中国文化与社会期末试题

Remark(评价)秦始皇SomepeoplethinkheisatoppingemperorInChinesehistory，Qinshihuangisthefirstemperorwhohasraregiftsandboldstrategy.Heunitedthesixcountries，makingChinabecomethelargestempireintheworld.onlyafewpeoplecanbecomparedwithhiminChineseemperorsabouthisgreatachievements.Somepeopleconsiderhimasabrutalemperor“FenShuKengRu”destroyedmanyclassicbooksandkillmanyConfucianscholars.HebuiltluxuriousEPangGongandLiShanTomb.What'smore，forthesakeofmedicineagainstdeath，hesentthousandsofpeopletoEastSea，whichdeepenedthepeople'smisery.简答题、论述题Unit1ConfucianthoughtonheavenandhumanityWhatdoesfilial"piety”meanaccordimgtoConfucius孔子认为孝是什么意思？Howdoyouunderstand你是怎么理解的？Confuciusregarded"filialpietyandfraternaldutyastheessenceofren.TheDoctrineoftheMean(Zhongyong)quotesConfuciusassaving.Thegreatestloveforpeopleistheloveofitsparents孔子把“孝与兄弟的责任”视为仁的本质。中庸援引孔子的话：“人最伟大的爱是父母的爱Ithinkfilialpietyisthebasisofbeingaman,andparentsarethemostimportantpeopleintheworld.Ourlifeisgivenbyourparents,andweshouldalwaysbegratefultoourparents我认为孝顺是成为人的基础，父母是世界上最重要的人。我们的生命是由父母给予的，我们应该永远感激我们的父母。WhatisemphasizedintheConfucianphilosophyof“life”Pleaseillustrateitwithanexam。儒家“生命”哲学强调什么？请举例说IntheConfucianphilosophyoflife",loveforandkindnesstowardalllivingthingsareemphasized在儒家的“生命”哲学中，强调对一切生命的热爱和善待。Whatsthemeaningof“ren”(仁)(benevolenee)accordingConfucius（根据孔子，“仁”是什么意思？）？Confuciusinterpretedrenas"loveofpeople,whichbeginswiththeloveforonesparents。孔子把仁解释为“对人民的爱”，从“爱父母”开始。AccordingtoConfucius,whatqualitiesarepersonsofvirtuesupposedtohave根据孔子的说法，“品德人”应该具备什么素质？“personsofvirtue”shouldhavesoundcharacterandupliftedminds.Suchpersonsshouldbeabletoshoulderimportantsocialresponsibilitiesandtomakecontributionstosociety.Confuciusregardedloftyideals,greatvirtue,loveofpeople,andthesixartsasthegeneralprinciplesofeducation.Ofthese,virtuewasthemostimportant。“品德人”要有健全的人格和清醒的头脑，这样的人才能承担起重要的社会责任，为社会做出贡献。他认为崇高的理想，伟大的美德对人民的热爱，和“六艺”作为教育的基本原则。其中，美德是最重要的。WhydoesourKongzibecomeConfuciusinthewest?ConfuciusisaLatinizednamebestoweduponKongzibyJesuitmissionariesinthe18thcentury,whichisacriticaltimewhenmissionariesintroducedChineseculturetotheWestWhatisConfuciusviewonHeavenaccordingtotheselines?Heavendoesnotspeakinwords.Itspeaksthroughtherotationofthefourseasonsandthegrowthofall1ivingthings（天何言？四时行焉，百物兰焉，天何言哉？）."一SelectedfromTheAnalectsConfuciusregardedHeaven"asnature-confuciusbelievesthatnatureisnotalifelessmechanismseparatefromhuman;instead,itisagreatworldfulloflifeandtheprocessofcreatinglife.HumanispartofnaturetHowisConfucianconceptofHeavenrelatedtothemodernecologicalcivilization?ConfuciusregardedHeaven'asnatureandthesourceoflife,andrequiredpeopletoholdHeaveninawe.Thisisthesourceofthemodernecologicalcivilization.Ren（仁）andli（礼）arethetwocoreconceptsofConfuciusdoctrineaboutpeople.WhydopeopleneedtostudymusicaccordingtoConfucius?AccordingtoConfucius,studyingmusiccanliftonesspiritandhelponeappreciatebeautyWhatdidConfuciusthinkofZengDian's（曾点）aspiration?ConfuciusthoughthighlyofZengDian'saspirationandregardedharmonyamongpeopleandharmonybetweenpeopleandnatureasthehigheststateoflife.Unit2Laozi'sphilosophyofnon-actionHowdovouunderstand“thegreatvirtueislikewate你是怎么理解上善若水的Waternourisheseverythingbutcontendsfornothing".ToLaozi,humanstendtoseekhigherpositionswhilewateralwaysflowstolowerplaces.Drivenbydesire,humanslikewhatevertheythinkissuperiorwhiledespisingwhatevertheythinkisinferior.YetwateralwaysflowsdownwardAsthesourceoflifewaternourishesalllivingthingsonEarth。水善万物而不争。”在老子看来，人往高处走，水往低处流。人情受欲望驱动，好高而恶下，而水却永远往下流淌。