中国历史文化概况（英文版）Unit 14 Cultural Heritage & Garden Architecture

Unit14CulturalHeritage&GardenArchitectureCONTENTSTeachingAimsTextATextBSupplementingReadingTEACHINGAIMSAfterstudyingthisunit,youarerequiredto:1.HaveageneralideaofCulturalHeritage&GardenArchitecture.2.UnderstandthehistoryofCulturalHeritage&GardenArchitecture.3.Masterthedifficultwordsandexpressions.TextASummerPalace(Yiheyuan)(Excerpts)TEXTAPreview颐和园是中国现存规模最大、保存最完整的皇家园林，中国四大名园〔另三座为承德避暑山庄、苏州拙政园、苏州留园〕之一。位于北京市海淀区，距北京城区十五公里，占地约二百九十公顷。利用昆明湖、万寿山为基址，以杭州西湖风景为蓝本，汲取江南园林的某些手法和意境而建成的一座大型天然山水园，也是保存得最完整的一座皇家行宫御苑，被誉为皇家园林博物馆。TEXTAReadingComprehensionDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothepassage.1.TheSummerPalaceoccupiesatotalareaof290hectares,mostofwhichismadeupofshallowlakes.()2.Thefirstactofdestructiontookplacein1860whentheAnglo-FrenchforcesinvadedBeijingandravagedonlytheYuanmingyuanGarden.()3.ThethreeChinesecharactersofthenameoftheSummerPalace"Yiheyuan"havebeeninscribedinEmperorJiaxing'shand.()TEXTAReadingComprehension4.ThemainstructureinthecentralarchitecturalcomplexonthesouthernsideofLongevityHillisthePalaceofPartingClouds(Paiyundian).()5.Whilethenorthernsideislavishtothepointofextravagance,thesouthernslopeismorepeacefulandlesscrowed.()TEXTANotes1.EmpressDowagerCixi(慈禧太后):EmpressDowagerCixi(29November1835---15November1908),oftheManchuYehenaraclan,wasapowerfulandcharismaticfigurewhobecamethedefactoruleroftheManchuQingDynastyinChinafor47yearsfrom1861toherdeathin1908.SelectedbytheXianfengEmperorasanimperialconcubineinheradolescence,sheclimbedtheranksofXianfeng’sharemandgavebirthtoasonwhobecametheTongzhiEmperoruponXianfeng’sdeath.CixioustedagroupofregentsappointedbythelateemperorandassumedregencyoverheryoungsonwiththeEmpressDowagerCi’an.Cixithenconsolidatedcontrolandestablishednear-absoluteruleoverthedynasty.SheinstalledhernephewastheGuangxuEmperorin1875.AconservativerulerwhorefusedtoadoptWesternmodelsofgovernment,CixirejectedreformistviewsongovernmentandplacedGuangxuunderhousearrestinlateryearsforsupportingreformers.However,shesupportedtechnologicalandmilitarymodernizationofChina’sarmies.AfterRonglusabotagedtheChinesearmyduringtheBoxerRebellionagainsttheEight-NationAlliance,externalandinternalpressuresledCixitoattemptinstitutionalchangesandappointreform-mindedofficials.Ultimately,theQingDynastycollapsedafewyearsafterherdeath.TEXTANotes2.TheEight-PowerAlliedForces(八国联军):TheEight-PowerAlliedForces,ortheEight-NationAlliance,wasanallianceofAustria-Hungary,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,Russia,theUnitedKingdom,andtheUnitedStateswhosemilitaryforcesintervenedinChinatosuppresstheanti-foreignBoxersandrelievethesiegeofthediplomaticlegationsinBeijing(Peking).TEXTANotes3.YuanmingyuanGardens(圆明园):TheImperialGardensastheyoncestoodTheOldSummerPalace,knowninChinaasYuanMingYuan(theGardensofPerfectBrightness),andoriginallycalledtheImperialGardens,wasacomplexofpalacesandgardensinBeijing.Itislocated8kilometers(5.0mi)northwestofthewallsoftheImperialCity,builtinthe18thandearly19thcentury,wheretheemperorsoftheQingDynastyresidedandhandledgovernmentaffairs(theForbiddenCitywasusedforformalceremonies).Knownforitsextensivecollectionsofgardenandbuildingarchitecturesandotherworksofart,apopularnameinChinawasthe“GardenofGardens〞.TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:1.suburb['sʌbə:b]n.