英语畅谈中国文化

.1四级新要求：中国文化段落翻译模拟翻译实践题集1.TheimportanceofChopsticks筷子的重要性A.说到中国筷子的起源，有人认为中国是农耕民族，食物以植物为主，用筷子适宜取食。而西方人是游牧民族，以肉食为主，刀叉就来得方便。也有人认为中国是农业社会，工业发展晚，木筷正是这种情形的产物。而西方是工业化社会，金属制品做餐具是必然的。AstotheoriginofChina’schopsticks,onetheoryisthatChinawasanagriculturalsocietyandreliesonvegetablesforfood.Chopstickswereveryconvenienttoolsforeating.TheWesterners,ontheotherhand,werenomadsandlivedonmeat.Theknifeandforkweremorepractical.OthersbelievethatChinadidnothavemuchindustryandtherefore,peopleusedchopsticks.TheWestwasanindustrialsociety,sotheireatingutensilsweremadeofmetal.B.中国文化推崇集体主义，崇尚共有，融合；西方文化崇尚个体。体现在吃饭的方式上就是筷子和刀叉的不同。中国人实行合餐制，用餐的人在用一个盘中取食，用筷子可以限制个别人大量取食。如此一来，既保留了集体主义的形态，个人利益又不会受太大影响。Chinesecultureisdevelopedaroundcollectivismwhichstressescommunionandharmony.Westerncultureemphasizesindividualism.Intermsofeatingcustoms,chopsticksandknivesandforksaretwodisparateexpressionsofthisculturedifference.TheChineseliketohavecommunalmealswhereeverybodyeatsoutofthesamebowloffood.Chopstickswereusedinordertodiscouragepeoplefromeatingmorethanothers.Thiswasnotonlyawaytopreservecollectivenessbutalsotolimitindividualism..C.很多古代用筷的禁忌沿用至今，成为普遍认可的餐桌礼仪。上菜时要由尊者或长者先食。用餐者要尽量坐得靠前，以免掉落食物弄脏衣服。喝汤不可过快，咀嚼时不可发出声响。忌将筷子竖直插入碗盘中，因为这代为死人上坟。取食时不要用筷子敲打盘碗，或游离于盘碗之间，或把不喜欢的食物再放回去。Manyancientchopsticktaboosarevalidtothisdayandacceptedasanormintableetiquette.Eachdishservedshouldbecommencedbytheeldestorrespectableperson.Thedinersshouldsitclosetothetablesofoodwon’tdropontheirclothes.Oneshoulddrinksoupslowlyandnonoiseissupposedwhenchewing.Don’tplacechopsticksverticallyintoadish,asthiswasthewayofmakingsacrificestothedead.Whentakingfood,dinerscouldnottapdishwithchopsticks,ormovechopsticksbetweendishes,orsendfoodbacktothecommunalplateeveniftheydon’tlikeit.2.3.TheEleganceofTea-Drinking喝茶的格调A.开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶。饮茶与吃饭的目的大不相同。吃饭是为了果腹，饮茶却能提升精神境界。茶的流传据说与佛教有关。僧侣们喝茶为了提神醒脑。世俗社会模仿这种清净脱俗的举动，所以品茶被看做是清雅之事。在古典小说中，用大杯喝茶解渴被称为“饮”，而雅士用精致的茶具喝茶被称为“品”。Firewood,rice.oil,salt,soysauce,vinegarandteaarethesevendailynecessities.Thepurposeofteaandfoodistotallydifferentthough.Peopleeattofilltheirstomach,whiletea-drinkingcanhelpapersonachieveanelevatedstateofmind.Tea-drinkingissaidtohaveoriginatedwiththeadventofBuddhism.Monksdrankteatokeepthemselvesawakeandhelptheirconcentration.Ordinarypeopleweretemptedbythetranquilityofthemonasteriesandbegantoimitatethemonks.Sotea-drinkingisconsideredanelegantpastime.Inclassicalnovels,thewordusedtoillustratetea-drinkingfromabigcuptoquenchone’sthirstis“drink”.Scholarswouldusefinecupstodrinkteaandthewordtouseis“savour”.B.