水是生命之源，可以滋润万物，给大地带来生命WhyisLiRanknownasLaoziratherthanLizi?TherearetwoexplanationsastothesourceofLaozi".SomesayduringtheperiodwhenLiRanwasalive,LaoandLiwerepronouncedinthesameway.SoLaozi"actuallysoundedthesameasLizi"atthattime.ThesecondlegendisthatLiRanwasbornwithwhiteeyebrowandwhitebeardlikeanoldman.ThushewascalledLaozi.（DaoortheWay）actsthroughnon－action（无为而无不为）.-SelectedfromLaoziHowdoyouunderstandthisline?Bysaying（DaoortheWayactsthroughnonaction".Laozididnotmeanthatoneshoulddonothingandpassivelywaitforsomethingtobeachieved.Neitherdidhedenyhumancreativity.Whathemeantisthathumanenterprisesshouldbebuiltonthebasisofnaturalness,notonanyattemptstointerrupttherhythmofnature.Humancreativityshouldbeincompliancewiththewaysofnature.Greatingenuityappearstobestupidity（大智若愚）."SelectedfromLaozi。Howdoyouunderstandthisline?Greatingenuityreferstothehighestlevelofingenuity,arisingsonaturallythatitdoesnotresembleingenuityatallIngenuitycanbeachievedthroughhumaneffort,butgreatingenuity"issuperiortoordinaryingenuity.HowdoyouunderstandLaozi'snewbornbaby"state?Thestateofthenewbornisfreeofanyknowledge,desire,impurityorfalsehood.Whenhumanbeingscomeintotheworld,thegraduallyacquireexternalknowledgeandacceptsocialnorms.Ashumansmature,theybecomemoreandmorehypocritical.Theprocessofacculturationistheprocessoflosingone'strueself.Unit7TheSilkRoadwhatdoestheSilkRoadreferto？TheSilkRoadreferstotheancienttraderouteconnectingAsiaContinentandEuropeanContinent,usuallyitcanbeclassifiedintoNorthernSilkRoadontheland,SouthernSilkRoadonthelandandtheSilkRoadonthesea.whysent张骞zhangqian?ZhangQianwassenttomakeanalliancewiththeHun，swhichwasneversuccessful.Hedidhoweverlearnaboutcropssuchasgrapes,amorepowerfulhorseforcombat,andestablishedtraderelationships.whatdidTheSilkRoadfunctioninthepast?Traderoute;abridgethatlinkedAncientChinatotheoutsideworld.Unit8OpennessoftheGreatTang1.itisnotapleasuretomeetfriendsfromafar?ConfuciusattitudeshowsthattheChinesehavealwayshighlyrespectedfriendsfromalongwayoffandaspiredtolearnfromthem.2.whytherearesuchanopenattitudetowardothernationalitiesinthetangdynasty?TherearetworeasonsFristtheSilkRoadbeganintheHanDynastytheChineseandtheWesterneconomicandculturalexchangesgreatlyenhancedandreacheditspeakintheTangDynasty始于汉代的丝绸之路使中国与西方的经济、文化交流大大加强，在唐代时达到鼎盛。SecondtheAnalects(Lunyu)beginswiththeConfucianedict:isitnotapleasuretomeetfriendsfromafar？(有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？)Unit9ZhengHe'svoyagestothewesternSeas郑和下西洋（七次）哥伦布航海〔四次）首航时间1405年（7力们日）1492年船只数量最多200多艘3—17艘船只大小宝船载重量约1500吨百十來吨随行人员多达27800人左右1211000多人AdvaneedNavigationCivilizationComparedwiththeseexplorers,ZhengHe'svoyagestookplacemuchearlierandonamuchlargerscale.Hisfleetswereunparalleledduringhistimeintermsofsize,navigationtechnology,organizationandamentities,inordertobecapableofmakingthosesuccessfullongtrips.ZhengHe'sshipswerealsoconstructedwithadvancedtechnologyandcraft.Alarge-sizeshipinthefleetwas150meterslong,60metersand12metersdeep.Ithadacargocapacityofabout1,000tons,withfourlevelstohousemorethan1,000crewandpassengers.Theforedeckhadanareaof9,000squaremeters,equaltothesizeofhalfafootballfield.Theshiphiadninemastswith12sails.Itsironrudderneededmorethan200peopletolift.ThelargeshipsfZhengHelsfleetwouldstilllookextraordinaryeventoday.thepurposeofzhenghe'svoyages?Publicizethenationalprestige(Political),toshowofftheprosperityofthemingdynasty;toputpracticehisidealsofmakingfriendswithandspreadingpeacetoothercountriesnearandfar;Strengthendiplomatictieswithoverseascountries;evelopmentoverseastrade,exchangeforoverseastreasures(economic);SpreadingChineseculture,enlightenmentalien(military);Searchformissingwheretheemperor.3.thepurposeofcolumbus哥伦布'svoyages?Lookingforgold;easterneuropewasinneedoftrade;Roblandandsoon.Unit18PekingOpera1.WhatskillsdoBeijingOperaactorsneedtohave?Acting