郊区；边缘ThefamilylivedinanunremarkablesuburbofDetroit.一家人生活在底特律不起眼的郊区。2.pavilion[pə'viljən]n.大帐篷；阁；亭子；展示馆Thispavilionisharmoniouswiththesurroundingenvironment.这亭子同周围环境是协调的。3.terrace['terəs,-is]n.梯田；阳台；平台Theterracewasoriginallybuiltas26houses.该楼最初是由26所房子组成的。TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:4.pagoda[pə'ɡəudə]n.〔东方寺院的〕宝塔Thisisn'taBuddhistpagoda.这可不是什么佛塔呀。5.hectare['hektɑ:]n.公顷〔等于1万平方米〕FarmlandinUkrainefellby75%to$125ahectare.乌克兰的农田下降了75%到125美元/公顷。6.vicinity[vi'sinəti]n.邻近，附近；近处Theysensesoilmoistureintheimmediatevicinityofthecup.他们能对直接接近林子的土壤水分作出感应。TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:7.longevity[lɔn'dʒevəti]n.寿命；长寿，长命Pinessymbolizelongevity,persistence,anddignity.松树象征着长寿、坚韧、庄严。8.itinerant[ai'tinərənt]adj.巡回的，流动的Itinerantsurgeonsoperatedforstone,cataract,andhernia.巡回的外科医生对结石、白内障和疝进行手术。9.exquisite['ekskwizit,ek'skwizit]adj.优美的，高雅的；精致的Handicraftsofexquisiteworkmanshipareelegantbeyondcomparison.做工讲究的手工艺品精美无比。TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:10.decay[di'kei]n.衰退，衰减；腐烂，腐朽Theunoccupiedhousestartedtodecay.无人住的房子开始败落。11.prey[prei]vi.捕食；掠夺；折磨Butasthe79sprospered,asecondparasiteevolvedthatcouldpreyonthem.不过，随着79的兴旺，演变出第二种能够捕食它们的寄生虫。12.painstaking['peinz,teikiŋ]adj.勤勉的；小心的；艰苦的Attimes,itmustbecoupledwithpainstakingdiplomacy.有时还必须辅以艰苦的外交努力。TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:13.brass[brɑ:s,bræs]n.黄铜；黄铜制品；厚脸皮；铜管乐器Publicwaterbowlsfordogshavebrassfaucets.小狗们用的公共饮水器上装的都是黄铜水龙头。14.slab[slæb]n.厚片；厚板，平板；混凝土路面vt.把…分成厚片；用石板铺"Dinnerusedtobeaslabofredmeatswimmingingrease,"herecalls.他回忆道：“我以前所吃的晚餐通常是一块满是油脂的红肉。〞15.cordon['kɔ:dən]n.警戒线；绶带；[建]束带层OneofthesegunmenpiercedtheprotectivecordonaroundthePresident'shouse.其中一个持枪人突破了总统住房周围的警戒线。TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:16.benevolent[bi'nevələnt]adj.慈善的；仁慈的；亲切的ButcansomeEUmemberscontinuetotreatRussiaasabenevolentally?但是，是否一些欧盟成员国仍可以把俄罗斯当作是一个乐善好施的盟友？17.edifice['edifis]n.大厦；大建筑物Japan'spostwaredificehasrestedontwomightypillars.日本的战后体系建立在两大支柱上。18.archway['ɑ:tʃwei]n.拱道；拱门Venerableoaksformsasylvanarchway.古老的栎树形成一条林荫拱道。TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:19.myriad['miriəd]adj.无数的；种种的n.无数，极大数量；无数的人或物Thesefindingsqualifythecommonviewthateconomicgrowthunleashesmyriaddiscontents.这些发现，纠正了一个普遍观点，即经济开展使人们尽情宣泄不满。20.firmament['fə:məmənt]n.天空；苍天Herosehisheadandstaredatthefirmament.他抬起头，凝望着天空。21.evergreen['evəɡri:n]n.[植]常绿树；[植]常绿植物adj.常绿的；永葆青春的DuringChristmasChristiansdecorateanevergreentree.每当圣诞节，基督徒会装饰常青树。TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:22.astrological[,æstrə'lɔdʒikəl]adj.