跨文化交际重点归纳

.1跨文化交际重点归纳Unit1InterculturalCommunicationWhatisculture?Cultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.Generallyspeaking,cultureisthewayoflife.Cultureiseverythingandeverywhere.Thankstoculture,withoutitwecan’tsurviveinsocietyAmetaphor比喻ofcultureWecompareculturetoiceberg.Itsuggeststhatonlysmallpartofitisvisiblewhilemostofitliesconcealed.Habits,dressandmannersarevisible.Worldview,valuesystems,waysofthinking,nationalcharacterandanyotherdeepconceptsarefoundationofvisiblepart.“Whereareyougoing?”inChina,wegiveageneralanswertoit.ChinesecultureemphasizesonsocialrelationshipandtheheavyinterdependencebetweenChinesepeople.Inwesterncountries,itmaybeinterpretedasanintrusionintoone’sprivacy.Theunderlyingindividual-orientedrelationshipistheinvisiblepartoftheiceberg.exercise1.Ifyouareatouristguide,whatareyouexpectedtosaywhenyouareshowingtheforeignvisitorstoanothersite?A.Thisway,please.B.Comehere,please.C.Followme,please.D.Moveon.2.Avisitorstopsyouinthecorridorofyourhead-officeprobablytoaskfortheway.Whatisyourmostlikelyreplytothevisitor’s“Excuseme”?A.What’sthematter?B.Yes?C.That’sallright.D.Don’tworry.3.Atafair,avisitor,accidentallyhavingknockeddownyourposter,says,“I’mterriblysorry.”Whatshouldyoureply?A.Itdoesn’tmatter.B.Nevermind.C.Don’tworry.D.That’sallright.WhatisInterculturalcommunication?“Interculturalcommunicationiscontactbetweenpersonswhoidentifythemselvesasdistinctfromoneanotherinculturalterms.”(Collier&Thomas,1998)interculturalcommunicationreferstoanycommunicationbetweentwomembersofanyculturalcommunities.(Samovar&Porter)Tofurtherunderstand“interculturalcommunication”,pleasereadthesectionof“InterculturalCommunicationReading”onP.2andanswerthequestions:1Inthestory,whydoesPetecouldnotcommunicatewellwithChinesestudents?LanguageproblemCultureproblemThewayPetehandledtheinterculturalcommunicationsituation2Whatarethemajorbarriersininterculturalcommunication?Languagedifference.(Ifweunderstandothers’languageordialect,butnottheircommunicationrules,wecanmadefluentfoolsofourselves.)Nonverbalcommunication:gestures,postures,facialexpressionetc.Stereotypes:likeculture,religion,idea,value,etc.Watchavideoandgetadeeperunderstanding.ClassificationsofCommunicationverbal/nonverbalDirect/indirectInterpersonal/interorganizational/massmedia-basedIntracultural/interculturalIntrapersonal/interpersonal/…CasestudyReadthepassageof“anInterculturalClassroom”.Thisisthebeginningofthispassage:Itwasahotday.Sinceitwasstilltooearlytousetheair-conditioner,accordingtotheregulationsoftheuniversity,everyclasskeptitsdooropentomaketheclassroomcooler.WhileIwaslecturingonChinesegrammarinClass4,wavesoflaughtercamefromtheneighboringClass5.AGermanstudentnamedStephenraisedhishandandstoodup.