英语专四阅读训练

---word.zl-阅读技巧及应试策略常用阅读技巧及运用X例阅读理解是一个复杂的感知和理解语言的过程，但这并不意味着其无章可循。心理学、心理语言学、认知科学等学科的研究结果，理解的过程实际上就是我们将新信息与大脑中已有的认知构造相互匹配、相互作用的过程(被称为“解码〞)。阅读者将新信息与信息建立联系，进展判断、猜想、思考，最终到达理解的目的。阅读者对相关的知识和经历掌握得越多，理解起来就会变得越轻松。因此，阅读的过程实际上是一个形式上由细节到把握总体思想，内容上由总体思想指导理解细节的双向并行的处理过程，两者缺一不可。与之相对应的阅读常用技巧与步骤即可分为浏览试题、略读(skimming)、扫读(scanning)以及回查等几种，下面分别加以介绍。一、浏览试题以明确目标在进展阅读之前，首先浏览短文后面的试题。在看完SectionA选择题的题干和四个选项以及SectionB简答题的题干后，分析掌握每个试题考察的内容和题型(推理题、细节题、主旨题等)，以便带着问题有目标地阅读短文，根据相应的解题技巧从中寻找正确答案，例如下面这道真题：85．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Publicspeakingininternationalforums.B.Publicspeakingindailylifecontext.C.Themanyusesofpublicspeaking.D.Therulesofpublicspeaking.通过浏览此题，可以明显看出此题属于主旨题，需要考生重点关注短文的前几段中对主题的描述与说明，从而把握作者通篇所达的观点和所持的态度。TheartofpublicspeakingbeganinancientGreeceover2,000yearsago.Now,twitter,instantmessaging,e—mail,blogsandchatforumsofferrivalapproachestomunication--butnonecanreplacetheroleofagreatspeech.Thespokenwordcanhandlevariousvitalfunctions:persuadingorinspiring,informing,payingtribute,entertaining,orsimplyintroducingsomeoneorsomethingoracceptingsomething.Overthepastyear,thehumanvoicehashelpedguideUSovertheupsanddownsofwhatwascertainlyastormytime.Persuasionisusedindealingwithorreconcilingdifferentpointsofview.WhentheleadersmetinCopenhageninDecember2009,persuasivewordsfromactivistsencouragedthemtomitthemselvestofirmeraction.Inspirationalspeechesconfronttheemotions.Theyfocusontopicsandmattersthatareclosetopeople’shearts．Duringwars,generalsusedinspiringspeechestopreparethetroopsforbattle.Aspeechthatconveysknowledgeandenhancesunderstandingcaninformus.Theinformationmustbeclear,accurate,andexpressedinameaningfulandinterestingway.WhentheH1N1pandemic(流行病)wasannounced,theideaof“swineflu〞(猪流感)scaredmanypeople.InformativespeechesfromWorldHealthOrganizationofficialshelpedpeopletokeeptheirpanicundercontrolsotheycouldtakesensibleprecautions.Sadeventsarenevereasytodealwithbutaspeechthatpaystributetothelossofalovedoneandgivespraisefortheircontributioncanbeforting.Madonna’sspeechaboutMichaelJackson,afterhisdeath,highlightedthefactthathewillcontinuetoliveonthroughhismusic.It’snotonlyinworldforumswherepublicspeakingplaysanimportantrole.Itcanalsobesurprisinglyhelpfulinthecourseofourownlives.Ifyou'retakingpartinadebateyouneedtopersuadethelistenersofthesoundnessofyourargument.Insports,athletesknowtheimportanceofapeptalk(鼓舞士气的讲话)beforeamatchtoinspireteammates.Youyourselfmaybeaskedtodoapresentationatcollegeorworktoinformtheothersaboutanareaofvitalimportance.Onamorepersonallevel,afriendmaybeupsetandneedforting.Oryoumightbeaskedtointroduceaspeakeratafamilyeventortospeakatawedding,whereyourlanguagewillbeneededtomovepeopleormakethemlaugh.Greatspeakingabilityisnotsomethingwe’rebornwith.EvenBarackObamaworkshardtoperfecteveryspeech.Forabrilliantspeech,therearerulesthatyoucanputtogooduse．