2011年09月公共英语四级真题

2011年09月公共英语四级真 一、Reading Comprehension（共20小题,共20.0分）Read the following three texts．Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D． 第1题 Paul Johnson's A History Of The American People is what we have come to expect from this productive writer—clear, colorful narrative, vivid character sketches, marvelous research, sweeping, confident statements, and an insistent conservative viewpoint which tempts him into serious omissions. He will not conceal his opinions, he tells us. Good. Then we can judge his history free of pretences to objectivity—his or ours. Almost at start, we notice something interesting: Johnson passes quickly over a defining moment in American history—the Columbus story—important because it is the first lesson every American schoolchild learns. How you treat that story—what you choose to tell of it—signals your view of the longer American experience, reaching to our time. In school textbooks, Columbus has always been presented as a hero. Only recently has a new set of facts—always available but ignored—begun to get into public attention: that Columbus, on landing, and desperate for gold, encountered native Americans who were peaceful and generous (by his own admission) and tortured them, kidnapped them, enslaved them, murdered them. Johnson, who goes into much detail about other matters (like Ronald Reagan's jokes) is silent on this. Among his numerous references there is none to Bartolome de las Casas, an eyewitness, who described in detail the horrifying evils committed by Columbus and his fellowmen against the Indians, which resulted in the native population of Hispaniola being wiped out—genocide is an appropriate term—by the year 1550. I suggest this is not an innocent omission. Johnson wants us to look positively on the history of the United States. Yes, he says, there were "severe wrongs" committed in "the dispossession of a native people" and in the institution of slavery. But has the US, he asks at the start of his book, "made up for its organic sins"? His whole book suggests that it has, and that in doing so it has become (he says at the end) "a human achievement without parallel.., the first, best hope for the human race . Since Johnson has decided that the US is "the first, best hope for the human race", he has shaped its history accordingly. If we prefer to see that history as a complex and unfinished struggle of Americans for justice, against militarism, for economic, racial and sexual equality, we are badly served by a flattering admiration of those in power, pretending to be a history of "the people". The first paragraph shows that the author's opinion of the book A History Of The American People is A critical. B objective. C defensive. D admiring. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为细节题。根据第一段最后一句“Then we can judge his history free of pretences to objectivity-his or ours.”可知，如此，我们便可判断他的抑或是我们的历史描述脱离了伪装，而变得非常客观。由此可以看出《美国人民的历史》一书的作者保罗·约翰逊对待历史的观点是客观的，故选B。 第2题 The way people have been treating Columbus story indicates their view of A the American school education. B great heroes in American history. C the development of American history. D the American society at present. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为细节题。根据第二段最后一句“How you treat that story-what you choose to tell of it-signals your view of the longer American experience，reaching to our time.”可知，你会怎样对待那段历史——你选择讲述什么——表明了你对美国迄今为止所经历的漫长历史的观点态度，即人们对待美国历史发展的态度，故选C。 第3题 The book makes no reference to Bartolome de las Casas probably because Paul Johnson A is a writer fond of omissions. B isn't tempted to make references. C bears an inborn hatred for horrifying evils. D doesn't want to see the image of the US stained. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为细节题。根据第四段第一、二句“I suggest this is not an innocent omission. Johnson wants us to look positively on the history of the United States．”可知，作者认为这并不单纯是一个疏忽，约翰逊想要我们积极地看待这段美国历史。由此可以推断出保罗，约翰逊想维护美国的形象，不想让美国的形象受到玷污，故选D。 