大三英语翻译翻译

大三英语翻译翻译翻译中的选词法(diction)lI.选择语法意义(choiceofgrammaticalmeanings)----语法结构分析lThesameword,whenusedasdifferentpartsofspeechandplayingdifferentrolesinasentence,hasdifferentmeanings.l1.Takethecartbacktothebackyardandbackitintotheshedatthebackofthestable.l2.Hehadnostomachtofollowus.l Ican’tstomachthisjobanylonger.lII.选择搭配意义(choiceofcollocativemeanings)----语义分析lSomewordshavethesamebasicmeanings,butdifferincollocation.Thatis,theyhavedifferentcollocativemeanings.Forinstance,“sense”and“meaning”aresynonymous,but“Johnisamanofsense”isacceptablewhile“Johnisamanofmeaning”isunacceptable.lOneproblemwithcollocationistranslationisthat,veryoftenwhatisgoodcollocationinEnglishmaynotbesowhenrenderedintolChinese,orviceversa.Forinstance,“pretty”and“handsome”arerenderedinto“漂亮的”and“英俊的”respectively.Itisperfectlyallrighttosay“ahandsomecar”but“英俊的车子”wouldbetotallyunacceptabletotheChinesereader.ThusinE-Ctranslation,atranslatormustensurethattheversionisidiomaticorcollocativelyacceptableinthetargetlanguage.E.g.buildlBuildahouse/aship/afire/acar/one’sconfidence/scholarsoftomorrow/ananswer/abridge/adam/astampcollectionlIII.选择情感意义(choiceofafffectivemeanings)-----语义分析（情感）lAffectivemeaningsreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingsandattitudesofthewritertowardsthereader.Youmayaddresssomebodyasan“idiot”toconveyyourdespise,ordescribesomethingas“marvelous”toexpressyourpositiveevaluation.Therearebasicallythreetypesofaffectivemeanings:positive(褒义),neutral(中性),andderogatory(贬义).lPositive     neutral     derogatoryPortly(发福的)Overweight(超重的)Obese(臃肿的）Slender,slim((苗条的)Underweight(体重不够的）Skinny(瘦削的)Senior,elder(长者)Oldman/woman(老人)Fossil(老朽)lExamples:l1.Aggressivenationsthreatenworldpeace.l侵略成性的国家威胁世界和平.lAsalesmanmustbeaggressiveifhewantstosucceed.l推销员要成功,必须有闯劲.l2.Heincitedthesoldierstofightbravely.l Hewaschargedwithincitingpeopletoviolence.l3.Everydoghashisday.l “Youchicken!”hecried,lookingatTomwithcontempt.lⅣ.选择模糊意义(choiceofambiguousmeanings)------语义分析(歧义)lAmbiguity,accordingtoD.Bolinger,isdefinedasonesurfacestructurecoveringtwoormoredeepstructures,thatis,onelinguisticexpressionallowsmorethanoneudnerstandingsorinterpretations.Ambiguitycanbeclassifiedaslexicalambiguity(词汇歧义)andstructuralambiguity(结构歧义).l1.lexicalambiguity(词汇歧义)lThemultiplemeaningsoftheutterancedependsonthemeaningofthesingleword.E.g. l⑴Shecannotbearchildren.l①Shecannotgivebirthtochildrenbecausesheissterile.l②Shecannottoleratethechildren.l⑵AsGreendesigedthemachine,hemusthaverealizeditscapability.l①因为这台机器是格林设计的,他一定事先知道它的性能.  l②格林设计这台机器的时候,一定事先知道它的性能.l2.structuralambiguity(结构歧义)lThemultiplemeaningsoftheutterancedependsonthesentencestructure.Eg.lSheshowedherbabypictures.l①她拿出了自己婴儿时期的照片.l②她把婴儿的照片拿给她看.l③她把一些照片/图片拿给孩子看.lⅤ.选择引申意义(choiceofextendedmeanings)----语义分析（关联义）lItisoftendifficulttofindasuitableChinesetranslationforanEnglishwordorexpressioninE-Cdictionaries,andamechanicaltranslationmaybeunintelligibletoourreaders.Onewayoutistoextendthemeaningfromtheconcreteorspecifictotheabstractorgeneral,orviceversa.l1.”实”→虚”.