Tolearnthoserolesyouhavetopracticeandlearnfromsomeoutstandingspeechesinthepast.解题点拨：在第一、二段提出本文主旨后，作者就逐一介绍publicspeaking的重要作用：Persuasionisusedindealingwithorreconcilingdifferentpointsofview；Inspirationalspeechesconfronttheemotions；Aspeechthatconveysknowledgeandenhancesunderstandingcaninformus；Sadeventsarenevereasytodealwithbutaspeech…；Itcanalsobesurprisinglyhelpfulinthecourseofourownlives．由此可知，C能够概括全文主旨，故为正确答案。二、通过略读〔skimming〕全文以掌握主旨略读(skimming)又称“跳读〞(readingandskipping)或“浏览〞(glancing)，是一种专门的、非常实用的快速阅读，其主要特征是有选择性地阅读，其目的有二：一是以尽可能快的速度获取文章主旨大意或中心思想；二是辨识文体，掌握构造(如果是记叙文，就要了解故事发生的时间、地点、背景和人物活动等主要线索；如果是论述文，就要弄清文章的中心论点及论述内容)。换句话说，略读要求读者有选择性地进展阅读，跳过某些细节，以抓住文章的大意，从而加快阅读速度。其具体做法如下：(1)利用印刷细节，如文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、标点符号等，对文章进展预测，从而了解作者的思路、行文模式，以便把握住主旨、有关的细节及其相互间的关系。(2)重点关注文章开头，力求抓住文章大意、文章背景、作者的写作风格、口吻或语气等。(3)阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句，略去细节不读，以求提高速度=段落过长时可适当阅读其中某一到两行，以强化理解。(4)注意转折词和序列词等起衔接作用的标志词。下面以一篇英语阅读短文为例来说明略读的妙用：以下文章只需阅读画线的局部即可，其余细节可略去不读。Therearesuperstitionsattachedtonumbers;eventhoseancientGreeksbelievedthatallnumbersandtheirmultipleshadsomemysticalsignificance．Thosenumbersbetween1and13wereinparticulartohaveapowerfulinfluenceovertheaffairsofmen.Forexample,itismonlysaidthatluck,goodorbad,esinthree:ifanaccidenthappens,twomoreofthesamekindmaybeexpectsoonafterwards.Thearrivalofaletterwillbefollowedbytwootherswithinacertainperiod.Anotherbeliefinvolvingthenumberthreehasitthatitisunluckytolightthreecigarettesfromtheonematch.Ifthishappens,thebadluckthatgoeswiththedeedfallsuponthepersonwhosecigarettewasthelasttobelit.Theill-omenlinkedtothelightingofthreethingsfromonematchorcandlegoesbacktoatleastthe17thcenturyandprobablyearlier.Itwasbelievedthatthreecandlesalightatthesametimewouldbesuretobringbadluck;one,two,orfour,werepermissible,butneverjustthree.Sevenwasanothersignificantnumber,usuallyregardedasabringerofgoodluck.Theancientastrologersbelievedthattheuniversewasgovernedbysevenplants;studentsofShakespearewillrecallthatthelifeofmanwasdividedintosevenages.Sevenhorseshoesnailedtoahorsewillprotectitfromallevil.Nineisusuallythoughtofasaluckynumberbecauseitistheproductofthreetimesthree.ItwasmuchusedbytheAnglo-Saxonsintheircharmsforhealing.Anotherbeliefwasthatgreatchangesoccurredevery7thand9thofaman’slife.Consequently,theageof63(theproductofnineandseven)wasthoughttobeaveryperiloustimeforhim.Ifhesurvivedhis63rdyearhemighthopetolivetoaripeoldage.Thirteen,aswewellknow,isregardedwithgreataweandfear.Themonbeliefisthatthisderivesfromthefactthattherewere13peopleatChrist’sLastSupper.Thisbeingtheeveofhisbetrayal,itisnotdifficulttounderstandthesignificancegiventothenumberbytheearlyChristians.Inmoderntimes13isanespeciallyunluckynumberofadinnerparty,forexample.Hotelswillavoidnumberingafloorthe13th;theprogressionisfrom12to14,andnoroomisgiventhenumber13.Manyhomeownerswilluse121/2insteadof13astheirhousenumber.Yetoddlyenough,tobebornonthe13thofthemonthisnotregardedwithanyfearatall,whichjustshowshowirrationalweareinoursuperstitiousbeliefs.解题点拨：通过略读各段的主题句可知，本文主要讲诉数字与迷信。全文为“总-分-总〞构造，第一段指出中心议题“数字被赋予了迷信的含义〞，下文各段举例说明一些数字的迷信含义，最后一段说明作者的态度。文章后的题目为：Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowinggroupsofnumberswillcertainlybringgoodlucktopeople?A.3and7B.3and9C.7and9D.3and13解析：选C。通过略读第五、六段的开头句Sevenwasanothersignificantnumber,usuallyregardedasabringerofgoodluck.和Nineisusuallythoughtofasaluckynumber...便可得出正确答案为C。Theillluckassociatedwith13issupposedtohaveitsoriginin.legendB.religionC.popularbeliefD.certaincustoms解析：选B。通过略读第八段的Thirteen,aswewellknow,isregardedwithgreataweandfear.和第九段的Themonbeliefisthatthisderivesfromthefactthattherewere13peopleatChrist’sLastSupper.便可得知B为正确答案。Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardspeople’ssuperstitiousbeliefs?Heismildlycritical.B.Heisstronglycritical.C.Heisinfavorofthem.D.Hisattitudeisnotclear.解析：选A。略读全文最后一段Yetoddlyenough,tobebornonthe13thofthemonthisnotregardedwithanyfearatall,whichjustshowshowirrationalweareinoursuperstitiousbeliefs.即可知，作者的态度为A。通过扫读〔scanning〕定位以获取特定、关键信息扫读〔scanning〕又称“寻读〞或“查读〞，同略读一样是一种快速阅读技巧。它是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一个具体事实或某一个特定信息，如人物、事件、地点、数字等，而对其他不相关内容略去不读的快速阅读方法。运用这种方法，读者就能在最短的时间内略过尽可能多的阅读材料，找到所需要的信息。这种方法一般可应用于事实3细节题的查找中。作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧，扫读既要求速度，又要求准确。具体地说，扫读带有明确的目的性，有针对性地选择问题的答案。因此，可以把整段的文字直接映入大脑中，不必逐字逐句过目。视线在阅读材料上掠过时，一旦发现相关的内容，就要稍作停留，将它记住或摘录下来，从而既保证扫读的速度，又做到准确无误。扫读与略读不同。略读时，读者事先对材料一无所知；而扫读那么是读者在略读之后，根据的文章大意与构造，按照题目要求确定所需特定、关键信息的位置，从而找到正确答案。