高英 unit 1 ships in the desert

高英unit1shipsinthedesertShipsintheDesert课文讲解/DetailedStudyShipsintheDesertDetailedStudy1.ShipsintheDesert[image-7]:Shipsanchoredinthedesert.Thisisaneye-catchingtitleanditgivesanimagethatpeoplehardlysee.Whenreadersreadthetitle,theycan’thelpwonderingwhyandhow.Paragraph1.typicalexampleofenvironmentaldestruction[image-7]2.capableofprocessingafifty-toncatchonagoodday:havingtheabilityofcleaningandpreparingformarketingorcanningfifty-tonsoffishonaproductiveday.catch:theamountofsomethingcaught;inthesentenceitreferstotheamountoffishcaughte.g.Theboatbroughtbackabigcatchoffish.3.butasIlookedoutoverthebow,theprospectsofagoodcatchlookedbleak:agoodcatchdidnotlookpromising/hopeful.Thisisobviouslyanunderstatementbecausewithsandallaroundtherewasnochanceofcatchingfish,tosaynothingofcatchingalotoffish.bow[audio-1]:thefrontpartofashipant.sterncompare:bow[audio-2]:v.&n.tobendtheupperpartofthebodyforward,asawayofshowingrespect,admittingdefeat,etc.bow[audio-3]:n.aweaponforshootingarrowalongthinpieceofwoodwithatightstringfastenedalongit,usedforplayingmusicalinstrumentsthathavestringsaknotformedbydoublingastringorcordintotwocurvedpieces,andusedfordecorationinthehair,intyingshoes,etcbleak:a)Ifasituationisbleak,itisbad,andseemsunlikelytoimprove.e.g.Hisfuturelookedbleak.bleakprospect;thebleaknessofthepostwaryearsb)Ifaplaceisbleak,itlookscold,bare,andunattractivee.g.thebleakcoastlinec)Whentheweatherisbleak,itiscold,dull,andunpleasante.g.thebleakwintersd)Ifsomeonelooksorsoundsbleak,theyseemdepressed,hopeless,orunfriendlye.g.hisbleakfeaturesbleaklyadv.e.g.Hestaredbleaklyahead.“What,”heaskedbleakly,“arethese?”4.waveslappingagainstthesideoftheship:wavestouchingthesideoftheshipgentlyandmakesasoftsoundlapcanalsobeusedasanoun.e.g.Yourlapistheflatareaformedbyyourthighswhenyouaresittingdown.Heryoungestchildwasasleepinherlap.Heplacedthebabyonthewoman’slap.Inarace,whenyousaythatacompetitorhascompletedalapwhenheorshehasgoneroundthecourserace.5.asfarasIcouldseeinalldirection:thatextendedasfarastheeyecouldsee;6.thatstretchedallthewaytothehorizon:thatextendedtothefaroffplacewheretheskymeettheearth7.comparable:somethingthatiscomparabletosomethingelseisa)asgoodas/asbigas/asimportantastheotherthing;b)similartotheotherthinge.g.ThisdinneriscomparabletothebestFrenchcooking.Ourhouseisnotcomparablewithyours.Oursisjustasmallhutwhileyoursisapalace.8.Nowitisdisappearingbecausethewaterthatusedtofeedithasbeendivertedinanill-consideredirrigationschemetogrowcottoninthedessert:Nowitisbecomingsmallerandsmallerbecausethewaterthatusedtoflowintotheseahasbeenturnedawaytoirrigatethelandcreatedinthedeserttogrowcotton.Theschemewasanill-conceivedonebecauseitfailedtotakeintoconsiderationtheecologicaleffect.9.dock:v.anchor,moorParagraph2.thesisstatement:travelaroundtheworldtocheckandstudycasesinordertofindoutthebasiccausesbehindtheenvironmentalcrisis[image-8]10.Mysearchfortheunderlyingcausesoftheenvironmentalcrisishasledmetotravelaroundtheworldtoexamineandstudymanyoftheseimagesofdestruction:ItravelledaroundtheworldbecauseIwantedtosee,checkandstudycasesofsuchdestructioninordertofindoutthebasiccausesbehindtheenvironmentalcrisis.Thissentenceisthethesisstatement,expressingthemainideaandindicatingthedevelopmentofacausalessay.imagesofdestruction:typicalexamplesofdestruction11.thesunglaringatmidnightthroughaholeinthesky:thesunshiningatmidnightthroughtheozonedepletion[image-9]midnightsun:phenomenonoccurringonlyinthepolarregionsahole:ozonedepletion臭氧层空洞12.aboutthetunnelhewasdiggingthroughtime:aboutthetunnelhewasdrillingforsamplesfromtheglacier,whichestimatesthetime.Thedeeperhedrilled,thefartherthesampleintime;inotherwords,thesurfaceoftheglacier[image-10]isanindicationofrecenttimewhilethedeeperpartoftheglaciertellsofsituationofamuchmoreremoteperiod.13.Slippinghisparkabacktorevealabadlyburnedfacethatwascrackedandpeeling[image-11]:Pushinghisparkaback,herevealedabadlyburnedfacebecauseofoverexposuretodirectsunlight;onthefacetherewerelinesthatweresplitopenandpiecesofskinwerecomingdown.parka:[image-12]n.waterproofjacketwithahoodattached(aswornforskiing,mountainclimbing,etc.)14.Hemovedhisfingerbackintimetotheiceoftwodecadesago:Followingthelayersoficeinthecoresample,hisfingercametotheplacewherethelayeroficewasformed20yearsago.15.twocontinents:SouthAmericaandAntarctica16.emission:theamountofpollutantsdischarged17.leastaccessibleplaceonearth:theplacewhichisthemostdifficulttogettointheworldParagraph3.theglobalwarmingseenintheAntarctic[image-13]18.Industrymeantcoal:thedevelopmentofindustrymeanttheuseoflargeamountofcoalasfueltogeneratepower.19.bringingrisinglevelsofcarbondioxide:makingtheamountofcarbondioxideintheatmospheregrow20.withitsabilitytotrapmoreheatintheatmosphereandslowlywarmtheearth:heatcannoteasilygetthroughcarbondioxideandgointothehighaltitudesocarbondioxideplaystheroleofacover,keepingtheheatneartheearth.21.thepartafterthedash(--)servesasanadverbialofresult22.upwindfromtheicerunawaywheretheskiplanelandsandkeepsitsenginesrunningtopreventthemetalpartsfromfreeze-lockingtogether,scientistsmonitortheairseveraltimeseverydaytochartthecourseofthatinexorablechange:upwindfromtheicerunawaywheretheskiplanelandsandkeepsitsenginesrunningsothatthemetalpartswillnotbefrozensolid,scientistswatchtheairseveraltimeseverydaytomarkthecourseofthatunalternablechange.upwind:inthedirectionfromwhichthewindisblowingorusuallyblowsicerunway:runwayisastripofpavedgroundforusebyairplanesintakingoffandlanding,andhereintheSouthPoletherunwayisastripoficegroundtopreventthemetalpartsfromfreeze-lockingtogether:tostopthemetalpartsfrombeingfrozensolidmonitortheair:watchorcheckontheairtochartthecourse:toshowtheonwardmovementonanoutlinemapinexorable:thatcannotbechanged;unalternablee.g.theinexorableriseinthecostofliving23.graph:usuallyamathematicaldiagramParagraph4.athinningcapastheresultofArcticairwarms[image-14]24.pitch:pitchatentmeansputupatente.g.Theypitchedtheirtentnearthestream.Theypitchedtheirtentattheedgeofthefield.25.slab:Aslabofsomethingisathickflatpieceofit.e.g.aslabofrock;aconcreteslab;aslabofcheese26.frigid:cold;icy;freezinge.g.frigidweather27.aheartybreakfast:asatisfyingandrichbreakfasttodescribemeals:sumptuousdinner;humblebreadandcheese;squaremeal28.snowmobile[image-15]:akindofmotorvehiclefortravelingoversnow,usuallywithsteerablerunnersatthefrontandtractortreadsattherear29.rendezvouspoint:theplacewhereasubmarinewastopickthemuprendezvous:a)Arendezvousisameetingoftenasecretone,thatyouhavearrangedwithsomeoneforaparticulartimeandplace.e.g.Wemakeadawnrendezvous.b)Arendezvousisaplacewhereyouhavearrangedtomeetsomebodyoftensecretly.e.g.Imethimatasecretrendezvousoutsidethecity.30.hover:towaitcloseby,especiallyinanoverprotective,insistentoranxiouswayWhenabirdorinsecthovers,itstaysinthesamepositionintheairbymovingitswingsveryquickly.Ifsomebodyishovering,theyarewaitinginoneplace,forexample,becausetheycannotdecidewhattodo.e.g.Afigurehovereduncertainlyinthedoorway.31.Afteritcrashedthroughtheice,tookonitsnewpassengers,andresubmerged:Afteritbrokethroughtheice,pickedupitnewpassengers,andwentbelowthesurfaceofwateragainemerge:appearsubmerge:gobelowthesurfaceofwater32.thepolaricecap[image-14]:极地冰冠33.tosecurethereleaseofpreviouslytopsecretdata:toensurethemakingpublicofdatawhichwasoriginallyclassifiedastopsecret.34.fromsubmarinesonartracks:obtainedfromsubmarinesonartrackssonar:[U](anacronymforsoundnavigationranging)anapparatususingsoundwavesforfindingthepositionofunderwaterobjects,suchasminesorsubmarines声纳（利用声波探测如水雷或潜艇等的水底目标的仪器）Baiqidolphins[image-16]:havesonar.Batshavesonar.35.andthenIwasstandinginaneerilybeautifulsnowscape,windsweptandsparklingwhite,withthehorizondefinedbylittlehummocks,or“pressureridges”oficethatarepushedupliketinymountainrangeswhenseparatesheetscollide:andthenIwasstandinginthevastsceneofsnowwhichwasfearfullybeautiful,windsweptandshiningwhite,withthestretchoficefieldcharacterizedbysmallridgesbecauseoftheforceofthecollisionoftheseparatelayers.eerily:mysteriouslyoruncannily,especiallyinsuchawayastofrightenordisturbsnowscape:sceneofsnow.Comparewithlandscapeandseascape.windswept:sweptbyorexposedtowindswiththehorizondefinedbylittlehummocks:withstretchoficefieldcharacterizedbysmallridges36.theiceherewillthin:theiceherewillbecomethin37.theconsequencesofathinningcapcouldbedisastrous:theresultofathinningcapmayindicatethepossibilitiesofdisasterscould:thewordindicates“possibilities”Paragraph5.therisingtemperatureoftheearth[image-17]38.Consideringsuchscenariosisnotapurelyspeculativeexercise:ThinkingabouthowaseriesofeventsmighthappenasaconsequenceofthethinningofthePolarcapisnotjustakindofpracticeinconjecture/speculation,ithasgotpracticalvalue.scenario:a)anoutlineforanproposedorplannedseriesofevents,realorimaginedb)thescenarioofafilmisapieceofwritingthatgivesanoutlineofthestory脚本speculative:meditating;thinking;pondering;guessing39.thepatternoficedistribution:theregularwayiceisdistributed40.astillcontroversialclaim:astatementwhichsomescientistsstilldonotcompletelyaccept41.whichavarietyofdatanowsuggest:datacomingfromdifferentsourcespointtothisconclusion42.theArcticCircle[image-18]:animaginarylinedrawnroundtheworldatacertaindistancefromthemostnorthernpoint(theNorthPole),northofwhichthereisnodarknessforsixmonthsofeachyearandalmostnolightfortheothersixmonths.cf.theAntarcticCircle43.tundra[image-19]:anyofthevast,nearlylevel,treelessplainsoftheArcticregionsParagraph6.thedisturbingimagesofenvironmentaldestructionattheequator[image-20]44.billowing:largeswellingmassofbillowv.Whensmokeorcloudbillows,itmovesslowlyupwardsoracrossthesky45.Amazonrainforest[image-21]:TheBrazilianAmazoncontainsaboutathirdoftheEarth'sremainingtropicalforestandaveryhighportionofitsbiologicaldiversity.Onehectare(2.47acres)ofAmazonianmoistforestcontainsmoreplantspeciesthanallofEurope.Yetstillitisbeingdestroyedjustlikeotherrainforestsaroundtheworld.46.Acrebyacre,therainforestisbeingburnedtocreatefastpastureforfast-foodbeef:Bitbybittreesintherainforestarefelledandthelandisclearedandturnedintopasturewherecattlecanberaisedquicklyandslaughteredandthebeefcanbeusedinhamburgers.Payattentiontotheconnectionofthetwo“fasts”infastpastureandfastfood.Withthatcomesthe“fast”disappearanceoftherainforest.fastpastureforfast-foodbeef:alliteration47.thedryseason:ant.inthewetseason—therainyseasonsimilarly:thefootballseason,thebreedingseason,theplantingseason,theholidayseason,theharvestseason,thecoldseason,thetouristseason,thegameseason,aseasonoffilminseason:Ifafruitorvegetableisinseason,itisthetimeofyearwhenitistimeforeatingandit’swidelyavailable.Ant.beoutofseasonseasonv.e.g.seasonthefoodwithsalt48.withmorethanoneTennessee’sworthofrainforestbeingslashedandburnedeachyear:theareaofrainforestburnedinoneyearisbiggerthanthestateofTennessee.worth:equalinareaorsizeslash:cutwithasweepingstrokeIfyouslashsomething,youmakealong,deepcutinit.e.g.Jack’sfacehadbeenslashedwithbrokenglass.49.whichmeanswearesilencingthousandsofsongswehaveneverevenheard:Sincemilesofforestarebeingdestroyedandthehabitatfortheserarebirdsnolongerexists,thousandsofbirdswhichwehavenotevenhadachancetoseewillbecomeextinct.Paragraph7.imagesofdestructionseenalmostanywhere[image-22]50.Imagesthatsignalthedistressofourglobalenvironmentarenowcommonlyseenalmostanywhere:Typicalexamplesshowingthedangerousenvironmentalsituationintheworldcanbefoundalmostanywhere.51.Onsomenights,inhighnorthernlatitudes,theskyitselfoffersanotherghostlyimagethatsignalsthelossofecologicalbalancenowinprogress:Onsomenights,intheareaatahighnorthernlatitude,theskyalonepresentsanotherexampleofillomenshowingthereisecologicalimbalanceandthiskindofimbalanceisdeveloping.latitude(s):anareaataparticularlatitudeinhighnorthernlatitude在北纬高纬度地区cf.longitude经度52.blotout:hideentirely;obscureIfonethingblotsoutanotherthing,itisinfrontoftheotherthingandpreventsitfrombeingseen.e.g.Thedustcloudblottedoutthesun.53.This“noctilucentcloud”[image-22]occasionallyappearswhentheearthisfirstcloakedintheeveningdarkness;shimmeringaboveuswithatranslucentwhiteness,thesecloudsseemquiteunnatural:This“luminouscloud”occasionallyappearswhentheearthisfirsthiddenintheeveningdarkness;shiningunsteadilyaboveuswithapartiallytransparentwhiteness,thesecloudsdon’tseemnatural.noctilucentcloud:nocti-meansnight;lucentmeansshining,translucentdesignatingorofaluminouscloudvisibleatnighttocloak:toconceal;hideshimmer:shinewithanunsteadylighttranslucent:partiallytransparent54.becauseofahugebuildupofmethanegasintheatmosphere:becausetherehasbeenabigincreaseofmethanegasintheatmosphere55.methaneisreleasedfromlandfills,fromcoalminesandricepaddies,frombillonsoftermitesthatswarmthroughthefreshlycutforestland,fromtheburningofbiomassandfromavarietyofotherhumanactivities:methaneisemittedfromgarbagedisposal,fromcoalminesandricefields,frombillionsoftermites（白蚁）[image-23]movinginlargenumbersthroughthefreshlycutforestland,fromtheburningofamountoflivingorganisminaparticularareaandfromavarietyofotherhumanactivities.release:letgo;emitswarm:tomoveinlargenumberse.g.Asthefirespread,peoplecameswarmingoutofthebuilding.Thephotographersswarmedroundher.56.Eventhoughnoctilucentcloudsweresometimesseeninthepast,allthisextramethanecarriesmorewatervaporintotheupperatmosphere,whereitcondensesatmuchhigheraltitudestoformmorecloudsthatthesun’sraysstillstrikelongaftersunsethasbroughtthebeginningofnighttothesurfacefarbeneaththem:Theimplicationisthatthenightcomesearlierthantheupperpart.Thebalancebetweendayandnightisbroken