introduction学术论文写作如何写介绍

WritingtheIntroductionIVThetypicalstructureoftheintroductionTomovefromafairlygeneraloverviewoftheresearchterraintotheparticularissuesunderinvestigationthroughthreekeymoveswhichcapturethecommunicativepurposesoftheintroduction.Move1establishingaresearchterritory;Move2establishinganiche/gap;Move3occupyingthenicheITheroleofintroductionSwalesandFreak(1994):thekeyroleistocreatearesearchspaceforthewriter.Itistheintroductionthatthewritermakesclaimsforthecentralityorsignificanceoftheresearchinquestionandbeginstooutlinetheoverallargumentofthethesis.Journal:positioningthewriterashavingsomethingtosayworthpublishing.Graduationthesis:establishinghowthethesisrelatestoandbuildsuponpreviousresearchinthefieldNon-nativespeaker’smistakeAllisonetal.(1998:212)foundthatfailuretocreatea“researchspace”wasakeyshortcominginthethesiswritingofthenon-nativespeakersofEnglishattheiruniversity.Relationshiptothethesisasawhole(Atkinson&Curtis1998:52)Howlongshouldtheintroductionbe?differentaccordingtoresearchfieldmost:17.4pagesmedicine:29-45pagessocialscienceandartsintroduction:40pagesApplication(1)Findsomerecentthesesinyourownfieldandassesstheextenttowhichthe“hourglass”appearstohavebeenfollowed.(2)PayattentiontowhethertheIntroductionis“Chapter1”orstandsoutsidethechapternumberingsystem.Move1establishingaresearchterritoryIndicatethatthegeneralareaisinsomewaysignificant.a.showingthatthegeneralresearchareaisimportant,central,interesting,problematic,orrelevantinsomeway;b.providingbackgroundinformationaboutthetopic;c.introducingandreviewingitemsofpreviousresearchinthearea;d.bydefiningterms;√verbspresenttense/perfecttense:suggestingthatthestatementisagenerallyacceptedtruth;Adj:emphasizedtheimportanceorinterestofthetopicSamplesformove1aIntheseareas,reducinggroundwaterrechargeisanimportantstepinreducinglanddegradationcausedbysalinity(Lewis2000:1);TheMagellanicCloudsprovideuniqueenvironmentinwhichtostudymanyinterestingandastrophysicallychallengingproblems(Amy2000:1);Speechhasarguablybeenthemostimportantformofhumancommunicationsincelanguageswerefirstconceived(Epp2000:1)ThemodelingoffluidflowsisofgreatinteresttoEngineersandScientistsalike,withmanyengineeringproblemsandissuesofscientificinterestdependinguponcomplexflowphenomena(Norris2000:1)ReturntomovesGapstatementAtkinson&Curtis(1998:63)thelanguageofgapstatementistypicallyevaluativeinnegativeway.Samplesof“gapstatement”Oneclassofqualityimprovementwhichhasnotreceivedmuchattentionisenhancementbybroadeningthebandwidthofcodedspeechwithoutanincreaseinthebitrate.Thisissurprisingsincethenotionofqualityasafunctionofspeechbandwidthisanticipatedtobecomemorepervasive(Epps2000:4)Theseobservationspointtothepositionthatinordertorecognizethemismatchesandbegintounderstandtheconsequencesofdiscontinuities,thereisaneedtoincreaseresearchknowledgeofcommunitysocialpracticesandinteractionswithcommunityliteracies(White–Davison1999:2).PartofspeechexpressionsVerbsDisregard,failto,ignore,islimitedto,misinterpret,neglectedtoconsider,overestimate,overlook,sufferfrom,underestimateAdjectivesControversial,incomplete,inconclusive,misguided,questionable,unconvincing,unsatisfactoryNounphraseLittleinformation/attention/work/research/dataFewstudies/investigation/researchers/attemptsNostudies/data/calculationsOtherformsHowever,Itremainsunclear,ItwouldbeofinteresttoMetadiscourseinintroductionislikelytotakethefromofforwardreferencetowhatisstilltocome.Forthethesis,metadiscoursereferstochaptersortothethesisisdistinctive.Thisthesis/study+describes,develops,studies,discusses,examines,introduces,aims(to),reports,explores,shows,focuses,presents…TheverbstendtobeinthepresenttenseSampleformove3cThischapterhasprovidedthebackgroundtothisstudyandthestudy’sobjectives,andplacedthesewithinthecontextofthelargeprojectthatwasconductedin1993-1994.Chapter2providesatheoreticalandempiricalframeworkforthestudybyreviewingcurrentliteratureonrurialityandrurualliving,andoncommunitiesandschoolingandculturalpractices.VthreetypesofelementsTherearethreetypesofelements/structurethathelpustoorganizeourtheses.ElementstypesfunctionsrealizationsideationalReflecttheresearchitselfliteralcontentTextualdirectingthereaderContentconcerningstructureInterpersonalcommunicatewiththereaderByideational&textualcontentAdistinguishingquestion:whydoestheauthorsayso?