英语演讲与辩论1.

HowtowriteeffectivespeechesLearninghowtowriteaspeechneedn'tbeanailbitingexperience!Firstofall,youneedtheovervieworoutlineofthespeech.Ifyouhaven'tgottenone,checktheseguidelinesonhowtoprepareaspeechoutline.Beforestartingwriting,youshouldfigureoutthefivemajoraspects:Who,When,What,Where,WhyandHow.Theycanbeexpandedindetailsasfollows:1.Who---amIspeakingto---audienceThemainconsiderationinaspeechisalwaysyouraudience.Agoodspeechisneverwrittenfromonlythespeaker'spointofsurethatyouselectsomeonewhorepresentsthemajority.(youcancallhimJohninyourmindThatistheyarestrugglingtocomprehendyouatthebottomofyourscaleorlight-yearsaheadatthetop.Inaword,ifaspeakerisasalesman,thenaudiencesarethecustomers----yourgod!aWritedowneverythingyouknowabouttheaudience,suchasage,education,etc..bUnderstandwhattheywillbeinterestedin---examples,content,stories,etc.cidentifythenumberofpeople,agegroup,gender,ethnicity(ifappropriate,commonunitingfactors,andspecificintereststheymighthave.What---isthesubject---generalorspecificAsaspeaker,youmustmakeitclearthat:aAreyoupositiveornegativeaboutit?Orneither?bWhatstatementdoyouwanttomake?cWhatyouaregoingtopresent?Itmayevenincludetheeffectyouwanttomakeontheaudience3.How---areyougoingtoshowaHowlongwillthespeechkeepon?Ashortspeechwithin5minutesorlongspeeche?Orlongspeech?.bHowwillyouclarifyit?Whichwillyouprefertomakeit,byoneormoremajorthemes?When---isyourspeech?-9Am.?Justbeforelunch?Sometimesitseemsnothingserious,butifyoutakeitintoconsideration,youmaykeepyourselfawayfromalotoftroubles.Youcanputyourselffromthestandpointofaudiences,andknowmoreabouttheirfeelingsthroughsimulativethoughtsinyourmind.Finallyyoucanadjustyourspeech.Where---isthephysicallayoutoftheroomandthespeakingarea?aWilltheyseemeeasily?bWilltheyhearmyclearly?cIsthemicrophoneneeded?dIsthereaplacetoputmynote?eAretheretechnologicalresources?Afterhavingacleargoalofyourwork,youcaneasilydecidethethemeofyourspeech.Andthefollowingisthestepstofinishapreparedspeech.Step1:lookingfor,selectingandrefiningthespeechmaterialsOnthewhole,theintentionofthecombinationofmaterialsisbasedonthekeynotespeaker.First,gatherallrelevantmaterialsandarguments,includingthepresentationofthefactsandothernecessarymaterials,demonstrationmaterialsandreferencematerials.Secondisthechoiceofmaterial.Filterouttothepoint,thetypical,interestingandfreshmaterial;abandontheold,non-representative,overusedones.Thenextractmaterial.Beforeyouputthemaspartofyourmanuscript,youmustverifytheauthenticityandaccuracyofthematerial.Youshouldtapthecircumstancesfromthesechosenmaterials,suchasthecharacter'slanguage,action,heartactivities,etc.Step2:extractingthetitleofspeechIsthetitleofmypresentationattractive?Agoodstartishalfdone.Soitiswithspeech.Lecturetitlereflectsextraordinaryheadstart.Itappealstheaudienceandleavesthefirstimpressiononthem.Audiencesoftenwanttohearalecturebecauseofthetitle.Titlelanguageshouldbesimple,conciseandeasytosing.Speechtitledoesnotmeanthethethemeisliketheheartofthespeech,thenthetitleisliketheeyesofspeech.Step3:thewritingofspeechThispartincludesthecentralargumentofthespeech,thesub-arguments,andthefilteredmaterialsto"pigtails".Itclarifiesthelogicallinkamongthevariouspoints,thesizeofthedesignedpresentationlevelandtheordertocompilethesummary.Theverticalstructuremaybedividedasfollows:1ThebeginningshouldbefascinatingandunconventionalThebeginningofaspeechshouldstrivetogettheaudiencesquickly.’Youattentioncansetitasasuspense,orjustgetstraighttothepoint.Youcanraiseseveralquestions,orsimplybeginwithanallegoricalstory,anaphorisms,anintroductionofarelevantbackground,motivationorpurposeofthespeech.Forexample,cleverasMartin,hebeginshisworldfamousspeech"IHaveADream"as"Fivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican,inwhosesymbolicshadowwestandtoday,signedtheEmancipationProclamation...."Withnosuperfluouswords,justgetstraighttothetopicwithbackgrounds.2ThemainbodyofthemanuscriptAsimportantasthebeginningandtheending,thebodyistheleadingactor.Youdonothavetowritedowneverythingyou'regoingtosaybutyoudoneedtowritedownthesequenceofideastoensuretheyarelogicalandeasilyfollowed.Remembertoexplainorillustrateyourpointwithexamplesfromyourresearch.(*Tip:Ifthisisyourfirstspeech,thesafetynetofhavingeverythingwrittendowncouldbejustwhatyouneed.It'seasiertorecoverfromapatchofjitterswhenyouhaveafullsetofnotesthanifyouhavenothingorjustabareoutline.Atleasttherearetwospecialmodes:modeofargumentstructureandnarrativestructuremodel.1Argumentativestructuremodel.Thatisarrangedinthestructureofordinarypaper.Byaskingthequestions,analyzingarguments,andconcludingthatthreeparts.Theproblemisusuallytheorderstructure,analysisanddemonstrationinthemiddle.2Narrativestructuremodel.Psychologistcluestotheaudiencesthatthestructureofthearrangementsmainlyimpresstheaudiencesinthefun,emotion,likethestorybeginsinanovel.Obviousseparationofissues,argumentsandconclusionsofthevariouspartsinthenarrativethrustoftheproposalrevealed;describeafewthingsortimesequence,orspace-order,proceedingfromthepurposeofengagingarrangements.Speechmaybecomposedofseveralparagraphs,accordingtotimeorder,alphabeticalorderparts.Putitinthegeneralpatternofspeech,comparedwiththestructure.Donotassumebecauseyouknowwhatyou'retalkingaboutthepersonyou'vechosentorepresentyouraudiencewillknowtoo.aCheckthetoneofyourlanguage.Isitrightfortheoccasion,subjectmatterandyouraudience?bCheckthelengthofyoursentences.Ifthey'retoolongorcomplicatedyourisklosingyourlisteners.Willeverybodywellunderstandyourwords?Thereare5centwordsandwords.Whyuseaonewhena5centonetellsitbetter?'Example:He'spat'=5cents.He'expectorated'=whatyou'vewrittenoutitflowsnaturally,continuetheprocesswithyournextmainidea.Ifitdoesn't,thatyouarewritingorallanguage.Youarewritingasifyouwereexplaining,tellingorshowingsomethingtosomeone.Itdoesn'thavetobeperfectsentences.Wedon'ttalklikethat.Weusewholesentences,partonesandwemixthemupwithasidesorappeals.Forexample,'Didyougetthat?Ofcourseyoudid.Right...Let'smoveitalong.Iwassaying...'3TheendingTheendingoftheentirespeechtotheaudienceislefttoafull,clearidea,andstrivetoberevealed.Itshouldpointthesubjectandwokasbasicrequirementofagoodendingistomentionhopeandexpresspassion.Accordingtothemeofyourspeech,youcanmakeitasasummarystyle,acalltype,oroathceremonyaswellasawishedtheceremony.Aprovokingendingmaywinextracreditsforyourspeech.Example:Thedesiredoutcomeofaspeechpersuadingpeopletovoteforyouinanupcomingelectionisthattheydoso.Youcanhelpthatoutcomealongbycallingthemtoregistertheirsupportbysigningapreparedpledgestatementastheyleave.