例如，英语专业四级考试中曾出现过这样一道题：Accordingtothepassage,“...springcleaningisadifficultnotionformodernfamiliestograsp〞meansthatspringcleaning.isnolongeraneasypracticetounderstandisnolongerpartofmodernfamilyliferequiresmorefamilymemberstobeinvolvedcallsformoreplicatedskillsandknowledge原文如下：IknowwhenIknowwhenthesnowmeltsandthefirstrobins(知更鸟)etocall,whenthelaughterofchildrenreturnstotheparksandplaygrounds,somethingwonderfulisabouttohappen.Springcleaning.I’lladmitspringcleaningisadifficultnotionformodernfamiliestograsp.Today’sbusyfamilieshardlyhavetimetoloadthedishwasher,muchlesscleanthedoormat.AskingthefamilytospendtheweekendcollectingwinterdogpilesfromthemeltingsnowinthebackyardislikeannouncingtherewillbenomoreWi-Fi.Itinterruptsthenaturalorder.“Honey,whatsaywespendtheweekendbeatingtherugs,sortingthroughtheboxesinthebasementandpaintingourbedroomanicelemonyyellow?〞Isay.“CanweatleastwaituntiltheNBAmatchesareover?〞myhusbandanswers.ButItellmyfamily,springcleaningcan’twait.ThetemperaturehasrisenjustenoughtomeltsnowbutnotenoughforLittleLeaguepracticetostart.Someflowersarepeekingoutofthethawingground,butthereisnolawntoseed,norgardentotend.Newlywakenedfromourwinter’shibernation(冬眠),yetstillneedingextrablanketsatnight,weopenourwindowstothefirstfreshairfloatingonthebreezeandallofthenaturalworlddemanding“Awakeandbeclean!〞Biologistsofferatheoryaboutthisprimalimpulsetocleanouteverydrawerandclosetinthehouseatspring’sfirstlight,whichhastodowithmelatonin,thesleepytimehormone(激素)ourbodiesproducewhenit’sdark.Whenspring’slightes,themelatonindiminishes,andsuddenlyweareawakenedtothedusty,virus-filledhousewe’vebeenhibernatinginforfourmonths.Itellmyfamilyaboutthescienceandpsychologyofagoodhealthycleaningatspring’sarrival.Ispeaktothemaboutlife’sgreatestrewardswaitingintheremovalofsoapscumfromthebathtub,whichhasn’tbeenproperlycleanedsincethefirstsnowfall.“I’lldoit,〞saystheeldestchild,a21-year-oldcollegestudentwholivesathome.“Youwill?Wow!〞Iexclaim.Maybeafteralltheseyears,he’sfinallygraspedtheconcept.Maybehe’sexpressinghisrightfulpositionaseldestchildandrolemodel.Ormaybehe’sgoingtoFloridaforabreakinacoupleofweeksandhe’sbeingnicetomewhoisthefinancial-aidofficer.Nomatter.Seeingmyadultsonwillinglycleaningthatdirtybathtubgivesmehopeforthefutureofhis12-year-oldbrotherwho,insteadofworking,isfoundtobesleepingintheseatofthewindowheissupposedtobecleaning.“Awakeandbeclean!〞Isay.解题点拨：在通读全文的根底上，考生通过扫读可知，本文主要谈论现代家庭对待春季大扫除的态度以及作者自己家一次大扫除的过程。扫读后可将题干中的“...springcleaningisadifficultnotionformodernfamiliestograsp〞定位到文章第三段第一句，然后再细读后面的句子Today’sbusyfamilieshardlyhavetimetoloadthedishwasher,muchlesscleanthedoormat.AskingthefamilytospendtheweekendcollectingwinterdogpilesfromthemeltingsnowinthebackyardislikeannouncingtherewillbenomoreWi-Fi.可以看出，这里是说人们不理解为什么要进展春季大扫除，故A为正确答案。回查难点以确保无误“回查〞是指考生在时间允许的情况下，对于把握不大或较难的试题〔如概括归纳题、作者意图题等〕，将所给出的选项与原文中对应的局部进展仔细比拟、反复推敲，从而得出结论。