“ThelaughterfromClass5isbotheringus.Ithinkweshouldgototheirclasstoprotest,”hesaid….1HowmanydifferentsolutionsdidClass4propose?2whatisthemodeofcommunicationfavoredbyAsians?Whatculturalvaluesunderlieit?Asianpeopleareverycourteousandindirectintheircommunications.Theyputgreatemphasisongroupharmony,theyareverytolerant,evenwhentheyareoffended.Thesecollectivisticvalues,shapedbyConfusionteachings,werespreadfromChinatomanyAsiancountries.3whatisthemodeofcommunicationfavoredbyWesterners?Whatculturalvaluesunderlieit?Westernersaregenerallyverydirectandfrankintheirmodeofcommunication.Andtheyhaveastrongsenseofprotectingtheirownrights.Individualisticvaluesaretheunderlyingprinciplesgoverningtheirbehavior.Classroomactivity11.ReadthestoryonP1andanswer:Whydoyouthinkthedriverisaskingfor$50insteadof$32.5?2.Workingroupsandwritedown5waystodealwiththesituation.SomelikelyinterpretationsThetaxidriveristryingtocheatLee.extrachargesforluggagethatLeedoesn’tknowabout.ExtrachargesfortollsthatLeedoesn’tknow.Thereisanhonestmisunderstanding.Leemisunderstoodwhatthedriversaid,ordidn’thearwhathesaidclearly.Thedriverhasincludedatipforhimself–anunreasonablylargeone.CultureNoteTaxicharges:intaxisintheus,itisquitenormaltohaveasmallextrachargeforeachofluggage.Intheustherearealsosometimestollsforbridges,tunnelsandcertainroads.andthetaxidriverwillpaythesefirstandthenaddthemtothecostoftheride.Tipping:intheusitisnormaltoaddatipof10%-15%tothecostofataxiride.(tippingisnotnormalinfast-foodrestaurantswherecustomsgettheirownfood.TaxisintheUs:whiletaxiscanoftenbefoundatUsairports,taxisarerareinallbutthelargestAmericancities,andtogetataxipeopleoftenneedtocallataxicompany.ThisisbecausemostAmericansdrivetheircars.(inlargecities,taxidriversareoftenimmigrantsformothercountrieswhodonotspeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.)Classroomactivity2ReadLettertoFran:NotEatingandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.WhydidNancyeatsolittle?2.TellthepossiblereasonsforNancy’sproblem.PossiblereasonsOnthewhole,AmericancookingtendstobesomewhatmoreblandthanthecookinginmostpartsofChina.SomewesternershaveallergicreactionstoMSG（oftenusedinChinesecooking)andgetheadachesiftheyeatfoodcontainingit.SomeChristianswon’tdrinkalcoholicbeverages.ReadFran’sResponse:NotEatingafterclassandgetmoreinformation.DiscussthedifferencesoftablemannersbetweenChineseandWesterners.Chinesepeopleoftenusewordslikecolor、smell、taste、shapetodescribethefood.Westernersusuallypaymoreattentiontothecalories、vitamins、proteinsandsoon.wewouldinvitemanypeople“themorethebetter”Ifthehostrespectyou,hewillgiveyouaseatatfirstandsitontheleftchair.Thehostwillprepareallthethingsready.Thehostwillgetdeliciousfoodintotheguest’sbowl.Westernerswouldliketokeepquiet.Theyregardtherightasasymbolofrespect.Thehostwilllettheguestschoosewhattoeatordrink.IndividualistandCollectivistWhatarethecharacteristicsofIndividualistandCollectivist?Classroomactivity3ReadthepassageIndividualistandCollectivistCulturesandfinishthefollowingtasks.Whataresomedifferencesbetweenanindividualistcultureandacollectivistone?findoutwaysofhowdoChineseshowindividualismandhowdowesternersshowtheircollectivism.Youmayneedtosupplyyourpointswithexamples.Assignment:Reviewunit1andPreviewunit2Workinteamsof6anddeliverapresentationonfollowingtopics:Whataredifferencesbetweenanindividualistcultureandacollectivistone?findoutwaysofhowdoChineseshowindividualismandhowdowesternersshowtheircollectivism.Youmayneedtosupplyyourpointswithexamples.Unit2Review:Interpretation解释、翻译ofgreetings上哪去？Whereareyougoing?It’snoneofyourbusiness!去哪啦？Wherehaveyoubeen?吃过了吗？Haveyouhadyourmeal?Areyougoingtoinvitemetodinner?AcceptableGreetings中文出去呀？吃饭去？回来了？忙着呢？忙什么呢？在洗车呀？这衣服真漂亮，新买的吧？你看起来气色不错。英文What’sup?What’shappening?What’sgoingon?Lovelyday,isn’tit?Miserableweather,isn’tit?It’saheavyrain,isn’tit?Youlookfantasticinthisdress!Youlookverysmartinthatsweater.Unit2High-contextLowcontextGiftreceivingSelfrelianceprivacyHigh-contextCulture（强交际语境文化）High-contextcommunicationcanbecharacterizedasbeingindirect,ambiguous,andunderstated,withspeakersbeingreservedandsensitivetolisteners.Examplesofhigh-contextculturesincludeChinese,Japanese,MiddleEasterners,Mexicoetc.Low-contextCulture（弱交际语境文化）Low-contextcommunicationcanbecharacterizedasbeingdirect,explicit,open,precise,andconsistentwithone’sfeelings.Examplesoflow-contextculturesincludeEnglish,NorthAmerican,German,etc.Hallarrangedlow-contextandhigh-contextcountriesonacontinuum(连续统一体)asfollows.“Thenailthatsticksupwillbepoundeddown.”Leastsaid,soonestmendedOutofthemouthcomesevil.---------JapanesesayingLowContext：DirectMinimalnon-verbalIndividualismLinearLogic(线性逻辑思维)HighlystructuredDetailedHighContextIndirectEmbeddedmeaningsReadsnonverbalGroupoverIndividualContextandfeelingSpirallogic(螺旋式逻辑思维）AmbiguousdialogCommunicationstyleLow-contextcultures*placelessemphasisonsurroundingcontextthanwords*takewordsliterally*valuestraightforwardness*beuncomfortablewithsilenceandimpatientwithdelaysHigh-contextcultures*placemoreemphasisonwordsdescribinganegotiation*speakwithpoeticfiguresofspeech/enjoyplaysonwords*valueevasivenessCaseStudyIwilldomybesttodosomethingInhigh-contextculture1如果没有意外的话，我会尽量去做。（也就是说我有可能不去做）。2婉言绝（不直接拒绝是为了保全自己的面子，也是为了保全对方的面子）。3看情况而定。（也许会做，也许不会做）。4我一定会去做。（不管发生什么，我不会食言）。Butinlow-contextculture我肯定去做。AnothercaseinhighcontextcultureInSouthIndiatheboy’sfamilyhasvisitedthegirl’shomeinordertolookoverthepotentialbrideanddecideuponthemarriage.Afterthevisit,theysendanemissarywhoconveysthismessage“wereallyenjoyedmeetingallofyourfamilymembers.Ushaisafinecookandisaveryniceyoungwoman.Butwewishthatteahadbeenservedwiththemangosinsteadofcoffee.”Whatdoesitreallymean?InlowcontextcultureDuringalunchbuffetataconferenceinChina,WuFa,theinterpreteroftheconference,satwithfourforeignparticipants.Theywerehavingagoodtimetalking.WhenWuFastoodupformorefood,sheaskedwhethershecouldbringanythingbackforthem.Everyonethankedherandsaid“no”.Awhilelater,WuFacamebackwithaplatefulloffood,andaskedwhethertheotherswouldliketohavesomethingfromherplate.Again,thefourotherssaid,“No”.