占星的；占星学的，占星术的Revealtheastrologicalsecretsofthecomingyear,today.今天揭开来年占星的秘密。23.brocade[brəu'keid]n.[纺]锦缎；织锦Theancientscallcolorfulwovenmaterialbrocade.古代人把带有彩色花纹的丝织品叫做锦。24.balustrade[,bæləs'treid]n.栏杆Sheleanedoverthebalustradeandshoutedtothemandownstairs.她俯身在阳台栏杆上对楼下的人们喊着。TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:25.clan[klæn]n.宗族；部落；集团So,thosesurnamed"Chen"canformalargeclan.所以，姓陈的人是一个大家族。26.lavish['læviʃ]adj.浪费的；丰富的；大方的vt.浪费；慷慨给予；滥用Lavishgiftswerebestowedonthevisitors.向来宾赠送了厚礼。27.limpid['limpid]adj.透明的；平静的，无忧虑的Theheart,thatmomentwhichfallsinthetearbecomeslimpiddefined.心，在眼泪落下的那一刻变得清澈明晰。TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:28.luxuriant[lʌɡ'zjuəriənt,-'ʒuə-]adj.繁茂的；丰富的；肥沃的；奢华的Thereisluxurianttropicalvegetationinourcountry.我们国家有很多繁茂的热带植物。29.cypress['saipris]n.柏树，柏木属植物Iamreadytodoallyoudesireinthematterofcedarandcypresstimber.论到香柏木和松木，我必照你的心愿而行。30.secluded[si'klu:did]adj.隐退的，隐居的；隐蔽的SergeantPondisasecluded,tree-ringed,spring-fedoasis.色峻塘是隐蔽的，四周环树，春意盎然的绿洲。TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:31.embellish[im'beliʃ]vt.修饰；装饰；润色vi.装饰起来；加以润色IntheMiddleAgesbeadswereusedtoembellishembroiderywork.中世纪时，珠子用于装饰刺绣品。32.ornate[ɔ:'neit]adj.华美的；装饰的；〔文体〕绚丽的Itwasfamousforitsornatefountainanditsattractiveforum.它因为它那华美的喷泉和吸引人的论坛而著名。33.ostensibly[ɔs'tensəbli]adv.外上；外表Ostensiblyaconsularemployee,heisactuallyaspy.他外表上是领事馆雇员，实为情报人员。TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:34.tapestry['tæpistri]n.挂毯；织锦；绣帷Onthetapestryaredepictedsomebiblicalscenes.挂毯上画着一些?圣经?上的场景。35.debut['deibju:]n.初次登台；开张vi.初次登台ThecharactermadehisdebutinthefilmSteamboatWilliein1928.米老鼠1928年在电影?威利蒸汽船?初次亮相。TEXTAAssignmentFinishtherestofexercisesofTextAPreviewTextBTextBTheClassicalGardensofSuzhouTEXTBPreview苏州园林是指中国苏州城内的园林建筑，以私家园林为主，起始于春秋时期的吴国建都姑苏时〔公元前514年〕，形成于五代，成熟于宋代，兴旺于明代，鼎盛于清代。到清末苏州已有各色园林一百七十多处，现保存完整的有六十多处，对外开放的园林有十九处。占地面积不大，但以意境见长，以独具匠心的艺术手法在有限的空间内点缀安排，移步换景，变化无穷。1997年，苏州古典园林作为中国园林的代表被列入?世界遗产名录?。TEXTBReadingComprehensionTranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinese1.LowerYangtzebasin2.theSpringandAutumnperiod3.theearthlyparadise4.theHumbleAdministrator'sGarden5.theLingeringGarden6.theMaster-of-NetsGarden7.TaoistmetaphysicsofLaoziandZhuangzi8.performonamusicalinstrument9.siptea10.holdbanquetsTEXTBNotes1.TheHumbleAdministrator'sGarden(拙政园):TheHumbleAdministrator’sGardenisreputedtobeoneofthefinestclassicalgardensinSouthernChina.TheoriginalownerwasaTangDynastyscholar(d.881A.D.)butoverthepast1,100years,successiveoccupantshavestampedtheirownidentityonthegardens.OneofitsmorefamousoccupantswasthewriterCaoXueqinwholivedhereasateenager.It’snothardtoimaginehowthiselegantgardenmayhaveprovidedatleastsomeoftheinspirationbehindhisNovelDreamoftheRedChamber(a.k.aStoryoftheStone).Today’sgardenhasbeenrestoredtoitslateQingappearance,withnumerouspavilionsandbridgessetamongamazeofconnectedpoolsandislands.TEXTBNotes2.TheLingeringGarden(留园):LingeringGardenislocatedoutsidetheChangmengate(阊门)ofSuzhou,JiangsuProvince