第4题 The word "genocide" (Line 8, Paragraph 3) most probably means A killing of people of a particular race. B driving-out of native inhabitants. C extinction of a whole generation. D assimilation of ethnic groups. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为猜测词义题。根据第三段的最后一句“Among his numerous references there is…which resulted in the native population of Hispaniola being wiped out genocide is an appropriate term...”可知，当时哥伦布犯下的可怕罪行以及哥伦布的随从针对印第安人从而将伊斯帕尼奥拉岛的土著居民全部消灭，即整个种族的灭绝，故选A。 第5题 The author would agree with the statement that the US A has compensated the natives for their earlier sufferings. B has never committed serious evils to the natives in history. C has not undone the wrongs committed in history. D has become the best hope for the human race. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为推断题。根据第四段最后一句“His whole book suggests that it has, and that in doing so it has become(he says at the end)"a human achievement without parallel... the first, best hope for the human race.”以及最后一段最后一句“If we prefer to see that history.…we are badly served by a flattering admiration of those in power，pretending to be a history of 'the people'”可知，约翰逊的整本书都在暗示人们，美国已经弥补了那些错误，而且在此过程中它已经成为(他在最后说到)“一个无与伦比的人类成就…第一个人类最美好的希望”。然而本文作者却认为，如果我们更喜欢把历史看做是美国人为了争取正义公平对抗军国主义，争取经济、种族和性别平等而进行的复杂而又未尽的奋斗，那么很不幸，我们被当权者所控制的政府阿谀欺骗着，而它又偏偏假装这是在创造“人民的历史”。由此可推断出作者认为美国还没有弥补他们所犯卞的历史错误，故选C。 第6题 In the 21st century there's no doubt that frightening new infectious diseases will appear. Today new viruses are coming out of nature and "discovering" the human species. Just since 1994, at least 30 new viruses have appeared. Viruses are moving into the human species because there are more of us all the time. From a virus' point of view, we look like a free lunch that's getting bigger. In nature viral diseases tend to break out when populations increase rapidly and become densely packed. Then many deaths occur and the population drops. This is nature's population-control mechanism. There is no reason to think the human race is free from the laws of nature. Giving these laws an extra push will be the rise of megacities—huge densely packed cities in less developed nations. A United Nations study predicts that by the year 2015, there will be 26 extremely big cities on the planet. By then, some megacities could have 30 million or more people. That is approximately the total population of California. Imagine all the people in California crowded together tightly into one vast city. Then remove most doctors and medical care, take away basic sanitation and hygiene, and you have a biological "time bomb". Now make eight or ten such "bombs" and plant them around the world. Also consider the biological weapons the world will be capable of producing in the future. The 20th century saw the creation of great and terrible weapons based on the principles of nuclear physics. The 21st century will see great and terrible weapons based on the knowledge of DNA and the genetic code. As biotechnology becomes more sophisticated and powerful, biologists will learn how to mix genes of different microbes to create unnatural strains that can be turned into deadly, effective weapons. Biological weapons are a disgrace to biology. Most biologists haven't wanted to talk or even think about them. The physicists lost their innocence when the first nuclear bomb went off in 1945. The biologists will lose their innocence when the first biological weapon spreads through the human species. Yet the 20th century survived despite the existence of the nuclear bomb. There was great economic and scientific progress and much human happiness. The same can be true in the next century. We may not completely win the 21st century microbe war, but I am confident that we won't lose it. Infectious diseases are more likely to occur where A different human races are mixed in living. B many people live in crowded communities. C population drops due to nature's control mechanism. D new viruses appear for the first time. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为细节题。根据第二段第一句“Viruses are moving into the human species because there are more of us all the time.”可知，病毒向人类移居是因为我们的人数一直都太多。