“Oh,pleasetakesomething,Ican’teatthismuchfoodmyself.”Theforeignersshruggedandoneortwoofthemevenfrownedalittle.MoreexampleWewillconsiderit.IloveyouFormoreinformation,pleaseread“westerncommunicationstyle”onpage42.Classroomactivity1ReadtheshortpassageTheGiftonpage13andanswer:WhyMs.Kelsenwon’tacceptthegift?Listasmanypossibleexplanationsasyoucanthinkof.Example2InAmerica:Chris:Happybirthday,Jenny.Thisisforyou.Ihopeyou’lllikeit.Jenny:Oh,thankyou,Chris.Mm.Whatisit?(Heopensit.)Oh---it’sabeautifulcottonshirt.Howsweetyouare!Thankyou---thanksverymuch.ReceivingaGiftinChina您这么客气干嘛呢？您还是拿回去吧。Chinesewithgoodmannerswouldnormallyrefuseagiftafewtimesbeforeacceptinganythingfromanyone.WhenChinesepeoplefinallyacceptthegift,theydonotopenthegiftinthefaceofthegift-giverandtheysay:真不好意思，让您破费了。下不为例。ReceivingaGiftinWesterncountriesWesternpeopleexpressthemselvesinafrankanddirectway.Theyacceptothers’giftquitewillinglyandsay“Howsweetyouare”.Theyopenthegiftimmediatelyandexpresstheirappreciation.“Verybeautiful.Thankyousomuch!”U.S.CulturalNoteMostofthetimeAmericansdoacceptgiftsthatpeoplegivetothem.Buttheyaremorecomfortablewithbeingtakenouttoeatorwithasmallgiftthathasmorepersonalsignificancethanmonetaryvalue.However,intheworkplace,bossessometimesfeeluncomfortableacceptinggiftsandarenotalwaysallowedtodoso.Thefollowingaresomeofthereasons:---Theydonotwanttofeelthattheyhavetodosomethingspecialordifferentfortheemployeewhogivesthegift.---Theydon’twanttheotheremployeetothinkthattheyhavefavoritesamongtheemployees.---Theymayfinditdifficulttocriticizetheiremployee’sworkifthey’vejustreceivedagiftfromhim/her.----Manycompanieshaveapolicysayingthatthebossisnotallowedtoacceptgiftsfromemployees.Classroomactivity2ReadthepassageLettertoFranonpage18andfinishthefollowingtask.1.Whydoyouthinktheprofessorbecameannoyed?2.Whatculturalvaluesunderlieit?CasestudyChinese：Youlookpale．What’sthematter?American：I’mfeelingsick.Acold.Maybe.Chinese：Goandseethedoctor．Drinkmorewater．Didyoutakeanypill?Putonmoreclothes．Haveagoodrest．American：Youarenotmymother,areyou?CaseAnalysisself-relianceHisresponseprobablyhadsomethingtodowiththeemphasismanyAmericansplaceonself-reliance.mostAmericansaretaughtfromanearlyagethattheyshouldtakecareofthemselves,andingeneraltheyviewself-relianceasavirtue.Becauseofthis,somemayevenfeelalittleinsultedifsomeonetriestohelpthemtoomuch---itseemstoimplythattheycan’ttakecareofthemselves.AssignmentReadthepassagePublicandPrivateBehavioronpage21-22,andgivethepresentationnextweekonthetopicofdifferencesofprivacybetweenChineseandWesterners.Unit3ContentHighpowerdistanceLowpowerdistanceStereotypes刻板印象MistakesCulturalDimensions文化维度、尺度Culturalmodelshavebeendevelopedtocomparethesimilaritiesanddifferencesofthetwoormoreculturesinsomeprimarydimensions.GeertHofstedeProf.GeertHofstedeanalyzedalargedatabaseofemployees,pilots,students,managers,consumersandelitesindifferentcountries.Hofstede’smodelidentifiesfourdimensionsofdifferentiatingcultures.WhatareHofstede'sFourCulturalDimensions?1、Powerdistance权力距离2、Individualism–collectivism（个体主义–集体主义）3、Masculinity–femininity（男性化-女性化）4、Uncertaintyavoidance（回避不确定性）PowerdistanceOneofthefamoussayingofConfuciusis"Lettheemperorbeanemperor,thesubjectasubject,thefatherafather,andthesonason”.