喝茶是一种很讲究格调的消遣。首先是环境。古人在竹间月下品茶论道。如今格调被商业化了。人们在装修豪华的茶馆谈生意，真是大异其趣。茶不仅有经济功能，还有社会功能。平民百姓常常光顾小茶馆打牌，闲谈。格调当然谈不上，气氛却是轻松随意，多了几份趣味。Teadrinkingisaverysophisticatedpastime.Itstartswiththeenvironment.Ancientscholarsenjoyedthemselvesbysavouringteaamongbamboosorinthemoonlight.Itiscommercializednow.Peopletalkbusinessinexpensivelydecoratedteahouses.Tea,notonlyserveseconomicalpurposes,butalsosocialpurposesaswell.Ordinarypeoplegototheinexpensiveteahouseswheretheycanplaygamesorsimplychatwithfriends.Althoughsuchteahousesmaynotlookelegant,theycertainlyhavearelaxedatmosphereandaregoodfun.C.古人用铁壶烧水，用纸袋装茶，用瓷杯或器饮茶。茶大概分为这样几种：红茶，绿茶，乌龙茶和普洱茶。人们认为绿茶有延年益寿和抗癌的作用，红茶有暖胃的作用，普洱茶可以减肥和降血压。茶搭配奶和糖的饮用方式，比如芋头味珍珠奶茶，在中国城市的年轻人中很流行。Intheolddays,peopleusedironkettlestoboilwater,Teawasplacedinapaperbag.PorcelainteasetsorYixingteapotswereusedfordrinking.Teahasseveralcategories:redtea,greentea,WulongteaandPu’ertea.Peoplethinkgreenteaisgoodforlongevity,andcombatingcancer,redteaforkeepingthestomachwarmandthatPu’erteacanhelpthemloseweightandcontroltheirbloodpressure.Teawithmilkandsugar,likeTaiwanmilkteawithchewyballsoftaroflour,hasbeenpopularamongyoung,urbanChinese.3.4.PhilosophicalsignificanceofChinesemedicine中医的哲理涵A.中医是不是科学有待论证，但中医有着深厚的哲学涵却毋庸置疑。中医通常从宏观角度认识问题，强调整体性和辩证施治。中医通过望闻问切来诊病，西医注重症状，如体温和化验结果。中医通过看人的气色，舌质等外部症状来分析脏器病变，并选用天然药物或针灸等疗法，西医多用化学合成药物或手术。AlthoughitisdebatablewhetherChinesemedicineisscientificallysound,youcannotdenythatithasrichphilosophicalsignificance.UsuallyaChinesemedicinepractitionerapproachestheillnessfromabroaderperspective,emphasizingitsentiretyanddialecticalimplications.AChinesedoctorexamineshispatientbyusingmethodslikeobserving,smelling,askingandfeeling.Hiswesterncounterpartreliesonsymptomslikebodytemperatureandlabtests.TheChinesedoctordeterminestheproblemsofthepatient’sinternalorgansbyinferencethroughobservingvariousexteriorsigns,suchascomplexionorthetongue.Hereliesonherbalmedicinesandacupuncturefortreatment,whileawesterndoctoruseschemical-basedmedicineandsurgery.B.根据古代理论，身体是个有机的整体。如果一个部位出现问题，整个身体状况都会失去平衡，人就会生病。针对疾病的药物治疗，其目的就是使人体达到平衡。人们相信治疗疾病有三个。第一是药膳，第二是引导，即身体的运动，第三才是药剂。这是在前两种办法都不奏效的情况下才会采用的最终方式。Accordingtoancienttheory,thebodyisanorganicwhole.Ifanypartofitdoesnotworkproperlywithintheoverallregime,thebodybecomesunbalancedandthepersonfallssick.Medicalremediesoppositeinnaturetotheillnessbeingtreatedshouldbeprescribedinordertoreturnthebodytoabalancedstate.TheChinesebelievedthattreatmentofanydiseaseconsistsofthreestages.Thefirstismedicalfood,thesecondphysicalexercises.Thethird,drugs,wereconsideredalastresortifthefirsttwofailed.C.医食同源，日常的饮食也有药用价值。