.altitudes:ahighareae.g.Athighaltitudesitisdifficulttobreathe.Paragraph8.humanattitudestowardstheimagesofdestruction[imgage-24]57.Whatshouldwefeeltowardtheseghostsinthesky:Whatshouldourattitudebetowardthesenoctilucentcloudsinthesky?58.Simplewonderorthemixofemotionswefeelatthezoo:Shoulditonlybeafeelingofsurpriseandadmirationoracombinationofdifferentfeelingsweexperienceinthezoo?themixofemotionswefeelatthezoo:ontheonehandwefeelexcitedaboutseeingthoseanimals,butontheotherhand,wefeelsorryforthembecausetheyhavebeendeprivedoffreedom.59.Perhapsweshouldfeelaweforourownpower:Perhapsweshouldfeelamazedandfrightenedatourownpower.60.justasmenteartusksfromelephants’headsinsuchquantityastothreatenthebeastwithextinction:menarekillingsuchlargenumberofelephantsfortheirtusksthatthespecieswillsoonextinguish.61.wearerippingmatterfromitsplaceintheearthinsuchvolumeastoupsetthebalancebetweendaylightanddarkens:weareusinganddestroyingresourcesinsuchabigamountthatwearedisturbingthebalancebetweendaylightanddarkness.rip:tear;Whenyouripsomethingorwhenitrips,itistornviolently.e.g.Theposterhadbeenrippedtopieces.Twoofthecanvasbagshadbeenrippedinsuchvolume:insuchquantityupset:Whenthewordisusedasaverborapredicative,thesecondsyllableisstressed;Whenitisusedasanadjectiveinanattributiveposition,thefirstsyllableisstressed.e.g.:Youareup`set.I’vegotan`upsetstomach.toupsetthebalance:tocausesomethingtogowrong62.greenhousegases,andisthirdonlytocarbondioxideandwatervaporintotalvolume:gasesthatwilltrapheatatthesurfaceoftheearthlikeagreenhouseandranksthirdonlytocarbondioxideandwatervaporintotalvolume.Thismeansofallthegases,watervaporoccupiesthelargestportion,carbondioxidethesecond.Methane-naturalgas,greenhousegases-thethirdgreenhouse:Agreenhouseisaglassbuildinginwhichyougrowplantsthatneedtobeprotectedfromcoldweather,windorfrost.Hereit’sametaphor.thirdonlyto:similarlysecondonlytoe.g.Heissecondonlytohiselderbrother.63.changingthechemistryoftheupperatmosphere:changingthechemicalcompositionoftheupperatmosphere64.But,withoutevenconsideringthatthreat,shouldn’titstartleusthatwehavenowputthesecloudsintheeveningskywhichglistenwithaspectrallight?Orhaveoureyesadjustedsocompletelytothebrightlightsofcivilizationthatwecan’tseethesecloudsforwhattheyare—aphysicalmanifestationoftheviolentcollisionbetweenhumancivilizationandtheearth?Thesearetworhetoricalquestions.Asforrhetoricalquestions,there’snoneedtogivetheanswer,andtheanswerisimpliedinthequestions.Iftherhetoricalquestionisnegative,theanswerispositiveandviceversa.Sothefirstrhetoricalquestionmeansitshouldstartleus…;thesecondonemeansoureyeshaven’tadjustedsocompletelytothebrightlightsofcivilizationthatwecan’tsee….startle:toalarmsuddenlyorunexpectedlyglisten:toshineorsparklewithreflectedlight,asawetorpolishedsurfacespectral:likeaghost;ghostlyOrhaveoureyesadjustedsocompletelytothebrightlightsofcivilizationthatwecan’tseethesecloudsforwhattheyare—aphysicalmanifestationoftheviolentcollisionbetweenhumancivilizationandtheearth?:Orhavewebeensoaccustomedtothebrightelectriclightsthatwefailtounderstandthethreateningimplicationoftheseclouds/…wefailtounderstandthatitisaglaringsignoftheviolentclashbetweenhumanactivityandnature?adjust(to):tochangesoastofit,conformsee:understandforwhattheyare:intheirreallight;therealnatureofmanifestation:displayParagraph9.human’spuzzlingresponse[image-25]65.Eventhoughitissometimeshardtoseetheirmeaning,wehavebynowallwitnessedsurprisingexperiences:Eventhoughitissometimeshardtounderstandthethreatoftheseclouds,wehavesofarallseensurprisingexperiences.66.