由此可推断出传染病容易发生的地方可能是有很多人居住的拥挤社区，故选B。 第7题 It can be seen from the text that the author views extremely large cities as a(n) A possible control mechanism of the nature. B terrible burden in terms of public sanitation and hygiene. C potential biological threat to human health. D inevitable outcome of the law of nature. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为推断题。根据第三段第一句“Giving these laws an extra push will be the rise of megacities-huge densely packed cities in less developed nations.”可知，对这些自然规律的额外推动力便是大城市的崛起——在欠发达地区发展起来的大型而又人口密集的城市。由此可推断出大城市更容易使得病毒产生，也就是作者认为在大城市中会有对于人类健康而言的潜在的病毒威胁，故选C。 第8题 The author implies in the text that A weapons now fall into quite different categories. B biological war may break out any time. C most scientists are against nuclear weapons. D science is liable to be used to create great evils. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为推断题。根据第五段第三句和第四句“The physicists lost their innocence when the first nuclear bomb went off in 1945. The biologists will lose their innocence when the first biological weapon spreads through the human species.”可知，当1945年第一个核炸弹爆炸的时候，物理学家失去了他们的清白。而当第一个生化武器传播于人类的时候，生物学家也会失去他们的清白，由此可推断出科学可能会使人们创造出巨大的罪恶，D项符合文意；A、B、C三项内容在文中均没有明确体现，故选D。 第9题 As to the solution of the problems in the future, the author appears to be A somewhat doubtful. B much skeptical. C moderately optimistic. D extremely desperate. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为观点态度题。根据最后一段的最后一句“We may not completely win the 21st century microbe war, but I am confident that we won't lose it．”可知，作者认为我们也许不会完全赢得21世纪的细菌战争，但他坚信我们并不会失败。可见作者对解决问题的态度是适度乐观的，故选C。 第10题 What does the text mainly discuss? A Threats from the new microbes in the next century. B How new viruses affect the human society. C What megacities may bring to human species. D The disastrous effect of nuclear and biological weapons. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为主旨题。全文主要论述二十一世纪我们会遇到细菌入侵的问题。第一段阐述21世纪会有新型病毒出现；第二段阐述病毒侵袭人类的原因；第三段阐述为什么大城市是新型病毒青睐的对象；第四、五段阐述生化武器会在未来出现；最后一段作者展望未来，并且相信人类会战胜生化武器。选项A“下个世纪有来自新型细菌的威胁”符合文意。选项B“新型细菌怎样影响人类社会”和选项C“大城市会给人类带来什么”在文中没有提到；选项D“核武器和生化武器的灾难性影响”在文中倒数第二、三段提到过，但这只是文章内容的一部分并不能作为全文的主旨，故选A。 第11题 Given the fact that each person is only one of approximately 90 million voters in this country, does it make sense to believe that one person's participation, one vote, will have any impact on a major election? Simply to raise the question "What if everyone felt the same way?" does not remove the lingering impression that a single person is made to feel insignificant by the enormous number of people who do go to the polls, especially in a national election. Supporters of the ruling elite theory insist that even though voters are given a choice among candidates, their choice is restricted to a narrow range of similar-minded individuals approved by the ruling "elite. Elections do not express what most people want or need, nor do they provide guidance for politicians (even if they want it) on what policies to enact. In this view, elections are primarily just rituals that perform a symbolic function for society. Still, since most people continue to show faces at the polls at one time or another, what arguments can be made in favor of voting? One argument is that voting does have significance, if not in individual impact, then in group pressure. Because citizens collectively have the power to give or withhold votes, they directly control the term in office of elected officials. Even if the choice is between Tweedledee and Tweedledum, Tweedledee knows that one must be accountable and this is fixed by law, and that minimally he or she must strive to avoid displeasing the constituents to lose the job. But perhaps political effectiveness and impact in voting are not the only consideration anyway. People do not vote only to influence policy. Millions go to the effort to register and vote for a variety of other reasons as well. Some people may participate just to avoid feeling guilty about not voting. They may have been taught that is their patriotic duty to vote and that they have no right to