词义从具体引向抽象,从特殊引向一般,从局部引向概括l⑴Nowadaysastudentheadingforcollegemaypackafryingpanalongwithhisbooks.l实译:如今上大学的学生除了带他的书上学校以外,还可以带上一个煎烙饼的平底锅了.l虚译:如今大学生在学校里也可以自己做点吃的了.l⑵WhenIgoaroundonspeakingengagements,theyallexpectmetoassumeaQuakerOatslook. l实译:我应邀外出演讲时,他们都指望我摆出一副像麦片商标中的老头那样的表情. l虚译:我应邀外出演讲时,他们都指望我摆出一副毫无表情,一本正经的面孔.(QuakerOats是欧美一种有名的麦片商标,商标中画的老头模样毫无表情,我国读者不熟悉,应虚译.)l2.“虚”→”实”.词义从抽象引向具体,从一般引向特殊,从概括引向局部l⑴Thereismoretotheirlifethanpoliticalandsocialandeconomicproblems;morethantransienteverydayness.l虚译:他们的生活远不止那些政治的,社会的和经济的问题,远不止一时的日常性.l实译:他们的生活远不止那些政治的,社会的和经济的问题,远不止每天的柴米油盐.l⑵Heisavaluableacquisitiontotheteam.l虚译:他是该队一种宝贵的获得.l实译:他是该队不可多得的队员.lⅥ.选择对应意义(choiceofequivalentmeanings)-----语义分析（对概念义的误解）lSomeEnglishwordsorexpressionslookequivalenttotheirChinesecounterparts,butactuallytheyaredifferent.lTheyarecalled“falsefriends”.Careshouldbetakennottobeconfinedortakenawaybywhatweseeintheoriginaltext.lEg.lBusybody≠忙人=(贬义)好管闲事的人=apersonwhotakestoomuchinterestinotherpeople’saffairs.lThelongandtheshortofit≠它的长短处=总的结果/情况/要点lShehasaweaknessforpork≠吃猪肉她可不行.=她有爱吃猪肉的嗜好.lⅦ.选择准确意义(choiceofexactmeanings)----语义分析（所指意义）lAcarefultranslatorshouldweighthemeaningoftheoriginalbefroechoosingasuitableChinesewordorexpression.Threecriteriaareproposedhereforchoosingsuitablewords:preciseness(准确),conciseness(精练),andgracefulness(优美),commonmistakesinthisrespectmaybechieflyduetothefollowing:l⑴lappingupawordorexpressionwithoutdigestingit(囫囵吞枣)l⑵extendingthemeaningbeyonditslimits(引申过头)l⑶Rigidlyadheringtoletterorform(拘泥字面)lThusacomparativestudyofsynonymousexpressionsinthetwolanguagesisalwaysnecessaryforappropriatetranslation.Ingivencontext,thechoiceofwordsisamatterofdictioncallingforourcarefulconsideration.lEg.inChinese:l*词义轻重不同l祝贺(轻)—庆祝(重)  批评(轻)—批判(重)  轻视(轻)—鄙视(重) l欺侮(轻)—欺压(重)  损坏(轻)—毁坏(重)  责备(轻)—责骂(重)l*词义范围大小不同l信件(大)—信(小)  树木(大)—树(小)  时代(大)—时期(小)l河流(大)—河(小)  战争(大)—战役(小) 车辆(大)—车(小)l*词语搭配不同l充足(阳光)—充分(理由) 侵犯(主权)—侵占(土地) l发挥(作用)—发扬(精神) 召集(众人)—召开(会议)lⅧ.选择语境意义(Choiceofcontextualmeanings)----大语境分析lThesameword,whenusedindifferentcontextsorfieldsofdiscourse(business,law,medicine,education,politics,forestry,etc.),hasdifferentmeanings.Forinstance,insomecontexts“mad”means“foolish”,insome“angry”,andinothers“insane”.lEg.Bookl1.Showmethecomplaintbook,please.l2.Milton’sParadiseLostconsistsoftwelvebooks.l3.That’sallIremember,sir,ontheBook.l4.Heclaimstohavebeengraduatedfromthiscollege,buthisnameisnotonthebooks.l5.Heisalwayspainstakinglyathisbooks.l6.Themusicwasfine,butthebookwasverypoor.l7.Areyouinthebook?lⅨ.选择文体意义(choiceofstylisticmeanings)----大语境分析lSomewordsconveythesameideabutdifferinstylisticfeatures.Thesewordsareknownasstylisticsynonyms.Insomedictionaries,thesestylisticfeaturesareclearlymarkedas“formal”,“informal”,“literary”,“archaic”,“slang”andsoon.lWordsthatoccurindifferentsettingsarestylisticallymarked.Thoseusedforsomeseriouspurpose,forexample,inofficialreports,businesslettersandregulationsarelabeledasformalwhereasthoseusedlinprivateconversationorpersonallettersarelabeledasinformal.Inmostcasesformallanguageoccursinwrittenlanguageandinformallanguageinspokenlanguage.lTranslatorshavetochooseamongformalwords,neutralwords,andinformalwordstoensurethatthestyleisappropriatetotheoriginalcontext.Theymustalsodeterminewhethertousestandarddialectsorregionaldialects,archaicwordsorcontemporarywords,generalwordsortechnicalterms,etc.lTable1.ExamplesofChinesestylisticsynonymsl书面语词母亲诞辰清晨逝世散步恐吓l口语词妈妈生日早上死溜达吓唬l古语词/旧词殆乘致木匠厨子大夫l现代词/新词危险坐给木工厨师医生l普通用语给现在办法安排私下这l公文用语给予兹措施部署擅自此l普通用语飞心静半夜寂寞l文艺作品用语飞翔心灵安静子夜寂寥lTable2.examplesofEnglishstylisticsynonymswiththeirtranslationslFormal (literary) Poverty-striken,penniless,in want,underprivileded,impecunious,indigentl身无分文,一文不名,穷困,贫困lNeutral   Poor贫穷lInformal  Broke,flatbroke,hardup穷,衣袋空空,穷光蛋,一个子儿也没有lTable3.examplesofEnglishwordswiththeirChinesestylisticsynonymslWords explanatory    descriptivellively    生动的栩栩如生lIrrelevant 无关的风马牛不相及lidentical  相同的千篇一律lthick     厚的,稠的如胶似漆lwithdiscretion 小心谨慎稳扎稳打lwitheloquence以雄辩的口才娓娓动听lgreatcontribution巨大贡献   丰功伟绩linvulnerability无法攻破固若金汤lmeagerfood 简单的食物粗茶淡饭lfrightened   害怕胆战心惊lAgoodtranslatorshouldrepresentnotonlytheoriginalthoughtbutalsotheoriginalstyleaswellinthetargetlanguage.l译句比较(comparisonoftranslatedsentences)l1.Whoevertriestotwistyouup,maytheendofhisnosetakeatwist.l①谁要是想捉弄你,谁的鼻子尖就会歪.l②谁要是捉弄你,就叫谁的鼻子尖歪了.l③谁骗你,谁就不得好死.(谁骗你,谁就是小狗.)l2.Eitheraflat“yes”oraflat“no”---gobackwhereyoucamefrom.l①要么干脆说”行”,要么干脆说”不行”,要不然,你从什么地方来还是回到什么地方去吧.l②干脆说”行”或者”不行”----否则你哪里来就回哪里去.l③要就要,不要就拉倒----你请便吧.(行就行,不行就拉倒----你请便吧.)l3.Ignoreitasyouignorethecoldoflastwinter.l①你别去理他,就像别理上一个冬天有多冷一样.l②别理睬它,就像你不理睬去年冬天的寒冷那样.l③管他们干什么?他们的话,当作耳边风好了.l4.TheyconfusedmesothatIdidn’tknowthebigendfromthesmall.l①我连粗细大小都分不清了.l②他们使我真假不分.l③他们把我搞得不知东西南北了.l5.退休工人邵劝帮对小儿子在春说,”那时候,干一天活累得连炕都上不去,浑身疼得要命,睡也睡不着.”l①ShaoQuanbang,aretiredworker,saidtohislittlesonZaichun,“Atthattime,Iwassofatiguedafteraday’sdrudgerythatIfounditveryhardtomountthekang.Mywholeframeachingacutely,Icouldn’tgotosleephoweverhardItried.l②ShaoQuanbang,aretiredworker,saidtohislittlesonZaichun,“Inthosedays,Iwasusuallysodoneupafteraday’shardworkthatIcouldn’tgetonthekang.Asmywholebodyachedlikeanything,Isimplycouldn’tgettosleepevenItriedto.”l6.无论是街道、房屋或公园,这个地方都有一种难以描绘的难过情调.随便走到哪里,我都可以看到新鲜有趣的东西.l①Allstreets,housesandparksherehaveanindescribablelookofthesouth.NomatterwhereIgo,I’msuretofindthingsnewandinteresting.l②Theplace,withitsstreets,itshousesanditsparks,wearsanindescribableairofthesouth.Everycornerbringsmeintoacquaintancewithsomenewinterest.l译句比较:l1.Thejewelswereworthasmallfortune.l原译:这些珠宝价值连城.l改译:这些珠宝颇值一些钱.l2.Hervoiceroseandfellwithemotion.l原译:她慷慨陈辞,声音抑扬顿挫.l改译:她的嗓音时高时低,充满了激情.l3.WhenJoshuawastwoyearsoldhewasimpossible,atypical“TerribleTwo”.Hewasdestructive,stubborn,andviolent.l原译:乔舒亚两岁时变得异常调皮,是个典型的”第二号可怕人物”.他固执,爱动武,常常损坏东西.l改译:乔舒亚两岁时变得异常调皮,是个不折不扣的淘气”两岁魔王”.他固执,爱动武,常常损坏东西.(“TerribleTwo”,心理学术语,用来概括两岁儿童的心里和行为特征,其中的two指年龄.)l4.Themaximwasthatwhenamarriedcouplesawred,lawyerssawgreen.l原译:俗话说,夫妻俩吵得脸红而赤的时候,正是律师挣钱的好机会.l改译:俗话说,夫妇吵得脸红耳赤之时,便是律师招财进宝之日.l5.Timewasaswiftlyflowingriverthathadnoshore,noboundaries.Itsseasonswerenotlwinter,spring,fallorsummer,butbirthdaysandjoysandtroublesandpain.l原译:岁月似急速流动的江河.一年四季似乎不是春、夏、秋、冬,而是生日、乐趣、烦恼和痛苦.l改译:岁月似无边无涯的急流.一年四季似乎不是春、夏、秋、冬春的更迭,而是由生日的欢悦、生活的乐趣、烦恼和痛苦所交织而成的.