考生要尽量防止主观臆断，要在文中有关段落找到支撑的论据，以确保答案准确无误。克制不良阅读习惯除了上文提到的阅读技巧外，绝大多数考生在阅读速度方面还必须努力克制以下不良阅读习惯，从而到达加快阅读速度、提高理解效率的最终目的。“指读〞。用手指或笔尖指着文章逐词阅读以期“集中注意力〞。一旦遇到生词便停顿下来，便无法在通篇理解的根底上继续进展阅读理解。“唇读〞。出声地阅读，或即使不出声嘴唇也在动，大脑中仍在“读〞，无形中降低大脑的思考速度。“回读〞。在阅读中遇到生词或不熟悉的短语时，返回句首甚至段首重读。“译读〞。在阅读过程中，进展逐词逐句的翻译，通过译成母语来辅助理解。样题例如下面以最新考纲样题中的两篇阅读样题为例，进一步说明上述阅读方法。先来看下最新考纲样题中的第二篇阅读文章：SectionA:PassageTwoIwasasecond-yearmedicalstudentattheuniversity,andwasonmyseconddayofroundsatanearbyhospital.Myuniversity’sphilosophywastogetstudentsseeingpatientsearlyintheireducation.Niceidea,butitoverlookedonedetail:second-yearstudentsknownexttonothingaboutmedicine.Assignedtomyteamthatdaywasanattending–aseniorfacultymemberwhowastheremostlytomakepatientsfeeltheyweren’tinthehandsofamateurs.Manyattendingswereresearcherswhodidn’thavemuchrecenthospitalexperience.Minewasactuallyanarthritisspecialist.Alsoalongwasaresident(therealboss,withastaggeringmasteryofmedicine,atleasttoarookielikemyself).Inaddition,thereweretwointerns(住院实习医生).TheseguyswerejustasgreenasIwas,butinascarierway:theyhadrecentlygraduatedfromthemedicalschool,sotheyweretechnicallyMDs.Ibeganthedayat6:30am.AninternandIdidaquickcheckofoureightpatients;later,weweretopresentourfindingstotheresidentandthentotheattending.Ihadthreepatientsandtheinternhadtheotherfive–pieceofcake.ButwhenIarrivedintheroomof71-year-oldMr.Adams,hewassittingupinbed,sweatingheavilyandpanting(喘气).He’djusthadahipoperationandlookedterrible.Ilistenedtohislungswithmystethoscope,buttheysoundedclear.NextIcheckedthelogofhisvitalsignsandsawthathisrespirationandheartratehadbeenclimbing,buthistemperaturewassteady.Itdidn’tseemlikeheartfailure,nordiditappeartobepneumonia.SoIaskedMr.Adamswhathethoughtwasgoingon.“It’sreallyhotinhere,Doc,〞hereplied.SoIattributedhisconditiontothestuffyroomandtoldhimtherestoftheteamwouldreturninafewhours.Hesmiledandfeeblywavedgoodbye.At8:40am.,duringourteammeeting,“CodeBlueRoom307!〞blaredfromtheloudspeaker.Ifroze.ThatwasMr.Adams’sroom.Whenwearrived,hewasmotionless.Theautopsy(尸体解剖)laterfoundMr.Adamshadsufferedamassivepulmonaryembolism(肺部栓塞).Abloodclothadformedinhisleg,workeditswaytohislungs,andcuthisbreathingcapacityinhalf.Hissymptomshadbeentextbook:heavyperspirationandshortnessofbreathdespiteclearlungs.Theonlythingwas:Ihadn’treadthatchapterinthetextbookyet.AndIwastooscared,insecure,andproudtoaskarealdoctorforhelp.Thismistakehashauntedmefornearly30years,butwhat’sparticularlyfrustratingisthatthesamemedicaleducationsystempersists.WhoknowshowmanypeoplehavediedorsufferedharmatthehandsofstudentsasnaiveasI,andhowmanymorewill?