.ItwascommissionedbyXuTaishi(徐泰时),animpeachedandlaterexoneratedofficialin1593CE.StonemasonZhouShichen(周时臣)designedandbuilttheEastGarden(东园)asitwasinitiallycalled.TheEastGardenbecamefamousinitsdaywhenthemagistratesofWuandChangzhouCountybothpraisedthedesignofShiPingPeak,arockeryconstructedtoresembleTiantaiMountaininPutao.TEXTBNotes3.TheMaster-of-NetsGarden(网师园):TheMaster-of-NetsGardeninSuzhouisamongthefinestgardensinChina.ItislocatedatCanglangDistrict,DaiChengQiaoRoad,No.11KuoJiaTouXiang(沧浪区带城桥路阔家头巷11号).ItisrecognizedwithotherclassicalSuzhougardensasaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite.ThegardendemonstratesChinesegardendesigners’adeptskillsforsynthesizingart,nature,andarchitecturetocreateuniquemetaphysicalmasterpieces.TheMaster-of-NetsGardenisparticularlyregardedamonggardenconnoisseursforitsmasteringthetechniquesofrelativedimension,contrast,foil,sequenceanddepth,andborrowedscenery.TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:1.splendid['splendid]adj.辉煌的；极好的；灿烂的；杰出的Hewasasplendid,awe-inspiring,graveoldman.他是个严肃的老人，卓而不群，令人敬畏。2.heritage['heritidʒ]n.遗产；传统；继承物；继承权Theformerworthieshaveleftusarichculturalheritage.前贤给我们留下了丰富的文化遗产。3.abundant[ə'bʌndənt]adj.充裕的；丰富的；盛产Thefreshairissometimeshumidfromtheabundantrainfallofthisarea.清新的空气有时会因这地区丰沛的降雨而潮湿。TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:4.favorable['feivərəbl]adj.有利的；良好的；赞成的，赞许的；讨人喜欢的We'dliketosupplyyouwithaloanatmostfavorablerateifthereisanyneed.如果需要的话，我们愿意以最优惠的利率向你们提供货款。5.prosperous['prɔspərəs]adj.繁荣的；兴旺的Buttheydobelievethegroundworkislaidforaprosperous2004.但他们都相信在这样的根底之上，2004年将会是最繁荣的一年。6.booming['bu:miŋ]adj.兴旺的，繁荣的；大受欢送的Investorsdonotexpectaneconomythatwillbeboomingbutareexpectingslowgrowth.投资者并不预期经济将重现繁荣，而是预计将增长缓慢。TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:7.environ[in'vaiərən]vt.环绕；包围；〔敌意地或保护性的〕围住Treesenvirontheyard.树木环绕着那个院子。8.preservation[,prezə'veiʃən]n.保存，保存WithmeisMrLinShuiqing,fromtheSocietyforEnvironmentalPreservation.和我在一起的嘉宾是来自环境保护协会的林水清先生。9.numerical[nju:'merikəl]adj.数字的；数值的；用数字表示的〔等于numeric〕Booknumbersareaddedtothestoreordeletedbyanumericalkeyboard.图号码可以通过数字键盘参加存储器内，或者删掉。TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:10.superiority[sju:,piəri'ɔriti,sə-]n.优越，优势；优越性Informationmeanssuperiority,andknowledgeleadstoprogress.信息就是优势，知识就是开展。11.microcosm['mɑikrəukɔzəm]n.微观世界；缩影AndRonaldo,widelyvilified,hasbecomeamicrocosmofPortugal.而广泛诋毁的罗纳尔多也已经成为葡萄牙的缩影。12.amicable['æmikəbl]adj.友善的；友好的Anamicablesettlementwasreached.已达成和解。TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:13.connotation[,kɔnəu'teiʃən]n.内涵；含蓄；暗示，隐含意义Employingunitisaconceptandcategorywithparticularconnotationanddenotationinourlaborlaw.用人单位是我国劳动法上具有特定内涵与外延的法律概念和范畴。14.specimen['spesimin,-əmən]n.标本；样品，样本Inotherrespects,however,thespecimenlookedfamiliar.不过，在其他方面，这副骨架看来倒熟悉。15.interwoven[,intə'wəuvən]护相编织Ourlivesareamixtureofthousandsofeventsandmomentsinterwovenintoonebigpuzzle.我们的生命是数以千计的事件和瞬间的混合物，交织成一个巨大的谜。TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:16.metaphysics[,metə'fiziks]n.玄学，形而上学Heinvestigatestheology,andmetaphysicsandallsortsofsubjects.他研究神学，还有形而上学，还有各种各样的学问。17.terrestrial[ti'restriəl,tə-]adj.陆地的，陆生的；地球的；人间的Aquaticfoodchainsaredifferentfromterrestrialones.水生食物链不同于陆地食物链。18.contour['kɔntuə]n.轮廓；周线；等高线；电路；概要Thereisaclosecorrelationbetweencontourlinesandlithology.等值线的外形和岩性吻合的很好。TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:19.meander[mi'ændə]vt.漫步；蜿蜒缓慢流动vi.漫步；漫谈Ilikedtomeanderthroughfamiliarstreets.我喜欢闲逛穿过熟悉的街道。20.labyrinth['læbərinθ]n.迷宫；迷路；难解的事物Thewallsofthelabyrinthareformedwithathletes'bodies.迷宫的墙是由运发动的身体构成的。21.infinitude[in'finitju:d]n.无限；无穷Whenaskedtosumuphiswork,hesaidhiscentraldoctrinewas"theinfinitudeoftheprivateman."当被问到如何总结他的作品时，他说，他的中心理论是“个人的无限性。〞TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:22.spontaneous[spɔn'teiniəs]adj.自发的；自然的；无意识的Weknowthatitisspontaneous,andinspontaneityaloneliesthetruespiritofart.我们知道这是自然发生的情感，而只有在自然发生的情感里才找得到艺术的真精神。23.haul[hɔ:l]vt.拖运；拖拉Opticfiberisnowthepreferredtransmissionmediumforlong-haultrunks.光纤已是长途干线的首选传输媒质。24.sequential[si'kwenʃəl]adj.连续的；相继的；有顺序的Itwassequentialwithcleardistinctionsbetweenstages.这是一条各个阶段之间有明显差异的连续链。TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:25.epitome[i'pitəmi]n.缩影；摘要；象征TheBundisasymbolofShanghaiandanepitomeofShanghai'smodernhistory.外滩是上海的象征，亦是上海近代史的缩影。26.exquisite['ekskwizit,ek'skwizit]adj.优美的；精致的；剧烈的；细腻的；异常的Handicraftsofexquisiteworkmanshipareelegantbeyondcomparison.做工讲究的手工艺品精美无比。27.multifarious[,mʌlti'fεəris]adj.多种的；各式各样的；多方面的；多样性的Inrealitykillingtimeisonlythenameforanotherofthemultifariouswaysbywhichtimekillsus.事实上，消磨时光仅仅是各种时间消磨我们的方式的另一种代名词而已。TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:28.antiquity[æn'tikwəti]n.高龄；古物；古代的遗物Theirinquiriesascendtotheantiquity.他们的研究上溯古代。29.reservoir['rezəvwɑ:]n.水库；蓄水池Theypumpedwaterintothereservoir.他们用泵把水打进水库。30.sublimity[sə'blimiti]n.崇高；庄严；气质高尚Bettermengrowoldandgrayintheservicebeforetheyclimbtoasublimitylikethat.比他强的人服役到老，头发都灰白了，才能爬到这样高的位置。TEXTBAssignmentFinishtheexercisesofTextBPreviewsupplementingreading.SupplementingReadingHutongHutongs(胡同;hútong)arenarrowthroughways,oftenalleys,mostprominentlypresentinBeijing,China.HutongisaMongolianword(originallyhottog)meaningwaterwell.Residentsoftenlivednearanareaintheproximityofaspringorawell.TheworditselfcanalsorefertoauniqueformofcommunitythatexistsonlyinChina-"HutongCulture"or"CourtyardCulture".InShanghai,theyareknownas"Nong".KnowledgeExpansionMuseumofTerra-CottaWarriorsandHorsesThewell-knownTerra-cottaMuseumislocatedeastofEmperorQin'sMausoleum,whichcoversatotalareaof20hectares.Itisthelargeston-sitemuseuminChinaandoneofthelargestmodernarchaeologicalsitesintheworld.Themuseumisdecoratedwithverdanttrees,bloomingflowersandcarpetsofgreengrass.Thesceneryinthemuseumlooksquiteelegantanddelightful.Threemainbuildingsofthemuseum,whichwerenamedPit1,Pit2,Pit3,wereconstructedontheiroriginalsitesindifferentperiodsoftime.