complain about the outcome if they stay at home. Still others may vote to derive satisfaction from feeling that they are somehow participants, not just spectators, in an exciting electoral contest. Even if their one vote may not be crucial to the outcome, it nevertheless affirms theft role in and support for the political process. Indeed, perhaps it is this final need that fuels the desire for full democratic participation among people in many nations of the world. What is the true nature of elections according to the ruling elite theory? A They are routine practices in a modern society. B They are political gathering for a small number of people. C They are deceptive schemes manipulated by the ruling party. D They are chances for those who want to utter their wishes. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为细节题。根据第二段第二、三句“Elections do not express what most people want or need, nor do they provide guidance for politicians(even if they want it)on what policies to enact. In this view, elections are primarily just rituals that perform a symbolic function for society.”可知，精英治国理论的支持者认为，选举并没有表达出大部分人想要的或需要的，也没有为政治家就颁布何种政策而提供一些指导，而主要是一种表现社会象征性功能的仪式，故选A。 第12题 According to Paragraph 3, people go to the polls because they A believe it's their responsibility to vote. B believe their collective power makes a difference. C want to show the strength and impact of each individual. D don't want to risk losing their jobs. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为细节题。根据第三段第二、三句“One argument is that voting does have significance, if not in individual impact, then in group pressure. Because citizens collectively have the power to give or withhold votes, they directly control the term in office of elected officials.”可知，一个争论就是投票确实是有意义的，要么是个人影响力的关系，要么是集体压力。因为全体公民有权利投票或不投票，因此他们直接控制着被选上官员的条件。由此可推断出，人们之所以去投票是因为他们觉得他们的集体意愿会对选举有影响，故B选项最符合文意。A选项“人们去投票是因为他们认为他们有责任投票”在第三段中并没有提到，故A选项不正确。C选项“是因为想要表现每个个人的力量和影响”与文中“One argument is…if not in individual impact”不符，故C选项不正确。D选项“是因为人们不想冒失业的危险”与文中第三段最后一句“Even if the choice is…he or she must strive to avoid displeasing the constituents to lose the job”中he or she指代的是那些被选上的人，而非选举人，故D选项与文意不符，故选B。 第13题 "Tweedledee and Tweedledum" (Line 5, Paragraph 3) is used to refer to A two voting individuals in an election. B whatever parties in office. C whichever candidates in an election. D supporters in different constituencies. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为猜测词义题。根据第三段第三句“Because citizens collectively have the power to give or withhold votes, they directly control the term in office of elected officials.”可知，因为全体公民有权利投票或不投票，因此他们直接控制着被选上官员的条件。紧接着就说“即使这个选择是在阿呆和阿瓜之间”可知，此处的Tweedledee and Tweedledum指的是选举中的任何一个候选者，故选C。 第14题 What can be learnt from the last two paragraphs? A The end result is decided by every step in the process. B Democracy is more of a practice than of a theory. C Participation will rid voters of any guilty conscience. D Supporting the winner may bring great excitement. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为推断题。根据最后一段“Even if their one vote may not be crucial to the outcome, it nevertheless affirms their role in... in many nations of the world.”可知，即使民众的一个选票对选举结果并不能产生至关重要的作用，然而，这也确认了他们在参与并支持政治进程中的角色。事实上，也许这就是激发世界上许多国家的人民对于完全参与民主欲望的最终需要。由此可以看出民众参与选举投票的意义所在，B选项符合文意。A选项“最后的结果是由过程中的每一步所决定的”文中并没有相应描述，故选B。C选项“参与选举会去除投票者的负罪感”与文意不符，根据第四段第三句“Some people may participate just to avoid feeling guilty about not voting.”可知有些人也许参与选举只是为了避免不选举的罪责，故C选项不正确。根据第四段最后一句“Still others may vote to derive satisfaction from feeling that they are somehow participants, not just spectators, in an exciting electoral contest.”可知，有的人选举也许是为了从中产生一种满足感，一种他们在一场令人激动的选举比赛中是参与者而非旁观者的感觉。故D选项不正确。A选项“最后的结果是由过程中的每一步所决定的”文中并没有相应描述．，故选B。 第15题 Which of the following is the best title for the text? A Why Vote? B How to Vote? C Whom to Vote for? D Do Elections Work? 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为主旨题。全文主要论述即使有人认为选举并不能起很大的作用，但还是有一定意义的，即描述人们一直不断选举的原因。第一段提出人们对投票的不同观点，第二段主要介绍选举的实质，第三段主要阐述为什么要投票，第四段主要论述人们选举的原因，最后一段主要总结选举的意义。B选项“怎样去选举”，C选项“为谁而选举”和D选项“选举起作用吗”在文章中并没提到，只有A选项“为什么选举”符合文意，故选A。 