第一步：略读全文，掌握主旨大意。本文作者主要对现行的医疗体制表示了担忧，提出了批评。第一段简要介绍了“我〞到医院实习的根本情况。第二段介绍了医院医疗小组医生的真实实力，暗示了作者对这种状况的担忧。第三段介绍了自己当值的根本情况。第四至十段讲述了自己经历的一个真实病例。第十一段介绍了病人死亡的情况，并分析了自己的过失。最后一段全文，对现行的医疗教育体制表示担忧，并提出批评。第二步：通过扫读、回查等方法，仔细比拟、区分选项，寻找正确答案。Welearnthattheauthor’steammembershad.muchpracticalexperienceB.adequateknowledgeC.longbeenworkingthereD.Someprofessionaldeficiency解析：选D。根据题干关键词teammembers定位至第二段。该段第二句Manyattendingswereresearcherswhodidn’thavemuchrecenthospitalexperience.指出主治医生实践经历方面的缺陷。该段最后一句又提到TheseguyswerejustasgreenasIwas,butinascarierway:theyhadrecentlygraduatedfromthemedicalschool,sotheyweretechnicallyMDs.说明名义上已经取得医生头衔的住院实习医生，实际上名不符实，也存在知识上的缺陷，可见，D是对原文意思的正确理解，故为答案。“Hissymptomshadbeentextbook〞meansthathissymptomswere.partofthetextbookB.nolongerinthetextbookC.RecentlyincludedinthetextbookD.explainedinthetextbook解析：选D。由题干定位至第十一段。该段第三句中的冒号后面指出heavyperspirationandshortnessofbreathdespiteclearlungs,即大量出汗、呼吸困难但肺部清晰，这是教科书对这种病症的记载，本段第二句那么说明了这种病症的成因，而第四句提到Ihadn’treadthatchapterinthetextbookyet,即“我〞还没有读到教科书的这个章节。综合看来，这种病症背后的成因在教科书中有所解释，作者之所以不知道，是因为他还没有读到此处，故D为正确答案。Attheendofthepassage,theauthorexpressesaboutthemedicaleducationsystem.A.optimismB.hesitationC.concernD.support解析：选C。根据题干定位至最后一段。该段首句后半局部说what’sparticularlyisthatthesamemedicaleducationsystempersists,即尤其令人失望的是同样的医疗教育体制还在延续，可见，作者并不赞同现行的医学教育体制，故可排除A和D。而作者在该句中用了frustrating一词，又在最后一句提出疑问WhoknowshowmanypeoplehavediedorsufferedharmatthehandsofstudentsasnaiveasI,andhowmanymorewill?即谁知道又有多少人在像我这样一个没经历的学生手上丧命或受到伤害，将来还会有多少人遭此噩运？可见，作者对这种体制的态度非常关注，甚至是担忧，而非疑心，因此C比B更准确，故为答案。SectionBPassageTwoWhywastheauthordoingroundsinahospital?答案：Itwaspartofhismedicaltraining.解析：根据题干中的doingroundsinahospital定位至第一段。该段第二句说Myuniversity’sphilosophywastogetstudentsseeingpatientsearlyintheireducation.即我们大学的逻辑是在学生受教育期间尽早地见到病人。可见，作者参与医院当值是大学的统一安排，因此，这应该是作者大学医科训练的一局部，故答案为Itwaspartofhismedicaltraining。再来看下最新考纲样题中的第四篇阅读文章：SectionAPassageFourAttachmentParentingisnotIndulgentParenting.Attachmentparentsdonot“spoil〞theirchildren.Spoilingisdonewhenachildisgiveneverythingthattheywantregardlessofwhattheyneedandregardlessofwhatispractical.Indulgentparentsgivetoysfortantrums(发脾气)，icecreamforbreakfastAttachmentparentsdon'tgivetheirchildreneverythingthattheywant,theygivetheirchildreneverythingthattheyneed.Attachmentparentsbelievethatloveandfortarefreeandnecessary.Notsweetsortoys.AttachmentParentingisnot“afraidoftears〞parenting.Ourkidscry.Thedifferenceisthatweunderstandthattantrumsandtearsefromemotionsandnotmanipulation.Andourchildrenunderstandthistoo.Theycryandhavetantrumssometimes,ofcourse.ButtheydothisbecausetheiremotionsaresooverwhelmingthattheyneedtogetitoutTheydonotexpecttobe"rewarded"fortheirstrongnegativeemotions;theysimplyexpectthatwewilllisten.Wepickupourbabieswhentheycry,andwerespondtothetearsofourolderchildrenbecausewebelievefirmlythatfortisfree,loveisfree,andthatwhenachildhasneedforfortandlove,itisourjobtoprovidethosethings.Wearenotafraidoftears.Wedon'tavoidthem.Weholdourchildrenthroughthemandteachthemthatwhentheyarehurtorfrustratedweareheretofortthemandhelpthemworkthroughtheiremotions.AttachmentParentsisnotClingyParenting.Idonotclingtomychildren.Infact,I'mprettyfree-range.Assoonastheycanmovetheyusuallymoveawayfrommeandletmesetupachaseastheycrawl,run,skipandhopontheirmerrywaytoexploretheworld.Sure,Icarrythemandhugthemandchasethemandkissthemandrockthanandsleepwiththem.Butthisisnotmefollowingthemeverywhereandpullingthembacktome.Thisismebeingahomebase.The“attachment〞esfromtheirbeingallowedtoattachtous,notfromusattachingtothanlikeparentalleeches.AttachmentParentingisnotSelfishParenting.Itisalsonotselflessparenting.Wearenotdoingitforus,andwearenotdoingittotormentourselves.AttachmentparentingisnotHelicopterParenting.Idon'thover.Isupervise.Ifollow,Iteach,Idemonstrate,Iexplain.Idon'tslapcurioushandsaway.Ishowhowtodothingssafely.Iletmychilddothethingsthatmychildwishestodo,firstwithhelpandthenwithsupervisionandfinallywithtrust.Idon'tinsistthatmy23montholdholdmyhandwhenwewalkonthesidewalkbecauseIknowIcanrecallhimwithmyvoicebecausehetrustsmetoallowhimtoexploreandhetrustsmetoexplainwhensomethingisdangerousandtohelphimsatisfyhiscuriositiessafely.MostofthenegativethingsthatIhearabout“attachmentparents〞arepletelyoff-baseanddescribesomethingthatisentirelyunlikeAttachmentParenting.AttachmentParentingischild-centricandfocusesontheneedsofthechild.Childrenneedstructure,rules,andboundaries.AttachmentParentssimplybelievethatthechildandtheparentareallies,notadversaries.Andthatchildrenaretaught,nottrained.第一步：略读全文，掌握主旨大意。本文的主题是“亲密育儿法〞和“溺爱育儿法〞进展比照，找出这两种育儿法的差异。第二段介绍了“亲密育儿法〞的特点。第三至第五段将“亲密育儿法〞和“粘人育儿法〞“自私育儿法〞以及“直升机式育儿法〞进展了比照。最后一段继续总结“亲密育儿法〞的特点。第二步：通过扫读、回查等方法，仔细比拟、区分选项，寻找正确答案。49.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldparentsdowhentheirkidscry?A.Providingfortandlove.B.Tryingtostopkidscrying.C.Holdingthemtilltheystop.D.Rewardingkidswithtoys.解析：选A。根据题干关键词parents和theirkidscry定位至第二段。该段第八句提到：Wepickupourbabieswhentheycry,andwerespondtothetearsofourolderchildrenbecausewebelievefirmlythatfortisfree,loveisfree,andthatwhenachildhasneedforfortandlove,itisourjobtoprovidethosethings.