饮食有五味：酸苦甜辣咸，也有四种特性：寒热温凉。五味决定着食物或药物对于机体的疗效。比如，辣味可以促进循环，使重要的能量“气”得以发挥。苦味能够通塞，促进肠胃的蠕动。酸性的食物能够积累能量，而咸味的食物能够缓解压力。食物的四种特性通过对相反性态的抑制起到治疗的作用。Medicineandfoodsharethesameorigins,whichiswhyaneverydaymealcanalsobeofmedicinalvalue.Therecommendeddietaryregimecomprisesfivetastes:sour,bitter,sweet,pungentandsalty,andfournatures:cold,hot,warmandcool.Thefivetastesdeterminehowafoodordrugaffectstheorganism.Forexample,pungentfoodpromotescirculationandevaporationofvitalenergyqi.Bittertastingfoodopensblockedcentersandpromoteshealthybowelmovement.Eatingsourdishesaccumulatesandconcentratesvitalenergy,andsaltyfoodalleviatesallfeelingofheaviness.Thefournaturesareeffectiveintreatingdiseasethroughbeingoppositeinnaturetothem.4.ChineseHospitality中国人的待客之道A.到中国人家里做客总感觉他们招待得很隆重。女儿请客，父亲作为主人，在饭桌上几乎没吃什么，只是隔一会儿就劝酒。母亲一直在厨房里忙着，不加入我们。这是老礼数。小孩子被赶到邻居家，以便客人吃得尽兴。有些人家则逼着孩子给客人唱歌或背诗。上一大桌菜，还说，“没什么东西，凑合着吃吧。”IalwaysfeelspoiledtobeaguestinaChinesehousehold:Itisthedaughter’streat.Herfather,asahost,didnoteatmuchbutwasconstantlyproposingatoast.Hermotherwasbusycookinginthekitchenwithoutjoiningus.Thatwasanoldtradition.Thekidsaresenttotheneighborssotheguestscanhaveapeacefulmeal.Somehostsinsteadforcetheirchildrentoperformasongorreciteapoem.Eventhoughtheypreparedasumptuousmeal,thehostswouldstillsay,“Wedon’thavemuch,sopleasebearwithus.”B.这就是中国人的待客之道：把最好的东西拿出来招待客人。西方待客的目的是交流而非表现待客的热情。中国人待人热情的目的通常是为了表现自己懂礼节，而非想使客人满意。主人执意为客人布菜而不管你是否爱吃，因为他至少树立了待客有礼的形象。现在情况不同了。更多人喜欢自在随意而非刻意礼貌。ThatisChinesehospitality.Peoplewanttobringouttheirbestfoodtowelcometheguests.Westernerswanttosocializewiththeguestsratherthansimplyshowinghospitality.Chinesehospitalityismeanttoshowthepolitenessofthehostratherthankeepingtheguestshappy.Thehostmayinsistonputtingfoodonyourplate,despitethefactthatyoumaynotlikecertainfood.Atleastthehostgivestheimpressionthatheisveryhospitable.Thingsaredifferentnow.Moreandmorepeoplepreferarelaxedatmosphereratherthanshowinghospitalityjustforthesakeofit.C.在餐厅，中国消费者会点一大堆食物。他们贪吃吗？不。这是因为“好面子”的价值观。请客人外出吃饭并不简单地被看做“一起吃顿饭”，而是为了加强友好关系和做生意。一次宴请因此被看做是一项大投资。这种现象背后的原因很简单，主人觉得如果一餐结束时所有的菜被吃光了，客人会以为主人很吝啬。Atarestaurant,Chinesecustomerswouldordertoomuchfood.Aretheygreedy?No.ItisbecausetheChineseattachalotvaluetotheconceptof“keepingface”.Wheninvitingguestsandfriendsouttodinner,theChinesedonotviewitsimplyas“diningtogether”,buttostrengthenfriendlytiesandtodobusiness.Abigbanquetisthereforeconsideredagoodinvestment.Thereasonbehindthephenomenonissimple:thehoststakeitforgrantedthatifallthefoodisgoneattheendofthemeal,theirguestsmightthinktheywerestingy.5.6.AHecticHoliday忙碌的长假A.中国人每年有2次长假，十一和春节，每次假期7天。