,talking,singing,music,dancingandacrobatics2.WherewasBeijingOperaperformedatthebeginning?Onopen-airstagesinmarkets,streetsteahousesoroutsidetemples.Whydoesithaveveryloudmusicandapiercingsingingstyle?BecausetheywantedtobeheardbythecrowdWhydoperformerswearbrightlycolouredcostumes?Becausewithbrightcolor,theircostumesaremoreimpressedandthecrowdcanseethemmoreclearly.WhatisaplayintheChinesecontext?InPekingOpera,aplay"isnotsomuchthestoryorplotbutaworldofimagescreatedonstage,wonderfularenaofharmonybetweensentimentsandsettings.HowdoyouunderstandMeiLanfang'sremarkthatthefeatureoftheartofPekingOperais“actorsbeingatthecenter”?“Theplay”or“worldofimages”createdbyPekingOperanaturallyreliesontheplotprovidedbythescript,andmoreimportantlyontheperformanceoftheactors.However,toforma“worldofimages”inPekingOpera,theplotofastoryprovidesonlytheframeworkandbackground,whilethecharmisproducedbytheactors'performances.PekingOperaactorsarethecrux()increatingaworldofimagesonstage.WhatarethefourbasicaspectsoftheperformanceofaPekingOperaactor?TheperformanceofaPekingOperaactorcanbesummarizedintofourbasicaspects,ofsinging,speaking,acting,andfightingthecoreofwhichisacombinationofsongandchoreography.Whatdoesitsvirtualityconsistof?Itsvirtualityconsistsoftwoaspects:oneisvirtualmovements,andtheothervirtualsettings.Howdoyouunderstandthepopularsayingwatchingaplayiswatchingfamousactors?ViewersofPekingOperagotothetheaterwiththepurposeofnotonlyseeing“aplay”,bumtoreofwatchingthe“performances”inc,etheyknowthe“play”(sotargeimagery)istobe“actedout”andthesignificanceofthe“play”islocatedinthesinging,speaking,acting,andfightingoftheperformers.Unit22CulinaryDelightsinChinaEveryDishHasaStor^^ThenameofChinesedishesarediverse,butbehindeachofthefamousdishesisaninterestingstoryexplainingwhyitispopular.Agoodnamecanmakethedishmoreinteresting.However,somenamesaresoeccentricthattheymayconfusepeople,bothChineseandforeigners,lfyouonlytranslatethenameliterallywithnoexplanation,youmaymakeafoolof$yourself.jGoubulisteamedbuns(和不理包子)Goubulisteamedbunswerefirstsoldintianjinabout150yearsago.AmannamedGouzi(Dog)workedasanapprenticeinasteamedbunsshop・Afterthreeyears,hesetuphisownbaozishop・Andhesoonhadathrivingbusiness,withmoreandmorepeoplecomingtobuyitsbuns.Hecouldnotkeepupwithdemandsohiscustomersoftenhadtowaitalongtimetobeserved・Somepeoplewouldcallouttourgehimon,butashewassobusypreparingthebuns,hedidn'tanswer.PeoplethereforecametocallhisbunsGoubuli,meaning'Dogpaysnoattention'.WarmthandHospitalityExpres^d'IbyFoodIneyesofChinese,whatisimportantabouteatinghabit,especiallyatfestivals,istoeatinawarmatmosphere,Oftentheoldandyoungstillsitinorderofseniority.andtheeldersselectfoodfortheyoungwhilsttheyoungmaketoaststotheelders.Chinesepeopleliketocreatealively,Jwarm,andharmoniousatmosphereduring-■meals.U>Ir7Unit24MartialartsandCujuTaiji"(theSupremeUltimate)isaChinesephilosophicalterm.DoyouknowwhichbookattributestotheoriginoftheEightTrigrams(丿八卦)？WhohaswrittenthebookExplanationoftheTaijiDiagram(TaijiTushuo)(太极图说)？HowdoesheregardTaii?TheBookofChanges(Yijing)attributestheoriginoftheEightTrigrams.ExplanationoftheTailDiagram(TaijiTushuo),writtenbyNorthernSongphilosopherZhouDunyi,regardstaijiastheourceofallthingsonEarth.Whypeopleprefertopracticeitintheearlymorning?Shadowboxingisacombinationoftheinteriorandtheexterior,andpeoplepracticeittoimprovephysicalhealthandtoachieveevennessinbreathingandcalmnessinmind.Whenpracticingshadowboxing,oneneedstopayparticularattentiontobreathingairoutthroughthemouthwhenmakingoutwardmovementsandinhalingfreshairthroughthenosewhenmakinginwardmovements,soastokeepfreshenergyinthebody.Thisiswhypeopleprefertopracticeitintheearlymorning.