即当孩子哭的时候，他们需要的是抚慰和爱，而作为父母有责任给孩子提供这些，可见A为正确答案。该段倒数第二、三句提到：Wearenotafraidoftears.Wedon’tavoidthem.由此可知，当孩子哭泣时，家长不应该害怕眼泪或阻止他们，由此可排除B和C；第一段最后一句提到：Notsweetsortoys.由此可知，作者提倡的“亲密育儿法〞不提倡给孩子糖果和玩具，同时这与孩子哭泣没有关系，故排除D。50.Whatdoes“free-range〞meanaccordingtothepassage?A.Fondofprovidingahomebase.B.Readytoplaygameswithmykids.C.Curioustowatchwhatgamestheyplay.D.Willingtogivekidsfreedomofmovement.解析：选D。根据题干关键词“free-range〞定位至第三段。该段第三句提到：Infact,I'mprettyfree-range.接下来作者提到：Assoonastheycanmovetheyusuallymoveawayfrommeandletmesetupachaseastheycrawl,run,skipandhopontheirmerrywaytoexploretheworld.由此可知，该句是对第三句的解释，即当孩子可以自由活动的时候，孩子经常远离作者，互相追逐、玩耍、探索世界，可见D为正确答案，同时排除A、B以及C。SectionBPassageFourWhatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?答案：Differenttypesofparenting.解析：第一段作者将“亲密育儿法〞和“溺爱育儿法〞进展了比照，找出了这两种育儿法的差异。第二段介绍了“亲密育儿法〞的特点。第三至五段将“亲密育儿法〞和“粘人育儿法〞“自私育儿法〞以及“直升机式育儿法〞进展了比照。最后一段继续总结“亲密育儿法〞的特点。由此可知，答案为Differenttypesofparenting。选择题题型分类及解题技巧通过对阅读理解选择题题型的分析，可以看出其考核指标主要表达在以下四个方面：一、对中心思想的把握；二、对细节的关注；三、语言解读能力；四、推理判断能力。所以在选择题的上，一般都会有这五类题型：主旨题、细节题、推理题、态度题和语义题。下面我们来分析一下解答阅读这几种常见选择题题型的具体策略和方法。主旨题主旨题主要考察考生对文章的主体思想、作品的基调以及文章大意的理解和掌握。经常出现的提问方式有：Whichofthefollowingcanbestserveasthetitleofthepassage?Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?Whatisthepassagemainlyconcernedwith?Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?Fromthepassage,wecanconcludethat.解题技巧：主旨题的题型很容易判断，但是做起来却不容易。考生一定要准确捕捉文章的主体思想和作者的写作意图。其主要判断方法有两种：第一，依据主题句来判断。英语中根本上每篇文章都有主题句，文章中的每一段也有主题句，主题句通常在文章的开头或结尾，位于文章中间的情况也有，但不多。第二，为了快速得出答案，可用排除法来解题。通常出题人设置的选项不一定每个都具有很强的干扰性，所以要迅速找出某些选项和漏洞或者不确切的地方，缩小选择X围，最后锁定答案。例如：Whatisthemessageofthepassage?Understandinggainedismoreimportantthanmoneylost.Itisnaturaltoseevariedresponsestofinancialcrises.Desireformoneyishumannature..Onehastobedecisiveduringcrises.很明显，这是一道考察文章主旨大意的试题，让我们先来看文章：IwasstandinginmykitchenwonderingwhattohaveforlunchwhenmyfriendTajcalled.“Sitdown,〞shesaid.Ithoughtshewasgoingtotellmeshehadjustgottenthehaircutfromhell.Ilaughedandsaid,“Itcan'tbethatbad.〞Butitwas.Beforethephonecall,Ihad30yearsofretirementsavingina“safe〞fundwithabrilliantfinancialguru〔金融大亨〕.WhenIputdownthephone,mysavingsweregone.IfeltasifIhaddiedand,forsomeunknownreason,wasstillbreathing.SinceBernieMadoff’sarrestonchargesofrunninga$65millionPonzischeme,I’vereadmanyarticlesabouthowweinvestorsshouldhaveknownwhatwasgoingon.IwishIcouldsayIhadreservationsaboutMadoffbefore“theCall〞,butIdidnot.OnNewYear'sEve,threeweeksafterwelostoursavings,sixofusMadoffpeoplegatheredatTaj'shousefordinner.Asweweresi