstEnglishcolonyinAmericawasfoundedatJamestown,Virginia,in1607.2.TheearlyBritishsettlersorganizedtheeastcoastofNorthAmericainto17colonies.3.WhenmanythousandsofSouthernerssawthetriumphofAbrahamLincolninthe1860electionasnotsimplyapoliticaldefeatbutalsoathreattoallsoutherninstitutionsandthesouthernwayoflife,theydecidedtosecedefromtheConfederacy.4.TheProgressiveMovementwasawell-organized,unifiedmovement,demandinggovernmentregulationofeconomyandsocialcondition.5.TheStockMarketcollapseoccurredin1928intheUnitedStates.6.TheMarshallPlanreferstothemilitaryandeconomicaidtoGreeceandTurkeyinthe1950s.7.NixonwasthesecondPresidentinAmericanhistorywhoresigned.8.Theblack-whiteracialchasminpost-Civil-Rights-MovementAmericawashighlightedbythesavagebeatingofMartinLutherKingbywhitepoliceofficersin1992.U31.IntheUnitedStates,themajorsourceofpopulationgrowthistherisingbirthrate.2.IntheUnitedStates,thelargestminoritygroupistheAfrican-Americangroup.3.IntheUnitedStates,thefastest-growinggroupistheAsian-Americangroup.4.NativeAmericanshavealowschooldropoutrate.5.ThethreemajorHispanicgroupsaretheMexican-Americans,thePuertoRicansandtheCuban-Americans. 6.ThePuertoRicansareAmericancitizens.7.ThefirstAsianstoarriveintheUnitedStatesinsignificantnumbersweretheJapanese.8.TodaytheIndiansareonlyallowedtoliveonreservations.9.Traditionally,themainstreamAmericanswereU41.TheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,afteritsadoption,hasneverbeenrevised.2.AccordingtotheConstitution,thefederalgovernmentisresponsibleforaddressingquestionsthataffectthenationasawholeaswellasindividualstates.3.Separationofpowerisdesignedtopreventthegovernmentfrombeingtoostrong.4.TheU.S.governmentisdividedintofourbranches:thelegislative,thepresidency,thebureaucracyandthejudiciary.5.TheSupremeCourthastherighttodeclarelawsandactionsofthefederal,state,andlocalgovernmentsunconstitutional.6.Candidatesforthepresidencycanonlybechosenfrompoliticalparties.7.TheU.S.Presidenthasgreatexecutivepowerbutnolegislativepower.8.CongressmenserveatermofsixyearswhileSenatorsserveatermoftwoyears.9.TheDemocratsarethoughtofasassociatedwithbusiness,Anglo-Americans,andtherich.10.ThenumberofSenatorsfromeachstateisbaseduponitspopulation. U51.SincetheU.S.economyisbasedonfreeenterprise,thereislittlegovernmentinvolvementintheeconomy. 2.TheUnitedStatesistheworld’sleadingmakerofindustrialgoods.3.Inthe18thcentury,theNewEnglandcoloniesspecializedinproducingtobaccofromplantations.4.WhilemostAmericansembracedtheideaofmoney-makingandheldsuccessfulbusinessmeningreatadmiration,theyresentedbigbusinessesmonopolizinganyindustryinanyform.5.By1956,amajorityofU.S.workersheldblue-collarratherthanwhite-collarjobs.6.ManyurbanAmericans,particularlyBlacksandHispanics,foundthepostwarprosperityinaccessibletothem.7.TheAmericanWestisnowanimportantregionforcornandwheat.8.WhilemanufacturinggiantssuchasIBMandGeneralElectronicenjoyworldwidereputationasthepillarsoftheAmericaneconomy,theU.S.economyisbynomeansonedominatedbygiantcorporations.9.Asthenumberofworkersemployedinthetraditionalmanufacturingindustrieshasdeclined,unionmembershiphasdroppedinrecentyears.U61.IntheUnitedStates,thesocialsecuritysystemprovidesassistancetopeoplewithfinancialproblems.2.IntheUnitedStates,MedicareprovidesvirtuallyfreetreatmentforallAmericancitizens.3.SocialsecurityisthenearlyuniversalretirementprogramforAmericans,withabout92percentofpeopleaged60andoverreceivingbenefits.4.Since1996,welfareresponsibilityunderAFDChasbeenpassedtothestates,whichreceivefederalgrantstoruntheirownprograms.5.TheSocialSecurityAdministrationorganizesthedistributionoffoodandfoodstampsthroughstateandlocalgovernments.6.Sincegovernment-sponsoredwelfareprogramsareessentialtotheneedyandthepoor,theyarequiteadequateinconfrontingthepovertyissue.7.ChildWelfareLeagueofAmericaisthelargestprivately-fundedchildcareagencyintheUnitedStates,providingshelterandservicetohomelessandrunawayyouth.8.IntheUnitedStates,mostemployeesandtheirfamiliesarenormallyinsuredforhealthcarethroughpublicinsuranceprograms.9.Medicaidprogramprovidesfederalgrantstostatesforthefreetreatmentoftheelderly.10.IntheUnitedStates,two-thirdsofthehousingunitsintheprivatesectorare“single-familydwellings”.U71.TheU.S.Constitutiondefinestheorganizationofacourtsystem,includingaSupremeCourtandinferiorcourts.2.IntheUnitedStates,eachstatehasonedistrictcourt.3.Districtcourtsaretheonlynationalcourtsthatusegrandjuriesandpetitjuries.4.Allnationalcourtscanreviewdecisionsofstatecourts.5.Atthenationallevel,governmentprosecutionistheresponsibilityoftheSupremeCourt.6.TheU.S.attorneysareappointedforlifetermstothedistrictcourts.7.Anglo-AmericanmonLawisbasedonthesupposedreasonableperson’sviewofwhatisrightandfair.8.IntheUnitedStates,allcasesshouldbetriedwithajury.9.Aunanimousdecisionisneededforagrandjurytomakeadecision.10.FederalcrimesaremainlytheresponsibilityoftheFederalBureauofInvestigation(FBI).U81.Americansgenerallyholdthateveryoneisentitledtoeducation.2.Americansbelievethateducationisbeneficialtoindividualsandsocietyasawhole.3.IntheUnitedStates,publiceducationatelementaryandsecondarylevelisfree.4.Americaneducationsystemischaracterizedbydiversity.5.AccordingtotheU.S.Constitution,educationistheresponsibilityofthefederalgovernment.6.Thereislittlesimilarityintheeducationsystemofthe50states.7.Thestateboardofeducationisresponsiblefortheeducationpolicyofthestate.8.TheoldestinstitutionofhigherlearningintheUnitedStatesisHarvardUniversity.9.JuniorcollegesofferonlyB.A.degrees.10.Theaffirmativeactionprogramaimstohelpethnicandracialminoritiesinelementaryandsecondaryeducation.U91.InparisonwithotherWesterncountries,Americaislessreligiousintermsofchurchattendanceandfinancialmitmenttochurchorganizations.2.AtthetimewhentheUnitedStateswasfounded,itwastheCatholicbranchoftheChristianfaiththathadthestrongestinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthereligiousclimateintheUnitedStates.3.ThePilgrimstriedtocreateamunityinwhichlifewouldbeguidedbyGod’swillanddeviationsfromHiswillinanyshapeorformwouldneverbetolerated.4.Americabecame“theKingdomofGod”bytheendofthe17thcentury.5.Inthe19thcentury,Americansstoppedtalkingabouttheimportanceofreligiousvaluesfortheirnationalidentity.6.AccordingtotheU.S.Constitution,churchandstateareseparateintheirroleandfunction.7.Historically,churchandstateintheUnitedStateshasneverinteractedtoeachother.8.AgrowingtrendinAmericanreligiouslifeisthatreligionhasbeeincreasinglysecularized.9.IntheUnitedStates,mainstreamProtestantdenominationshavelostgroundtoCatholicdenominations.10.Post-warEvangelismhasattemptedtouseitsinfluencetorestoresomesenseofmunityinasociety.U101.MostAmericanshaveanambitiontoowntheirownhouseonalittlepieceofproperty,butit’sdifficultforthemtohavethatambitionmaterialized.2.Afterthearrivaloftheso-calledpost-industrialsociety,Americansstartedtomovetothecity.3.MostAmericansliveinmobilehomeswhichfunctionasprefabricatedhousingunitsinstationarysettings.4.ManypoorAmericanfamiliesexpecttheirchildrentofindpart-timejobs,especiallyastheyentertheirteens.5.Partiesforchildrenandforgrown-upsareconstantlyoccupyingtheleisurehoursofAmericans.6.IntheUnitedStates,high-browartsgetmostofthefinancialbackingfromthegovernment.7.IntheUnitedStates,popularcultureoutshinesclassicalcultureinaudiencesizeandinpublicinfluence.8.Today’spreeminentspectatorgameinAmericaisbaseball.9.AmericanfootballwasderivedfromtheBritishgameofsoccer.10.BaseballisadaptedbytheAmericansfromtheEnglishcrickettotheirowntastes.CanadaU11.CanadaisthesecondlargestcountryintheWesternHemisphere.2.CanadaisboundedonthenorthbytheArcticOcean,onthewestbythePacificOcean,andontheeastbytheAtlanticOcean.3.MostoftheCanadianpeopleliveclosetotheU.S.borderonthesouth.4.ThehighestpeakinCanadaisMountLogan. 5.TheSt.LawrenceisthelongestriverinCanada. 6.Canadahasmorelakesandinlandwatersthananyothercountryintheworld.7.WesternCanadaconsistsoftheAppalachianRegionandtheGreatLakes&St.LawrenceLowlands.8.TheLabradorCurrentbringswarmerairtothesoutheastofCanada,butitseffectsarelimited.9.Torontoistheworld’slargestFrench-speakingcityoutsideFrance.10.FewFrenchCanadiansliveinOntarioandNewBrunswick.U21.ThefirstgroupofEuropeanstosettleinCanadainlargenumbersweretheFrench.2.UndertheQuebecAct,FranceofficiallycededNewFrancetoBritain.3.UndertheConstitutionActof1791,theBritishdividedQuebecintotwocolonies,LowerCanadaandUpperCanada.4.ReformersledbyWilliamLyonMackenzieweredemandinganAmericanformofgovernmentandseparationfromGreatBritain.5.UndertheBritishNorthAmericaActof1867,Canadabecameanindependentcountry.6.WilliamLyonMackenzieKingisCanada’slongest-servingprimeminister.7.In1982theBritishNorthAmericaActwasreplacedbyanewconstitutionforthegovernmentofCanada.8.UnderthecontroversialCharteroftheFrenchLanguageadoptedin1977,FrenchistheonlyofficiallanguageinQuebec.9.ConservativeParty’svictoryinthe2006electionsended20yearsofLiberalPartyruleinCanadaandmadeHarperthecountry’s22ndPrimeMinister.U31.Saskatchewanistheworld’s largestproducer ofpotash.2.OntariohasthegreatestdevelopedandpotentialhydroelectricresourcesinCanada.3.One-halfofCanada’swheatisgrowninAlberta.4.Canadaistheworld’slargestproducerofnewsprint.5.Oil and gas productionis centered mainly inManitoba.6.Canadaistheworld’sleadingproducerofhydroelectricity.7.QuebechastheheaviestconcentrationofmanufacturinginCanada,accountingformorethanone-halfofCanada’stotalvalueofmanufacturingshipments.8.MiningindustriesnowproducemorethanhalfofCanada’sexports.9.In the servicessector,Canada’sexportsexceeditsimports.10.NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)cameintoeffectin1989.U41.InCanadaterritorieshavemoreautonomyfromthefederalgovernmentthanprovincesdo.2.SincetheBritishNorthAmericaActlaidthefoundationofConfederation,itformedtheentireCanadianConstitution.3.InCanadathecentralgovernmentexercisesallpowersnotspecificallyassignedtotheprovinces.4.TheCanadianParliamentconsistsoftheBritishmonarch,theHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate.5.TheexecutiveheadofgovernmentinCanadaisthePrimeMinister.6.ThemembersoftheSenateareappointed,normallybytheGovernorGeneralbutineffectbythePrimeMinister.7.TheHouseofmonsinCanadaisthekeylegislativebranch,wheremostimportantbillsareintroduced.8.InCanada,membersoftheHouseofmonsarenotdirectlyelectedbythevoters.9.ThelegalsysteminCanadaisbasedonEnglishmonlawandthereisnoexception.10.ThedominantnationalpoliticalpartiesinCanadaduringthe20thcenturyhavebeentheConservativePartyandtheLabourParty.U51.Canadaisofficiallybilingual,andallservicesprovidedbythefederalgovernmentareavailableinEnglishandFrench.2.CulturalpluralismwithinabilingualframeworkistheessenceoftheCanadianidentity.3.ReligionhasbeenanimportantinfluenceinCanada’shistorysincetheearliesteffortsofmissionariestoChristianizethenativepeople4.EducationsystemsinCanadaderivefromBritish,American,andparticularlyintheprovinceofQuébec,Frenchtraditions.5.AlthoughlacrosseisCanada’sfirstnationalgame,todayhockeyisitsmostpopularsport.6.ItismoreappropriatetospeakofCanadianculturesratherthanasinglenationalculture.7.CanadaDaymemoratesthebirthdayofQueenVictoria.选择题UKU11.TheBritishIslesaremadeupof_______.A.threelargeislandsandhundredsofsmallonesB.threelargeislandsanddozensofsmallonesC.twolargeislandsandhundredsofsmallonesD.twolargeislandsanddozensofsmallones2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTapoliticaldivisionontheislandofGreatBritain?A.England.B.Scotland.C.NorthernIreland.D.Wales.3.BritainisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthe_______andtheNorthSeaintheeast.A.east  B.south C.west  D.north4.TheRepublicofIrelandwastotallyindependentintheyear_______.A.1920 B.1945C.1918D.19495.ThehighestmountaininBritain,BenNevis,liesin______.A.theHighlands B.theSouthernUplandsC.theCentralLowlandsD.theLakeDistrict6.TheBritishEmpirewasreplacedbytheBritishmonwealthorthemonwealthofNationsin__________.A.1921  B.1931C.1945D.19507.ThemountainsystemthePennines(奔宁山脉)isoftencalle