Culture Shock 文化冲击(2)

CultureShockDEFININGCULTURESHOCK定义Cultureshockisamentalstate（心理状态）thatcomesfromthetransitionthatoccurswhenyougofromafamiliarenvironmenttoanunfamiliaroneandfindthatyourold,establishedpatternsofbehaviorareineffective.cultureshockcancauseyoutofeel“outofsorts,”“fatigued（疲劳）”and“notwholly（完全的，全部的）inthemoment.”REACTIONSTOCULTURESHOCK反应preparedwhenyouexperiencesomeofthesereactions•Antagonism（对抗）towardthenewenvironment•Asenseofdisorientation（方向，障碍，迷惑）•Feelingsofrejection（拒绝）•Upsetstomachandheadaches•Homesickness•Missingfriendsandfamily•Feelingalossofstatusandinfluence•Withdrawal（撤退）•Perceiving（感觉）membersofthehostculturetobeinsensitive（感觉迟钝，不友好）THESTAGESOFCULTURESHOCK(THEU-CURVE)(过程，步骤)YoushouldviewthestagesasaU-shapedcurve.“TheU-curvedepictstheinitialoptimism（乐观，乐观主义）andelation(兴高采烈，欢欣鼓舞)inthehostculture,thesubsequentdip（向下再向上）inthelevelofadaptation,andthefollowinggradualrecovery.ExcitementPhase.Thefirstphase,visualized（在脑海中使形象化，设想，想像）asthetopoftheleftsideoftheU-curve（U曲线）,isusuallyfilledwithexcitement,hopefulness,astheindividualanticipatesbeingexposedtoanewculture.Disenchantment（觉醒，清醒）Phase.Thissecondphasebeginswhenyourecognizetherealityofthenewsettingandsomeinitialproblemsbegintodevelop.Thesecondphaseisaperiodwhendifficultiesoflanguage,inadequateschoolsforthechildren,poorhousing,crowdedtransportation,chaoticshopping,andthelikebegintakingtheirtoll.BeginningResolutionPhase.Thethirdphaseischaracterizedbygainingsomeunderstandingofthenewculture.Herethepersonisgraduallymakingsomeadjustmentsandmodificationsinhowheorsheiscopingwiththenewculture.Eventsandpeoplenowseemmuchmorepredictableandlessstressful.EffectiveFunctioningPhase.Inthisfinalphase,atthetopoftherightsideoftheU-curve,thepersonnowunderstandsthekeyelementsofthenewculture(values,specialcustoms,beliefs,communicationpatterns,etc.).One’sabilitytoliveandfunctionwithintwocultures(theoldandthenew)isfrequentlyaccompanied(陪伴)byfeelingsofelationandsatisfaction.Whenthishappens,thereturneeexperiencesthesamefourphasesofadjustmentwediscussedintheU-curve.Thisgivesrisetotheterm“W-curve,”becauseitjoinstwoU-curvestogether.THELESSONSOFCULTURESHOCKOurdiscussionofcultureshockwaspredicatedontwopremises.First,eachyearmillionsofpeoplegoabroadtowork,travel,andstudy.Second,manyofthoseexperiencesendupproducingstress,homesickness,andconfusion.Althoughwehaveplacedthetopicofcultureshockunderthecategoryof“problems,”wewouldberemissifweconcludedourdiscussionwithoutemphasizingtheideathatcultureshockcanbeanexplicitlearningexperience.ExperiencingcultureshockhasastrongpotentialtomakepeoplebemulticulturalBeyondCultureShockNewcomersmaynotbereadytolearnandpracticesocialbehaviorsappropriatetothenewcultureintheinitialperiodofsettlement.Itisnotunusualforrecentarrivals。Duringtheinitialadjustmentperiod,newarrivalswillmostlikelyexperiencethefearsandfeelingsofisolation,beingdisliked,anddistrustwedescribedearlierascultureshock.ACCULTURATION:ADJUSTINGTOANEWCULTURE（调整）Acculturation（文化传入，文化适应）,asyoumightguess,istheprocessoflearningtoliveinanewculture.Berrydefinesacculturationasthedual（两部分）processofculturalandpsychologicalchangethattakesplaceasaresultofcontactbetweentwoormoreculturalgroupsandtheirindividualmembers....Attheindividuallevelitinvolveschangesinaperson’sbehavioralrepertoire（全部节目）.LanguageItisobviousthatsomeonelivinginanewculture“mustmeetthechallengesoflanguagebarriers,unfamiliarcustomsandpractices,andculturalvariationsinverbalandnonverbalcommunicationstylesinordertoachievesuccessfulunderstanding.Disequilibrium（失去平衡，不平衡）Successfuladaptationdemandsacertainlevelofknowledgeaboutthehostcultureandrequiresyoutomakecorrectchoicesregardingthatknowledge.AccordingtoKim,sojournersare,“atleasttemporarily,inastateofdisequilibrium,whichismanifested(显露)inmanyemotional‘lows’ofuncertainty,confusion,andanxiety.Thedisequilibriumassociatedwithadaptationraisestwoconflictingissues:(1)arelativepreferenceformaintainingone’snativecultureandidentity,and(2)arelativepreferenceforhavingcontactwithandinteractingwithmembersofthehostculture.Theseconflictingissuesleadtofourformsofcopingforthesojournermovingintoanewculture.Theserangefromfullacceptanceofthenewculturetoalmosttotalrejection.Thefirst,assimilation（吸收，消化）,occurswhenimmigrantsnolongerwishtomaintaintheirnativeculturalidentityandseektobecomeabsorbedintothehostsociety.Thesecondisseparation,whichoccurswhenimmigrantsvalueholdingontotheirnativeculture,turntheirbacksoninteractionwiththehostculture,andturninwardtowardtheirnativeculture.Thethirdform,integration（结合，整合，一体化）,occurswhensojournershaveaninterestinmaintainingtheirnativecultureduringdailyinteractionswithpeoplefromthehostculture.Inthissituation,somedegreeofthesojourners’nativecultureismaintained,whiletheysimultaneously（同时的）trytofunctionasanintegral（构成整体所必需的）memberoftheirhostculture’ssocialnetwork.Thefinalformismarginalization（边缘化）,whichoccurswherethereislittlepossibilityofmaintainingone’snativeculturalheritage(oftenduetoforcedculturalloss)orlittleinterestinhavingrelationswithothers(oftenforreasonsofexclusionordiscrimination).Ethnocentrism（民族优越感）.Barrierstoacculturationoftenspringupbecauseofethnocentrism,leadingtoprejudice,whichinturnresultsinmistrust,hostility,andevenhate.AccordingtoGouttefarde,membersofthehostculturealsoexperiencemanyoftheadaptationsymptomsassociatedwiththesojourner:feelingsofanxiety,fear,depression,ineptitude,andfatigue.Stress-Adaptation-GrowthDynamic.enteringthenewculturethesojournerencountersstressasaresultofdevelopingadiminishedabilitytofunctionnormally.Thatis,heorshebecomesstressedwhenconfrontedwithnewanddifferentwaysofdealingwithdailylife.Toreducethestress,thesojournerdevelopsandincorporatesnewculturalnormsrequiredtofunctionnormallyandtherebybeginsadaptationtothenewenvironment.Throughcontinualexperienceofstress-adaptation,theindividual’sperspectivesbroaden,resultinginpersonalgrowth.Thethreecomponentsofstress-adaptation-growthconstituteadynamicprocess.ADAPTATIONSTRATEGIESMakePersonalContactwiththeHostCulture（在国外居住或暂时居住的那个国家的文化）Directcontactwiththehostculturepromotesandfacilitates（使便利，减轻。。。困难）successfuladaptationtoanewculture.LearnAbouttheHostCulture.Adaptationbecomeslesstroublesomeifyoubecomeawareofthefundamental（基本的）characteristicsofthecultureinwhichyouwillbeliving.ChenandStarostanote,“Cultureawarenessreferstoanunderstandingofone’sownandothers’culturesthataffecthowpeoplethinkandbehave.Thisincludesunderstandingcommonalitiesofhumanbehavioranddifferencesinculturalpatterns.ParticipateinCulturalActivities.Attendsocial,religious,andculturalevents.Ifpossible,trytointeractwithmembersofthehostculturewhileattendingtheseevents.