英国文学选读复习罗经国

PleasureGroupOffice【T985AB-B866SYT-B182C-BS682T-STT18】英国文学选读复习罗经国Chapter1Earliestsettlers---Celts55.TO407A.D.---RomanEmpire(Londonwasfounded)演变Celts-Romans–Anglo-Saxon–EnglishJuliusCaesar,thefirstgeneralcametoBritish500A.D.THEfounderofthekingdomwessex,theCeltsKingArthur.Hisfollowers,whowereknowastheknightsoftheroundtable,fightfortheirkingdomagainsttheASinvaders.9thcentury,KingAlfred,thegreatofWessexleadtheASkingstodefeattheinvadersbyunitingtheirforces.theNormanConquest1066,DuckofNormandycamefromNormandytoattackEnglandtogetsthelandpromisetobegiventohimforprotectingfromtheDanesinvasionbyEdwardⅡ.AndNormandybeattheHaroldattheHesting.TwohighlightinthedevelopmentofASliteratureA.NorthumrianSchooleq\o\ac(○,1)thefirstASpoet---CaedmonTheearliestEnglishpoet.AccordingtoBede,hewasanelderlyherdsmanwhoreceivedthepowerofsonginavision.eq\o\ac(○,2)VernerableBede,AmonkwriteinLainFatherofEnglishHistoryB.thereignofAlfredContributioneq\o\ac(○,1)translateanumberofLatinbooksintoWestSaxondialecteq\o\ac(○,2)eq\o\ac(○,3)createdastyleofAnglo-SaxonProseAlongepicpoetry长篇叙事诗theearliestheroicpoetrythemostsignificantpoetryexistedinoralformasearlyasthe6thcenturyBeowulfisamixtureofpaganismandChristianelementsDifferencebetweenOldEngpoetry,laterpoetryistechnicalstructureTherearetwopoeticfeaturesofOldEnglishpoetry:alliterationandkenning.Chapter2流行Romance主要写KnightsDukeWilliamofNormandy.TheNormanConquestin1066acceleratedthedevelopmentoffeudalism封建主义inENGCategoriesofRomances:ThematterofErance,thematterofRome,thematterofBritainMiddleENG:wordsthatarerelatedwithenjoymentandpleasureareusuallyoftheFrenchoriginmanyinflectionalformofwordsweredroppedformalgrammarsimplified5.MedievalRomance(SubjectMatters)A.matterofFrench(CharlemagnetheGreat,Roland,)B.matterofRome(AlexandertheGreat,ThesiegeofTroy)C.BritaintheArthurianLegendBySirGawain,Launcelot,Marlin,thequestforHolyGrail,theDeathofKingArthur.Chapter3AgeofChaucerTheHundreds’YearsWarisanawakeningofnationalConsciousnessinENG,theFrenchheroineJoanofArc贞德GeoffreyChaucer(BuriedinthePoets’ConnerinWestminsterAbbey)FatherofEngpoetryTheworkofGeoffreyChaucereq\o\ac(○,1)influencedbyFrenchliteratureeq\o\ac(○,2)influencedbyBoccaccioeq\o\ac(○,3)坎特伯雷故事集Thegeneralprologue总序isthebestpartofit.thesignificancesofGivesacomprehensivepictureofChaucer’stimeThedramaticstructureofthepoemhasbeenhighlycommended高度赞赏bycriticsGeoffreyChaucer’shumorChaucer’scontributiontoENGlanguagePerhapsthegreatestworkinMiddleEnglishJohnWyclifffatherofENGproseoneofthefirstfigureswhodemandedtoreformchurchtheonetranslateBibleintostandardENGWilliamLanglandChapter4maineventsThewaroftheRose,thethirtyYearsWar(thehouseofLancaster/Red,thehouseofYork)ThediscoveryofAmericanandthenewsearoutesReformationofchurch.HenryⅧfoundtheAnglicanChurch,breakawayfromthechurchofRome.Ballad:anarrativepoemthattellsastoryCharactersofBalladsthebeginningisoftenabrupthavestrongdramaticelementsthestoryistoldthroughdialogueandactionthethemeisoftentragicthemeter格律isused(containsfour-linestanzas,theoddnumberedline奇数fourfeet,theevennumberedline偶数threefeet.Rhymesfallontheevennumberedlines.)BalladsAlegendaryherolivingduringthereignofRichardtheLionHeated金雀花王朝BySirThomasMalloryprefectthekingArthurEarlyENGPlays(the14th)developedinto(mysteryPlays神秘剧，miracleplays奇迹剧)Theflourishingofdramathereason:nootherentertainment,bothrichandpoorcangotothereChapter5英国文学史上三次高潮15thENGRenaissance—19th上Romantic—19th下VictoriaTheBackgroundQueenElizabeth,defeattheSpanishArmada无敌舰队,mightynavalpower强有力的海军.Humanism人文主义Rebirth(文艺复兴的时代精神)HumanismRenaissanceisaFrenchwordwhichmeans“rebirth”inENG人文主义的解释及价值观AccordingtotheHumanistscholarsitwasagainsthumannaturetoeq\o\ac(○,1)sacrificethehappinessofthelifeforanafterlife.Theyarguedthateq\o\ac(○,2)manshouldbegivenfullfreedomtoenrichtheirintellectualandemotionallife.Inreligiontheydemandedthereformationofthechurch,Inartandliteration,insteadofhappinessinhislife.Humanismshatteredtheshacklesofspiritualbondageofman’smindbytheRomancatholicchurchandopenedhiseyesto“abravenewworld”infrontofhim.EdmundSpenserTheUniversityWitsRobertGreeneThomasKydChristopherMarloweTheblankVerse无韵诗UnrhymediambicpentameterWilliamShakespeare发展eq\o\ac(○,1)Earlyyearsofhisapprenticeship学徒期eq\o\ac(○,2)Growthanddevelopmenteq\o\ac(○,3)gloomanddepressioneq\o\ac(○,4)restoredserenityachievementeq\o\ac(○,1)representedthetrendofhistoryingivingwritetothedesiresandaspirationofpeopleeq\o\ac(○,2)S’humanism:Hehadfirmbeliefinthemobilityofhumannatureandinthepowerofloveeq\o\ac(○,3)S’characterization,S’charactersareround丰满的而非flatter扁平eq\o\ac(○,4)originalityeq\o\ac(○,5)asagreatpoetinsonnetseq\o\ac(○,6)masteroftheEnglanguageFourTragedy:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,TheTragedyofMacbethSonnets(Italy/Petrarch’s—thefirstone,S’s)definitionAshortsongintheoriginalmeaningofthewordbecomeapoetof14lines.Usuallyiniambicpentameter抑扬格五音步withvariousrhymingschemes.Sonnet,3quatrains,1couplet(Shakespeare’s)S’ssonnetsaredifferentfromPetrach’s.Petrach’ssonnetsisdividedintoanoctave(八音)whichtypicallyrhymesabbaabba,andasestet,whichmayhavevaryingrhymeschemes.Shakespeare’ssonnets(Englishsonnets)consistsof3quatrainsand1couplet,whichtypicallyrhymeababcdcdefefgg.endswithasurprisedconclusionorashiftofideas.Petrachabbaabba/cdecdeShakespeareababcdcdefef/ggHamlet—Humanist(melancholy忧郁procrastination优柔寡断)Chapter6FromAgeofElizabethtoGloriousRevolutionBackground(theENGbourgeoisrevolution资产阶级革命，农民与贵族阶级，Anglicanchurch与PuritanicalChurch)GloriousRevolution1688In1688,WilliamsignedpresentedbyParliament,whichgreatlyrestrictedthepowerofEnglishKinghencefourENGLANDhasbecomeacountryofconstitutionalmonarchy.君主立宪制TheKingJamesBibleof1611OldTestamentinHebrewsNewTestamentinGreekTheearliestEnglishtranslationsoftheBibledatebacktoCaedmon,BadeandKingAlfred.FrancisBacon.PraisedbyMarxas“thepioneerofEngMaterialism唯心主义”目的：Studiesservefordelight,forornament,forability.功效：Historymakemanwise;poetrywitly;mathematicssubtitle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.方法：Booksareabletobetasked,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.玄学派特点（MetaphysicalPoets）JohnDonneMetaphysicalPoetsdescribeaschoolofhighlyintellectualpoetrymarkedbyholdandingeniousconceits（奇思妙喻）incongruousimagery.Complexityofthought,frequentuseofParadox,andoftenbydeliberateharshnessorrigidityofexpression.MainthemeofMetaphysicalPoets:love,deathandreligionMainthemeofCavalier(骑士派)：CarpeDiem及时行乐Cavalier:Carpediem<ＡValediction：forbiddingmourning>Abreach,butanexpansionLikegoldtoairythinnessbeatIftheybetwo,theyaretwoso.Asstifftwincompassesaretwo.THEME,他人物质化的爱情与我柏拉图式的真爱。