第16题 As time goes on, how to do good critical thinking is increasingly marginalized or even left out. of the modem educational process. Critical thinking involves a mental process that is highly disciplined and therefore requires most practitioners to be trained in it. This training is best begun in the formative years, and it is best taught by energetic, motivated teachers who continually challenge, and debate, and demand increasingly rigorous thinking of their young students. However, as in all things, it is never too late to begin. Critical thinking is the process of evaluating and analyzing a proposition or an argument that has been offered to the thinker, for criticism, as being true. There follows a process of reasoning, evaluation of the offered evidence, and reflection, always begun from a point of skepticism. A proper critique of the offered argument involves more than direct observation. Besides reasoning, cognition and experience, proper critical thinking also involves intellectual values that go beyond the specific argument or object being critically examined. These intellectual values involve objective truth. Objective truth is that truth which comes from somewhere outside of our minds. Subjective truth is that truth which comes from within us; that which we feel, or sense, or believe to be true. Objective truth stands alone, and does not depend upon us to remain true; it's completely independent of the mind of man. No matter what we think about it, how we think about it, or even if we think about it, objective truth remains objective truth, unchanged, and impervious. Objective truth must always be taken into consideration in order to do good critical thinking. There are different forms of objective truth, ranging from solid to ephemeral. In the "hard science" fields, such as mathematics, physics and chemistry, the most recognized objective truths involve proven mathematical formulae, or recognized scientific laws, or widely recognized and as yet unrefuted scientific theories. These "hard" objective truths are taken by the critical thinker to be axioms or givens, and thus, useful tools to help in the critical thinking process. The process thereby builds upon a foundation of previously proven truth. No matter how technically advanced we ever become, we are all, individually and collectively, called to think about things. It is our human nature. It is suggested that the training of critical thinking in the formative years is best conducted by teachers A because it requires well-organized mental activity. B because it has been stressed in modem education. C who marginalize the traditional idea of education. D who can direct students towards rigorous thinking. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为细节题。根据第一段第三句“This training is best begun...it is best taught by energetic, motivated teachers who continually challenge, and debate, and demand increasingly rigorous thinking of their young students.”可知，成长时期的批判性思维最好是由那些不断挑战、辩论、要求他们的学生不断加强思维能力的精力充沛、有积极性的老师来训练，故选D。 第17题 A good critical thinker always A involves more direct observations than pure reasoning. B takes an argument for granted at the beginning. C begins with a skeptical attitude towards an argument. D puts more emphasis on intellectual values. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为细节题。根据第二段第二句“There follows a process of reasoning…always begun from a point of skepticism.”可知，批判性思维总是以对某一个观点的怀疑为开端的，故选C。 第18题 Objective truth is regarded as A indispensable in the critical thinking process. B unchanged human beliefs. C unrefuted in scientific theories. D outcomes of "hard science". 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为细节题。根据第三段最后一句“Objective truth must always be taken into consideration in order to do good critical thinking.”可知，为了能够有更好的批判性思维，人们总是会把客观真理考虑进来，与A项符合。B选项“客观真理是不变的人类信仰”与第三段第三句的“it's completely independent of the mind of man”不符，故B选项错误。C选项“客观真理在科学理论中不可被反驳”与最后一段第二句“In the 'hard science' fields.…and as yet unrefuted scientific theories.”不符，故C选项错误。