[surprisingexperience]whetherit’sthefrequencyofdayswhenthetemperatureexceeds100degrees,thenewspeedwithwhichthesunburnsourskin,orthenewconstancyofpublicdebateoverwhattodowithgrowingmountainsofwaste:whetheritisthefactthatrecentlytherearemorehotdayswhenthetemperatureisover100degreesFahrenheit(=38degreeCelsius),orthefactthesunburnsourskinmorequicklyinrecenttimes,orthefactthatthedebateoverthewayofdisposingofthegrowingamountofwastemattercomesupmorefrequently.67.Butourresponsetothesesignalsispuzzling:Butourreactiontothesesignalsissobafflingthatitisdifficulttounderstand.68.Whyhaven’twelaunchedamassiveefforttosaveourenvironment:Whyhaven’twestartedalarge-scalemovementtosaveourenvironment?69.Tocomeatthequestionanotherway:Toapproachthequestioninadifferentway;toputthequestiondifferently70.Whydosomeimagesstartleusintoimmediateactionandfocusourattentiononwaystorespondeffectively?:Whydosomesignssoalarmusthatweimmediatelytakeactionandconcentrateonwaysofdealingwiththemeffectively?someimages:e.g.whitepollution,(immediateaction:stopproducing)sandstorm(immediateaction:plantgrassandtrees)71.Andwhydootherimages,thoughsometimesequallydramatic,produceinsteadakindofparalysis,focusingourattentionnotonwaystorespondbutratheronsomeconvenient,lesspainfuldistraction?:Andwhydoothersigns,thoughsometimesnolessstriking,onlycauseakindoflossandinactivityandweconcentrateourattentionnotonthewaystodealwiththembutinstead,onsomeothersubstituteswhichareeasytogetandlesspainful?otherimages:e.g.gasesfromcars(distraction:peoplestillwantcars,andhaveaneasyandlesspainfulwaytodealwiththisissue,say,it’sanaturalcycle,notbecauseofhumanactivities)Paragraph10.theimportanceoforganizingourthoughts[image-26]72.itmaybehelpfultoclassifythemandthusbegintoorganizeourthoughtsandfeelingssothatwemaybeabletorespondappropriately:itmaybeusefultoarrangethemintodifferentgroups,thusgettingourthoughtsandfeelingsstraightenedout/organizedsothatwewillbeabletotakethemostsuitableaction.Paragraph11.themilitarysystem:“local”skirmishes,“regional”battles,and“strategic”conflicts[image-27]73.theater:sceneofoperatione.g.ThiswasthePacifictheatreofWorldWarII.这里是第二次世界大战的太平洋战区。lecturetheatre阶梯教室74.Ausefulsystemcomesfromthemilitary:Ausefulwayofclassifyingcomesfromfighting.Theyare:“local”skirmish,“regional”battles,and“strategic”conflict.Askirmishisaminorbattle75.bereservedfor:Ifsomethingisreservedforaparticularpersonorpurpose,itiskeptspeciallyforthatpersonorpurpose.e.g.Thegardenisreservedforthosewhoworkinthemuseum.IhadaplacereservedattheYouthHostel.Hegavemealookofthesortusuallyreservedfornaughtyschoolchildren.76.strugglesthatcanthreatenanation’ssurvivalandmustbeunderstoodinaglobalcontext:strugglesthatcanendangeranation’sexistenceandmustbeviewedagainstthebackgroundoftheworld.Paragraph12.thesamecasewiththeimagesofdestruction[image-28]77.inthesameway:inthewayofdividingthethreatsintothreecategories78.illegalwastedumping:thedisposalofwasteinawaythatviolatesthelaw79.innature:inbasicqualityorcharacter本质上e.g.Hisproblemwaspersonalinnature.Theseproblemsarepoliticalinnature.80.Problemslikeacidrain,thecontaminationofundergroundaquifers,andlargeoilspillsarefundamentallyregional.Problemslikeacidrain,thecont