JohnMilton(PuritanWriter)Milton’smasterpieceandoneofthegreatestpoemsinworldliterate.Satan,themostimpressivecharacterBettertoreigninHellthanServeinHeavenMeaning:eq\o\ac(○,1)rebellionspirits叛逆精神eq\o\ac(○,2)defianceofauthority对权威的藐视eq\o\ac(○,3)excessivepride极端自负JohnBunyan(Puritan)天路历程iswrittenintheoldfashionedmedievalformofallegoryanddrama.Chapter7GloriousRevolutionTwoParliaments:TheTory&TheWhigThecharactersofneo-classicismOfficialPeopleemphasizedreason理智ratherthanemotion,formratherthancontentAsreasonwasstressed,mostofthewritingsoftheageweredidactic说教性andsatirical讽刺Aselegance优雅性correctness正确性appropriateness恰当性andrestraint节制性werepreferred,thepoetfoundclosedcouplettheonlypossibleverseformforseriouswork.It’salmostexclusivelya“town”poetrycateringtotheinterestsofthe“society”ingreatcities.Itisentirelywantinginalltheseelementsthatarerelatedwiththe“romantic”CivilianEmphasizedreasonratherthanemotion,formratherthanContentDidacticandsatiricalThepoetfoundclosedcouplettheonlyforseriousTownpoetryshownoloveofnature,landscapeorcountrythingsLackofallRomanticElements4．GeoffreyChaucer,firstusecouplet—Pope5.Classicisms,adrama,3unities:action,place,time6.DanielDefoe,knowasapioneernovelistofENGisbasedonarealincident.alowlywomenasthesubjectofliteraturewhoforherfirsttimehascommittedtheftandrobbery.JonathanSwiftJosephAddison&RichardSteele,periodicalessays期刊写作.2periodical期刊（thetattler,thespectator）AlexanderPope新古代表/英雄双韵顶峰deistview自然神论观点SamuelJohnsonHenryFielding(playwright,novelist)RobertBurns抒情诗人FromScotland,writeinScottishandintraditionalofScottishfolksongs.Besides,lovelyrics,mostofhispoemsandsongsareaboutpatrioticandpoliticalThemes.BurnshadaprofoundloveforthecommonScottishpeopleandtheirliterature.AndhispoemsorsongsarepermeatedwiththeScottishnaturalspirit.WilliamBlake(神秘主义者)同Burns为前期浪漫主义代表Chapter8RomanticismFromLyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridgein1798tothedeathofSirWalterScottin1832.Characters:Theglorificationofinstinctandemotionadeepveneration崇拜ofnature,andaflamingzealtoremarktheworld.Rousseau卢梭FrenchPhilosopher.TheFatherofRomanticism/TheNobelSavageCharacteristicfeaturesoftheromanticmovementSubjectivism主观主义Spontaneity自发性Singularity奇特性WorshipofnatureSimplicityThereisadominatingnoteofmelancholy/inthepoemsofRomanticpoets人道主义理想、忧郁气质AnageofpoetrybywhichthepoetsoutpouredtheirfeelingandemotionfreeverseformWilliamWordsworth—PoetLaureate桂冠诗人WWSingofharmonybetweenthingsinnatureandbetweenthenatureandthepoethimselfPersonification,Simile,MetaphorLakepoets(WilliamWordsworth,RobertSouthey，TaylorColeridge)SamuelTaylorColeridge古舟子咏GeorgeGordonByrontheadventureofaSpanishliberationByron’sfierypassionfortheliberationofGreekpeople,andhisbittersatireontheshamandhypocrisyinlove,religionandthesocialrelationofhistime.PercyByssheShelley希望英国人认识到自己的悲惨地位起来奋斗JohnKeats(Lastpoet)CharlesLamb剧作家Withhissister写了ContributiontoFamiliarEssayThomasdeQuincyWalterScott—HistoricNovel.1832die,theendofRomanticismContributionChapter9QueenVictoriaTwoQueens:bothwereonathroneforalongperiodoftime.Elizabeth40s,Victoria60s.Developedrapidlyinbothpolitically,economicallyLiteratureflourished(E’-SB,drama.V’-novel)ThereasonwhynovelrisequicklyinV’sAgethegrowthofurbanpopulationbringanewreadinginpublichthedevelopmentofprintingandmakingpapersandthepriceofbooksdroppedpeoplecanmakealivingbywritingalargepartclasswhoneedrecreationandentertainmentthenovelprovidedamarvelousmechanismforallsortofthings——explorisytheconditionsofpoorandthemannersofsociety,satirizingindividualsorinstitution,advocatingsocialreformandprovidingdiversionforpeopleatalllevelsthefeministmovementCharacterizedbythecommonfeaturesplotisunfoldedagainstasocialbackgroundthecause-effectsequencemuchmorestrikingthaninpreviousnovelspublishedinserialform连载thespiritofPuritanism清教主义characterizedbytheirmoralpurpose(hypocrisy伪善V’时期的共同特点)criticalrealism批判现实主义/criticalrealisticnovelist批判现实主义小说CharlesDickensartistictechniqueeq\o\ac(○,1)atendencytodescribeuglycharactersoreventseq\o\ac(○,2)lovestoinstilllifeintoinanimatethingseq\o\ac(○,3)descriptionofpatheticscenesWilliamMakepeaceThackeray“Anovelwithouthero”DifferencebetweenThackerayandDickensThackeraydescriptadifferentworldfromDickens(T,descriptpeopleofupperandmiddleclasses;D,descripttheunderdogsandtheunprivileged)Tisacynic,Disasentimentalist感伤主义者Tagainstaffectation.DisaRomanistThetitleVanityFairistakenfromJohnBunyan’sLordAlfredTennyson(LaureatePoet)挽歌TennysonwroteinmemoryofhisfriendArthurHallam.RobertBrowning(thedramaticmonologue戏剧独白诗)TheBrontSisterCharlotteBront—EmilyBront—AnneBront—SomecriticssaidthattheBrontinheritedtheirstrongemotionfromtheirparents.TheCelticbloodexplainstheirstrongemotionandtheiraudacityinthesearchforspiritualintegrity.Anotherfactorwasthemoorlandwhichwasnotyetcorruptedbytheevilsofsociety.TheThirdfactortheirwritingcareerwasthefactthattheyweregreatlyinfluencedbyRomanticPoets.TheworksofCharlotteandEmilyBrontanddifferentfromthoseofotherVictorianwritersintheaspectsbelow:theirworksaremarkedbystrongromanticelementstheroleofnatureisverysignificantintheirworkmarkedbyanewconceptionofwomenasheroinesofvitalstrengthandpassionatefeelings.firstmostpowerfulENGnovelwhichrepresentsthemodernviewofwomen’spositioninsociety.EmilyBront(HeathcliffCatharine)EmilyBrontportraystheconflictbetweentheprivilegedandthehirehand.ThomasHardy,thelastimportantnovelistoftheVictorianageWessexnovels.自然主义、社会达尔文主义pessimisticThedominatethemeofhisnovelisthefutilityofman’sefforttostruggleagainstcruelandunintelligiblefate.Chanceandcircumstance,whichareallpredestinedbyImmanentWill.GeorgeBernardShaw(Irish)OscarWilde—decadence颓废主义名词解释Alliteration头韵istherepetitionofthesamesoundsatthebeginningoftwoormorewordsthatarenexttoorclosetoeachother.例子：ofmanwasthemildestandmostbelovedTohiskinthekindest,keenestforpraise代表作：SirGawain&GreenKnightKenning隐喻Akenningisametaphorusuallycomposedtwowords,whichbecomestheformula准则foraspecialobject.RenaissanceAFrenchword,means“Rebirth”.TheartandscienceofancientGreeceandRomewerebeingrediscoveredafterlongyearsofneglect.EnglishRehadtwoimpulses—humanistreverencefortheclassicsandEnglishprideandsenseofnationalidentity.Emphasizedthedignityandpotentialoftheindividualandtheworthoflifeinthisworld.RomanceRisatypeofliteraturethatisverypopularintheMiddleage.Thegreatageofmedievalromanceisthe12thandearly13thecenturiesanditschiefbreedingground起源地isthearistocratic贵族的societyinFrance.Allegory寓言Anallegoryisastoryordescriptioninwhichthecharactersandeventssymbolizesomedeeperunderlingmeaning,andservetospreadmoralteaching.HeroicCouplet英雄对偶句HCisapareofrhyming押韵的iambicpentameter五步抑扬格lines.AABBCCDDEEBallad民谣Bisanarrativepoemthattellsstory.TheblankVerse无韵诗Unrhymediambicpentameter,usedinhisdramas,wasthechiefversefor,usedbySB.16世纪的英国戏剧主要表现形式Anode颂诗It’sarhymedlyricexpressingnoblefeelings,oftenaddressedtoapersonorcelebratinganevent.Dramaticmonologue戏剧独白诗It’sapoeminwhichthereisoneimaginaryspeaker,addressinganimaginaryaudience.Allegory:Ataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresentabstractideasormoralqualities.Anallegoryisastorywithtwomeanings,aliteralmeaningandasymbolicmeaning.Anapest抑抑扬:Itsmadeupoftwounstressedandonestressedsyllables,withthetwounstressedonesinfront.常用资料修辞名称：meter格律,rhyme韵,soundassonance谐音,consonance和音,alliteration头韵,formofpoetry诗歌形式,allusion典故,foot音步,iamb抑扬格,trochee扬抑格,anapest抑抑扬格,dactyl扬抑抑格,pentameter五音步