D选项“客观真理是自然科学的产物”与第三段第二句“Objective truth is that truth which come from somewhere outside of our minds．”不符，故D选项错误。故选A。 第19题 What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A Technology has little to do with critical thinking. B Critical thinking is a process of trial and error. C Scientific theories are developed from scientific laws. D Scientific truth is a foundation for critical thinking. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为推断题。A选项“技术对批判性思维不起一点作用”与最后一段的第三句“These 'hard' objective truths are...and thus, useful tools to help in the critical thinking process.”不符，故A选项错误。B选项“批判性思维是反复试验的过程”和C选项“科学真理是批判性思维的基础”在最后一段中都没有提到，故B和C选项错误，故选D。 第20题 Which of the following best summarizes the text? A Patterns of critical thinking. B Essence of critical thinking. C Methods of critical thinking. D Criteria of critical thinking. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 该题为主旨题。全文主要论述批判性思维，第一段主要阐述批判性思维是如何被训练的，第二段主要解释什么是批判性思维，第三段主要论述客观真理，最后一段论述客观真理和批判性思维的联系。A选项“批判性思维的模式”，C选项“批判性思维的”和D选项“批判性思维的”在文中并没有涉及，而B选项“批判性思维的本质”最能概括全文的意思，故选B。 二、Writing（本大题1小题．每题25.0分，共25.0分。You should write your responses to both Part A and Part B of this section on ANSWER SHEET 2． ） 第1题 Study the following picture carefully and write an essay on it. In your esssay, you should (1) describe the picture briefly, (2) analyze this situation, and (3) give your comments. You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. 【正确答案】：答案: Love is Pressure From the cartoon we can see that a young boy is crying, with a heavy bag of lots of books pressing his back, and a little tree is curved by a heavy plate, too, ironically saying "Looks after the Trees. " What we can learn from this cartoon is that excessive pressure in modem society gives too much burden on children and is torturing them as a heavy plate do to the twigs. Children are pushed by parents, school and society. Many parents expect their children to become successful men in the future. So they force their children to learn many more courses at an early age. The competition among school kids also urges them to learn more for further study, which in turn could survive the fierce competition in employment market. However, " Going too far is as bad as not going far enough". The little tree in the picture nearly breaks because of the heavy board meaning protecting it nominally. It's the same with children. Love is pressure for them if the love is excessive. Therefore, I suggest parents give their children some spare time to do what they want to do. Only in this way can they invest more energy in study more efficiently. [本题分数]： 25.0 分 【答案解析】 [写作点金] 写此类文章关键在于领悟图片的深层含义。一般来说，写作步骤可分为四步：首先，仔细观察图片，对图片进行描述；第二，陈述图片所影射的社会现象；第三，表达出你自己对该社会现象的看法；第四，对以上内容进行总结。 [高频词句] 1．curved adj.弯曲的 2．nominally adv.名义上地 3．force sb. to do sth.强迫某人做某事 4．Going too far is as bad as not going far enough.过犹不及 none、三（共Reading Comprehension(子母填空)小题,5共分）10.0 第1题 In his lectures at the Lyceum, a school that remained for centuries one of the great centers of learning in Greece, Aristotle defined the basic concepts and principles of many of the sciences. 1) In the first place. Aristotle criticized Plato's theory of Forms by arguing that forms could not exist by themselves but existed only in particular things, which are composed of both form and matter. He understood substances as matter organized by a particular form. Nature, for Aristotle, is an organic system of things whose forms make it possible to arrange them into classes comprising species and genera. Each species, he believed, has a form, purpose, and mode of development in terms of which it can be defined. 2) The aim of science is to define the essential forms, purposes, and modes of development of all species and to arrange them in their natural order in accordance with their complexities of form. The main levels are the inanimate, the vegetative, the animal, and the rational. 