但越是长假，人们就越忙碌，特别是交通部门，旅游和服务行业。回家是春节长假的一个任务。每个家庭都想团聚。独生子女们要为去谁的父母家过节发生争执。他们往往达成妥协，在双方家里各呆几天，因此年轻夫妻不得不花很多时间在路上奔波。Chinahastwolongholidays,eachextendingoveraweek.TheyareNationalDayandSpringFestival.Butthelongertheholidays,thebusierthepeopleare,especiallythoseintrafficmanagement,tourismandtheserviceindustries.GoinghomeisalmostanobligationduringSpringFestival.Everyfamilywantstohaveareunion.Manyyoungcoupleswhoaretheonlychildoftheirrespectivefamilieswillargueaboutwhoseparentstheyshouldspendtheholidaywith.Moreoftenthannot,theywouldreachacompromisebyspendingafewdayswitheachfamily.Inthiscase,theyoungcouplesmayhavetospendalotoftimeontheroad.B.改革开放使国人有更多可支配收入。国庆人们纷纷出国旅行。不像美国旅客在度假胜地住上几日，中国游客喜欢购物并在旅游景点照相。多数游客并非为自己购物，而是为亲戚，家人和同事买纪念品。中国游客喜欢与朋友分享海外旅游的喜悦。拍照也是同样道理，照片是向人们炫耀自己去过很多地方的依据。Thankstoeconomicreforms,Chinesepeoplehavemoredisposableincomenow.TheyliketogosightseeingoverseasonNationalHolidays.UnliketheAmericantouristswhousuallyspendtheirholidaysataresortfordaysonend,Chinesetouristprefershoppingandtakingpicturesofthewell-knownscenicspots.Manypeoplebuyrightsouvenirsataffordablepricesforrelatives,,familymembersandcolleaguesratherthanshoppingforthemselves.Chinesepeopleliketosharethejoyofoverseastravelwithfriends.Thesameistruewithtakingpictures.Photographsareprooftoshowothersthattheyhavebeentomayplaces.C.有人说中国人工作时像玩，玩时像工作。黄金周期间基本上还是这种情况。许多人仍然不知道如何休假。忙里偷闲的意思是，休闲是偷来的，而不是应该的。飞速发展的经济引发了中国的旅游热潮。中国团队游的激增，成为旅游区重要的收入来源，同时也造成了对国人的微词：喧哗，无礼，对当地文化无知。Somecriticssaythat,manypeoplewhowereatworkactedasiftheywereonaholiday,andforthosewhowereonaholiday,theyactedasiftheywereatwork.Thisisstillmoreorlessthecaseduringthegoldenweekholidays.Manypeoplestilldonotknowhowtospendaholiday.Chinesepeopleliketo“steal”someleisureoutofabusyschedulewhichmakesitsoundlikeleisureisnotsomethingpeopledeserve.China’srapideconomicgrowthhasfosteredatouristboom.ThesurgeinpackagetourgroupsfromChina,animportantsourceofincomeforthetourismregion,isalsogivingrisetoanunflatteringstereotype:theloud,rudeandculturallynaiveChinesetourist.6.TheSignificanceofChinesePaintings国画的含意A.中国人绘画用毛笔蘸墨汁或颜色，灵巧地挥洒纸上。画家用深浅浓淡的点和线构图。与水墨画相比，源于宫廷的工笔重彩的特点是细腻的画法，对细节的描绘以及丰富的色彩。中国画题材大致相同：牡丹、梅花、山水、林中小屋等。画家为自娱自乐、修身养性而画。现场作画大概是他们艺术价值的最高体现了。TheChinesedopaintingwithbrushes,dippingtheirbrushesininkorpaint,andthenskillfullywieldingthem.Paintersproducepicturesonthepaperwithlinesanddots--someheavy,andsomelight,andsomedeep,andsomepale.Incomparisontoinkandwashpainting,finebrushwork,minuteattentiontodetailsandrichelaboratecoloringcharacterizemeticulousheavycolorpaintingsthatoriginatedfrompalacepaintings.Chinesepaintingshavesimilarsubjects:peony,plumblossoms,mountains,creeksorcottages.Theobjectiveofmostpaintersispurelyentertainmentandself-cultivation.Toexhibittheirpaintingsatpublicfunctionsisprobablytheclimaxoftheirpaintingcareers.B.