………TherelationshipamongthethreeelementsWhichismoreimportant,ideationalelement,textualelementsorinterpersonalelement?Itmaybevariouswithstagesofwriting.Butforintroductiontheinterpersonalelementismoreimportant.ThesequenceofthemovesThemovesarenotnecessarilyfoundinlinearorderandmayberecycledseveraltimesoverthecourseoftheIntroduction.AccordingtoBunton(2002:65),thetypicalorganizationpatternis:move1move2(developedseveraltimes)move3(occupyingtheniche)typicallyappearedonlytowardstheendoftheintroductionasthewritersintroducedtheirownresearchafterhavingreviewedtheliteratureandpointedtogapsorproblemsastheydidso.SequenceinwritingprocessFirst?Last?Levine(2002)putsit,Chapter1-theintroduction-needstobe'rewritten'withtheinsightsgainedfromhavingdraftedthecompletethesis.Threetypeselementinsample11IdeationalelementIorganizationofchapterIIbackgroundtheoreticalpositionresearchproblemresearchquestionsjustificationcontributionIIImethodologyIVstructureofthesisWhatwewrite?照猫画虎Textualelement(1)paragraph1:thewholedevelopingmethod:provideageneralpictureoftheintroductionbyintroducingthecontentthatgoingtoappearinthischapter.Futuretense,Index:partofthethesis(chapter)(2)paragraph2(thefirstsentence)Developingmethod:byintroducingthenatureoftheresearch/thesis.Languagefeature:presenttense,index(thewholethesis)InterpersonalelementMove1establishingaresearchterritory;Move2establishinganiche/gap;Move3occupyingthenicheMove1establishingtheterritoryPosition:Paragraph2:“Womenfromdiversecultural…insportsorganization(FitzpatrickandBrimage,1998)”developingmethod:byreviewingpreviousresearchintheareaLanguagefeature:Tense:Previousresearchassubject--presentperfecttense;findings--presenttense,index:Previousstudies,previousresearch,sportstheoristscitationformatVerbs:Haveresearched,suggestthat,haveindicatedthatMove2establishinganiche/gapPosition:Para.2(1)“However,existingresearchdoesnot…experiencesports”(2)“Ithasbeenpreviouslyidentified…issparse(…)”Para.3:thewholeDevelopingmethod:indicatingthegapinpreviousresearch(2a)Extendingpreviousknowledge(2a)Move2Languagefeature:negativesentence&negativeevaluativewords:doesnot,neither,sparse,neglected,slowadversativeconjunction:however,butindex:it,existingresearch,feministstudies,researchtense:present,presentperfecttensePattern:previousresearchreviewing+adversativeconjunction+gapstatementMove3:OccupyingthenichePosition:(1)Para.2:“Theresearchundertaken…thereofforsportstheoryandpractice”(2)para.2:“giventheidentifiedgap…genderandculturaldiversity”Developingmethod:3a:outlinepurpose,aim;3b:announcingprinciplefindingsandvalueofresearchLanguagefeatures:Tense:future(whenindicatefuturefindings),presenttense(value,nature,aim)Index:thisthesis,it,theresearchExpressions:seekstoexplore,arguethat,respondto,focuson,provideabetter….,havethepotentialConclusionDevelopingpattern:(1)sequence:Move1:usuallyappearfirstlyMove2:previousresearch+however/but+gapmove3:usuallygoesaftermove2(2)Thefunctionofpreviousresearch:Move1&move2&move3howdotheauthorgoingtodevelopthisintroduction:ideationally,textually,interpersonally?Languagefeatures:TenseexpressionsDistributionfunctionsfuturewillOrganization,FuturefindingsTextualelementOccupyingnichepresentare,3rdpersonverbs…Previousresearchfindings(whenresearchnotactingassubject);thepresentresearchsignificanceetc.Move1&move2&move3PresentperfectHave/Has+donePreviousresearchactassubjectMove2WillInthisintroductorychapterthebackgroundtothepresentresearchstudywillbeprovidedalongwith…Thechapterwillalsosetouttheresearchproblem…AbriefoverviewofresearchmethodologywillbeincludedalongwithanoutlineItwillbearguedthattheformationofgenderandethnicityrelationsinsportsorganizationshasbeenconstitutedbyculturallyinstitutionalizedmeaningsThe5mostfrequentlyusedcontentwordsfrequencywords19sports14women13Research9studies8thesisExpressionforindex:TypesExpressionsPartofthethesisInthisintroductorychapter…,thechapterwill…ThesisThis/the+Thesis/dissertation/researchPreviousresearchit,existingresearch,feminist/women’s/sportsstudiestheusageof“research”typesexamplesResearchquestionresearchproblem,theassociatedresearchquestionsmethodologyresearchmethodologyIndicatethewholethesisthepresentresearchstudy,theresearchOther’sresearchinpreviousresearch,existingresearch,researchThemostfrequentlyusedcontentwords(sample2)frequencywords38search33Visual18information……8Research8they7dissertationAn"activevision"computationalmodelofvisualsearchforhuman-computerinteraction