3) The soul is the form of the body, and humans, whose rational soul is a higher form than the souls of other species on earth, are the highest species of perishable things. The heavenly bodies, composed of an imperishable substance, or ether, and moved eternally in perfect circular motion by God, are still higher in the order of nature. Aristotle's political and ethical philosophy similarly developed out of a critical examination of Plato's principles. 4)The standards of personal and social behavior, according to Aristotle, must be found in the scientific study of the natural tendencies of individuals and societies rather than in abstract realm of pure forms. Less insistent therefore than Plato on a rigorous conformity to absolute principles, Aristotle regarded ethical rules as practical guides to a happy and well-rounded life. His emphasis on happiness, as the active fulfillment of natural capacities, expressed the attitude toward life held by cultivated Greeks of his time. In political theory, Aristotle agreed with Plato that a monarchy ruled by a wise king would be the ideal political structure, but he also recognized that societies differ in their needs and traditions and believed that a limited democracy is usually the best compromise. 5) In his theory of knowledge, Aristotle rejected the Platonic doctrine that knowledge is innate and insisted that it can be acquired only by generalization from experience. He interpreted art as a means of pleasure and intellectual enlightenment rather than an instrument of moral education. 【正确答案】： 答案: 起初，亚里士多德通过证明形式不能独自存在而仅仅存在于由形式和物质共同构成的特定物体中才能存在来批判柏拉图的形式理论。 第2题 【正确答案】： 答案: 科学的目的就是定义所有物种的基本形式，目的和发展的模式，并依据他们各自形式的复杂性按他们的自然顺序进行排列。 第3题 【正确答案】： 答案: 灵魂是身体的形式，而人类，其理性的灵魂比地球上所有其他物种的灵魂都要高级，是所有生命体中最高等的物种。 第4题 【正确答案】： 答案: 根据亚里士多德的观点，个人和社会行为的标准必然是在对个人和社会的自然趋势的科学研究中发现的，而不是在纯形式的抽象领域中发现的。 第5题 【正确答案】： 答案: 在他的知识理论中，亚里士多德反对柏拉图的知识是与生俱来的学说，并坚持知识只有从经验的概括中才能被习得。 四、Use of English（共20小题,共20.0分） Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank. 第1题 In the past decade, new scientific developments in communications have changed the way many people gather information about politics. The most important of these new (1) is the Internet. Recent research suggests the use of the Internet for political information increases the (2) of participation. While a(n) (3) relationship between Internet news and political participation has been found, a theoretical link as to why the Internet is (4) from other media forms is largely (5) This research is an attempt to (6) the "black-box" linking the Internet and political participation by building on two theoretical (7) The first, surge and decline theory, comes out of political science and the second, media systems dependency theory, (8) from communications. Both explanations focus on individual costs and benefits of political participation. The media can (9) the "costs" by providing sufficient information to make (10) decisions about voting. Previous research (11) that the Internet benefits the public through the cost side of the equation. One of the media's greatest (12) is information and the public (13) on media to provide them with the information they need. (14) the Internet is capable of providing information (15) , and from a multitude of sources, one would expect it to (16) . political action through lowering the cost of information. Besides lowering participation costs, the media can (17) increase the benefits of participation. Intense media (18) of an event such as an election can (19) excitement that increases the perceived "benefit" of participating. The Internet may encourage a unique participation benefit (20) increased mobilization efforts. A technologies B materials C concepts D devices 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 technology技术；material资料；concept概念；device装置。根据文章第一句“通讯交流方面新的科学发展”可推断出，这句话的意思是“网络是一项新的重要的技术”，而不是装置、资料或者概念之类的。故选A。 第2题 A practicability B feasibility C probability D stability 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 practicability实用性，可行性；feasibility可行性，可能性；probability可能性；stability稳定性。feasibility和probability都有“可能性”的意思，但又有一定区别，feasibility强调“可行性”，而原文中并没有特别强调是否能成功完成，只是根据网络和政治之间存在某种关系而推断出有增加政治参与的可能性。故选C。 第3题 A critical B analytical C empirical D technical 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 critical批评的；analytical的；empirical经验的；technical技术的。