中国画有一个特点：强调绘画的教育功能。早在两千年前，人物画就被政府机构广泛用作工具，表彰忠臣烈士，批判乱臣贼子。唐代的士大夫们把绘画创作纳入儒家的思想体系。宋代政府出版了官方画谱，对绘画功能提出要求，并论述了十类绘画存在的价值和意义，涵盖思想，儒家理论和政权统治。TheeducationalfunctionisauniquefeatureofChinesepaintings.Humanprofileswereuniversallyusedasapropagandamethodtoeitherglorifyheroesorcondemntraitorsbyauthorities2000yearsago.TangDynastyofficialsbroughtpaintingintoConfucianideology.TheCourtoftheSongDynastypublishedanofficialguidetopaintings,whichraisedcriteriaforpaintings,definedthevalueandsignificanceofitstencategories,coveringthefieldsofreligiousbeliefs,Confucianismandstatepower.C.在官方画谱里，山水画存在的价值是能描绘五岳；瓜果花鸟有敬神的作用。绘画因此起到以物比人的教化作用。比如，牡丹和孔雀表现富贵，梅兰菊竹比喻高人雅士，松柏象征忠贞。而文人眼里的竹子代表正直、质朴，兰花代表谦虚和怀才不遇；松树代表自强不息。文人画的山水取决于画家的个性和修养。Accordingtotheofficialguideofpaintings,thepurposeoflandscapepaintingswastoportraythefivemountains,whilefruitandbirdswereusedtoexemplifyoreulogizetheGods.Inthiscase,thesubjectswereusedasreferencestopeopleinordertodelivermoralmessages.Forexample,peonyandpeacocksrepresentedwealthandfortune;Plumblossoms,orchids,chrysanthemum:andbamboorepresentedeleganceandaccomplishment;andpinetreesandcypressessymbolizedloyalty.Artistsalsogivemeaningtothesubjectstheypain.Bamboosymbolizesintegrityandsimplicity;theorchidsymbolizesmodestyandmisfortune;andpinetreessymbolizenevergivingup.Landscapepaintingdependsonthepainter’spersonalityandself-cultivation.7.TheRoleofOpera戏曲的作用A.中国人喜好戏曲，就像英国人喜好足球，西班牙人喜好斗牛一样。传统社会里，除了娱乐，戏曲还有普及文化和教化社会的作用。戏曲的题材多取自历史典故，民间传说和古代小说。它宣扬传统的价值观和伦理道德。比如扬善惩恶，忠孝仁义，贬斥忘恩负义。戏曲填补了文化教育的不足，特别是在农村地区。ToChinese,operawasthevitalentertainment,likesportsfortheBritishandbullfightingfortheSpaniards.InatraditionalChinesesociety,operawasalsousedasavehicletospreadknowledgeandethics,civilizingthesociety.Mostoperaswerebasedonhistoricalevents,folklore,orclassicalnovels.Theypromotedtraditionalvaluesandmoralprinciples,suchaspunishingevilandeulogizingthegood,loyaltyandkindness,andthedenunciationoftheungrateful.Operaswereabletofillthegapsineducationandteaching,especiallyinanagriculturalsociety.B.C.清朝，京剧在众多地方剧种中脱颖而出，成为中国主要剧种。京剧融合了歌唱，舞蹈，表演和杂技的舞台艺术。在人物形象的塑造上使用特殊的表现手法。所有的角色到按照其性别，个性，年龄，职业和社会地位类型化，叫行当。在角色类型的基础上，形成了一套程式化的表现，诸如服装和脸谱。InQingDynasty,PekingOperaovertookallotherfolkoperasandbecameanationalentertainment.PekingOperaisatheatricalartthatincorporatessinging,dancing,actingandacrobatics.Itusesspecialimageryinthecreationofcharacters.Allrolesareclassifiedinseveralroletypesaccordingtosex,personality,age,professionandsocialstatus,inthegeneralterm“hangdang”.Basedontheroletypes,acompletesetofstandardshasbeenformedforaspectssuchascostumesandfacialmakeup.D.E.京剧是中国的国粹。外国人不太适应京剧高亢的唱腔，令人发疯的打击乐和缓慢的节奏，但喜欢它的服装和脸谱。脸谱是京剧中塑造人物形象的重要手段。家喻户晓的武将关羽的脸谱用红色，代表仁义忠勇。而白色代表奸诈，黑色代表正直不阿，黄色是骁勇凶狠，蓝绿色多用于绿林好汉，金银色多用于神佛。PekingOperaisthecreamofChineseculture.Foreignersmaynotlikeshriekingsinging,thenoisypercussionsandslow,monotonouspace.Theyenjoythecostumesandthefacialmasksbetter.Facialmaskscanreflectthequalitiesofdifferentcharacters.ThefacialmaskforGuanYu,awell-knownwarrior,ispaintedredforloyaltyandcourage.Ingeneral,whiteusuallyrepresentstreachery,blackrepresentsrighteousness,yellowrepresentsbravery,blueandgreenrepresentrebelliousfighterswhilegoldandsilverrepresentdivinityandBuddhism.8.9.TheConstructionofResidentialHouse住宅的结构A.四合院是从明代的延续下来的古典建筑风格的住宅。标准的四合院通常由一个位于中心的院子和四侧的房屋构成。门通常漆成红色，并有大的铜门环。通常情况下，全家人住在大院。北端的正房由长辈住，年轻一代生活在两侧的房子，朝南的房子里是家庭客厅或房。四合院之间狭窄的街道被称为胡同。SiheyuanisaclassicalarchitecturestyleofresidentialhousingofBeijingcitizensdatedfromtheMingDynasty.AstandardSiheyuanusuallyconsistsofhousesonitsfoursideswithayardinthecenter.Thegatesareusuallypaintedredandhavelargecopperdoorrings.Usually,awholefamilylivesincompound.Theeldergenerationlivesinthemainhousestandingatthenorthend,theyoungergenerationsliveinthesidehouses,andthesouthhouseisusuallythefamilysittingroomorstudy.ThenarrowstreetsbetweentheSiheyuanarecalled“Hutong”s.B.有一百多处古代的私家园林。它们以自然景观和人造建筑融为一体而著称。园林中有溪流、假山、树木、以及亭台阁桥，造成一种集诗书画于一体的诗意环境。山不在高，贵在层次，水不在深，妙在曲折。这种特有的审美观既体现了儒家文化中人与自然和谐相处的观念，也表达着道家崇尚自然的理念。Youcanfindover100privategardensfromSuzhou.Theyareknownfortheirskilledcombinationoflandscapes.Theyuseman-madestructures,suchascreeks,rocks,trees,plants,pavilions,terracesandbridges.Togethertheycreateapoeticatmosphere,justlikeapaintingthatcombinespoems,calligraphyandsceneryallinone.Therocksinthegardendon’thavetobehugetolookmeaningfulaslongastheyarearrangedinorder.Thesameistruewiththecreeks.Itisnotthelengthofthecreeksbuttheturnsandcurveswhichgivethegardenafeelingofliveliness.TheuniqueviewisamanifestationoftheConfucianbeliefofharmonybetweenmanandnatureandtheTaoistworshipofnature.C.但是园林似乎有太多人为的痕迹，里面多是象征性的仿造自然景观。出于古人对敛品性的推崇，住宅被围墙围起来，与外界隔绝，也为居住者创造了安宁。过于人工化的问题渗透着传统的哲学理念：以小见大，显微知著。即透过方寸之间的变化可以领略到四季，风土，甚至宇宙的变迁，并与大自然亲近。