根据上文的“通讯交流方面新的科学发展已经改变了许多人收集政治信息的方式”可知，此处表示的是网络新闻和政治参与这两者在技术方面的关系。故选D。 第4题 A specific B unique C particular D peculiar 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 specific具体的；unique独特的；particular特别的；peculiar奇特的。unique，particular和peculiar都有特别的，与众不同的意思，但三者又有一定区别：unique侧重于表达独一无二，particular侧重于表达脱颖而出，peculiar侧重于表达奇怪的。根据文意，此处表达的意思是网络与其他媒体形式的不同之处，即脱颖而出之处。故选C。 第5题 A built B losing C missing D connected 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 build建立；lose失败；miss错过，漏掉；connect连接。根据句意“关于互联网为什么会从所有的媒体形式中脱颖而出的理论关系也…”可知，只有“建立”符合文意，根据原文“a theoretical link…is largely.…”可知此处需要使用被动语态，即build的过去分词形式built。故选A。 第6题 A unpack B unroll C untie D unfold 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 unpack打开包裹；从包中取出；unroll铺开，展开；untie解开，松开；unfold打开，呈现。四个选项都是动词，因后面的宾语是“black-box”即黑匣子，可推断出此处表示的意思是“打开，揭开”，这句话的意思是“这项因试图揭开连结互联网与政治参与的‘黑匣子’而进行的研究是建立在两种理论方法上的”。故选D。 第7题 A experiments B comments C approaches D investigations 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 experiments实验；comments评论；approaches方法，途径；investigations调查，研究。根据下文“第一种产生于政治科学的此消彼长理论，第二种来源于通信交流的媒体系统依赖理论”可推断出，此处表示的意思是“建立在两种理论方法之上”，故选C。 第8题 A orientates B initiates C correlates D originates 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 orientates给…定位；initiates开始；correlates使有相互关系；originates发源。根据前文“The first... comes out of political science.…”可知，此处需要一个能够与“come out of”表示平行关系的结构，originate意为“发源”，可与from构成固定搭配，表示“发源于”，符合句意“第二种是来源于通信交流的媒体系统依赖理论”，故选D。 第9题 A alter B decrease C induce D cover 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 alter改变；decrease减少；induce引起；cover覆盖。根据第二段最后一句“人们希望通过降低信息成本”可知此处表示的意思是“媒体可降低成本”，故选B。 第10题 A informed B accepted C understood D diversified 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 informed可被告知的；accepted可被接受的；understood可被理解的；diversfied多样的。根据句意“媒体通过提供丰富的信息”可推断出，提供丰富信息的目的在于让人们了解选举者的资料，从而保证最终的投票决定可以被人们接受。故选B。 第11题 A declares B denies C promises D argues 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 declare宣布；deny否认；promise许诺；argue证明。根据下文的句意“网络可通过成本等式使得其有益于公众”可推断出，以前的研究是证明了这样一个事实，即research与argue搭配，故选D。 第12题 A databanks B resources C sources D costs 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 databank数据库；resource资源；source来源；cost花费。根据本．句话的表语“information”可知，此处选“resource”资源最为合适。databank一般与表示科学研究的主语连用，用在此处不合适，故选B。 第13题 A base B act C rely D live 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 base以…做基础，act扮演；rely依靠；live经历。根据句意“公众…媒体提供他们所需要的信息”可知，只有rely符合文意，rely一般与on搭配使用，表示“依赖”。base on表示“以…做基础”；action表示“对…起作用”；live on表示“以食…为生”，故选C。 第14题 A Because B While C If D Although 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 because因为；while而；if如果；although尽管。四个选项都是连词，because表示因果关系，while表示转折关系，if表示条件关系，although表示让步关系。根据“网络可以提供信息”以及“人们希望通过降低信息成本来鼓励参与政治活动”可知两者之间是因果关系，故选A。 第15题 A casually B objectively C readily D skillfully 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 casually随意地；objectively客观地；readily很快地，轻而易举地；skillfully有技巧地。根据上文“公众依赖于媒体提供他们所需要的信息”以及根据下文“网络可凭借众多的资源中”可知，此处表示的是网络在提供信息方面具有简便快捷性，故选C。 第16题 A advertise B popularize C manage D encourage 【正确答案】：P 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 advertise为…做广告；popularize普及；manage管理；encourage鼓励。根据第二段第一句话“当人们发现了网络新闻与政治参与的技术关系时”可知，网络和政治参与是有关系的，此处网络通过降低成本信息是为了鼓励人们参与政治，故选D。 第17题 A also B yet C only D just 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 also也；yet还；only仅仅．just只是，仅仅。根据前文“除了降低参与成本外”可知此处表示“也”的意思，故选A。 第18题 A interference B statement C coverage D image 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 interference干扰；statement声明，陈述；coverage报道；image形象。根据句意可知此处表示的是媒体对像选举类事件的深度报道，故选C。 第19题 A generate B promote C install D expose 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 generate产生，引起；promote促进；install安装；expose暴露。根据句意可知，此处需要一个能够与“兴奋”搭配的词，generate excitement意为“引起兴奋”，符合文意，故选A。 第20题 A for B via C at D from 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 for为了，因为；via通过；at在；from来自。四个选项都是介词，但用法不尽相同。for表示“为了…目的”，via表示“通过什么方式”，at表示“方式、状态、连续的行动”，from表示“由…而来”。根据句意“网络可能会经由增加动员努力来鼓励产生效益独特的政治参与”可知只有via符合要求，故选B。 跟多请访问《做题室》www.zuotishi.com