ButthereistoomuchhumaninterferenceintraditionalChinesegardens.Insidearemostlysymbolicimitationofnaturallandscape.Toshowmodesty,gardensareseparatedfromtheoutsideworldbyawall,keepingtheinsidequiet.Overwhelminghumaninferencehassomethingtodowithconventionalphilosophicalimplications,representinganinteractionwiththeworldthroughapottedlandscape.Inotherwords,condensedartificiallandscapeisenoughtomakeyoufeelthechangeintheweather,theearth,andtheuniverse,andtokeepclosethenature.MaybethisiswhattraditionalChinesegardensareallabout.9.Ancienttradingroad古代贸易之路A.茶马古道源于中国古代西南边疆的茶马互市。它兴于唐宋，盛于明，衰于清。古道是个交通网络，含川藏道、滇藏道与青藏道，以川藏道开通最早，运输量最大。古道两边生活着20多个少数民族。不同地方有各自美丽而神奇的自然风景和传统文化。茶马古道把西南地区的民族紧紧联系在一起，巩固了祖国边疆。TheTea-horseRoadoriginatedfromancientChinesesouthwestfrontierwiththerepresentativetradingcommoditiesbeingteaandhorse.Thetea-horsetradeonthisroadbeganfromTangDynasty,developedatSongDynasty,flourishedatMingDynasty,anddeclinedatQingDynasty.Tea-horseRoadisatrafficnetwork,includingSichuan-Tibet,Yunnan-TibetandQinhai-Tibetways,amongwhich,theSichuan-Tibetroadopenedtheearliestwiththelargesttrafficvolume.AlongtheTea-horseAncientRoadlivedmorethan20minorities.Concentrationsofbeautifulandmysteriousnaturallandscapesandtraditionalculturesdevelopedinvarioussites.TheRoadtightlycombinedtheethnicgroupsofsouthwestChina,andconsolidatedthefrontierofourmotherland.B.丝绸之路是历史上连接中国和地中海的重要的贸易路线。西汉外交使节骞首次出使西域。这条路因丝绸在之后的贸易中占大多数而得名。丝路始于长安，经河西走廊，到敦煌后分为三条路线，骆驼商队可穿过新疆南部，中部或北部，延伸到巴基斯坦，印度甚至罗马。它是古代欧亚之间的经济和文化交流的纽带。TheSilkRoadisahistoricallyimportantinternationaltraderoutebetweenChinaandtheMediterranean.ZhangQian,aWesternHandiplomatandenvoy,firstwentintoWesternRegion.TheRoadgotitsnamebecausesilkcomprisedalargeproportionoftradealongthisroadthereafter.ThisancientroadbeginsatChang’an.BywayoftheHexiCorridor,itreachesDunhuang,whereitdividesintothreeroutes.Caravancouldchoosesouthern,centralornorthernroutetocovertheXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion,andextendtheirwaysasfarasPakistan,IndiaandevenRoma.TheSilkRoadprovidedaneconomicandculturallinkbetweenancientEuropeandAsia.C.9世纪中国制业兴盛。但器不适合骆驼陆路运输，海上丝绸之路兴起。它主要有东海起航线和南海起航线。海上丝路输出的商品主要有丝绸、瓷器、茶叶和铜铁器四大宗，输入的主要是香料、花草及供宫廷赏玩的西域珍宝。海上丝路又称海上瓷之路、海上香药之路。明初和(​http:​/​​/​dict.youdao.com​/​wiki​/​%D6%A3%BA%CD​/​​)下西洋，海上丝路达到巅峰。TheninthcenturywitnessedtheriseofMarineSilkRoutes,whenceramicsfromChinahadgrownpopular,whilecamelswerenotsuitedforcarryingcrockeryoverland.StartedfromboththeeastChinaseaandsouthChinasea,theroutessentfourmaincommodities:silk,porcelain,teaandcopper/ironproducts.Transportedbackaremainlyspices,flowersandplants,andsometreasuresfromPersia,EastAfrica,andIndiatomeetthecuriosityofcourts.MaritimeSilkRouteswerealsonamedMaritimeCeramicorSpicesRoutes.ItreacheditspeakduringZhengHe'svoyagetotheWestRegionsintheearlyMingDynasty....wd.