君君，臣臣，父父，子子。What’stheimplication?Withinthefamilyaswithinthenation,personsarenotequal;eachhastomindhis/herownpositionandroleandactaccordingly.Itreflectsthedegreetowhichthecultureacceptstheunequaldistributionofpower.权利距离衡量人们接受权利不平等状况的程度。Low-PDcountriessubordinatesaremorelikelytochallengebossesbossestendtorespectworkersandsharedecision-making.High-PDcountries:subordinatestendtobeafraidoftheirbossesbossestendtobepaternalisticandautocratic(专制的).Powerdistanceindexfor53countriesHofstede将53个国家和地区的价值观按他分离出来的四个维度计算出他们各自的指数，说明各个国家和地区具有该价值的相对程度。因H1N1被隔离的美国新奥尔良市市长竟然坐经济舱，也不告诉别人他是市长。北川地震时，“救救我，我是书记”，被埋在废墟下仍然身份高调。在西方，总理，首相就跟普通人一样。大家过着一样的生活。都会去菜市场，去电影院，去超市，去银行。而在中国，去菜市场的是有权者的保姆，去电影院的是他们的情人，去超市的是他们的亲属，只有去银行的是他们自己。Casestudy1AnAmericanprofessorflewtoParistogiveareviewofhiswork.Hehadbeeninstructedtobeformalinhismodeofaddressingthosewhoattendedhistalk.Theeveningbeforehisspeech,theAmericanhadawonderfuldinnerwithseveralkeypeopleandestablishedexcellentrapportwiththem.Thenextdaywhenhegavehisformaltalk,hesometimesforgottoaddressthosehehadmetbytheirtitlesandlastnames.Fortunately,theprofessorhadanexcellentinterpreter.WhentheProf.referredto“Wolfgang,”hecouldheartheinterpretertranslatingthereferenceas“HerrDoctorSchimidt.”Herr:[法]先生AnalysisdemocraticstructureinUS.→informality→ignoreaperson’stitle;usefirstnames.MorehierarchicalculturesinFrance→usetitlestoinsureeffective→communicationCasestudy2一个老板和他的秘书面试三个不同的人。老板给了那三个人一项任务。他们是分别面试的，不知道老板分配给他们的任务是一样的。任务是：去外面一个确定的地方买一个确定的产品。第一个人回来说：“对不起，我去了您让我去的地方，但是我没有找到那家商店，我没有买到您要的东西，真抱歉，还需要我去别的地方再找找吗？”第二个人回来说：“对不起，你让我去的那个地方没有那家商店，但是我去了另外一个地方找到了一家店，那儿有您要买的东西。您要不要我去那家店买那个商品？”第三个人也回来了，把买到的产品放到老板的桌子上，把找的钱还给了老板，说：“我不清楚，也许您给了我一个错的地址。在您给的地址那儿根本没有那家商店，可是我自己找到了别的地方买了你要的东西。”秘书问她的老板：“雇佣哪个人？”分析InhighPD：第一个人听从我的指示，值得信赖。第二个人不那么听话，去了别的地方，是个靠不住的人。第三个人太聪明了，自己拿主意作主，不能信赖。InlowPD选择第三位因为他是独立自主的，能自己想办法解决问题。结论InmostAsiancountries,peoplewouldlikedeferto(顺从）groupnormsandtakerankorpowerintoconsideration.Taskaccomplishmentbecomesasecondarygoal.IntheWest,superiorsputmoreemphasisonindividualinitiativeandachievement;theyareexpectedtotaketheresponsibilitiesfortheirowndestinies.Case3:AChinesestudentfromaninner-cityschoollowershisheadandcastshiseyesdownwardwhenhisforeignteacherlooksathim.Theforeignteacherisinsultedsincetheyoungman“refuses”tolookathisteacher.Explanation：Theforeignteacherhadnotrecognizedimportantculturalreasonsforthestudent’slackofeyecontact.Thestudentlearnedthatlookingawaysignifiesrespectforauthority,buttheteacher’scultureemphasizedrespectbydirecteyecontactwhichshowsthevalueofequality.Read“differenceinRankandPower”onpage54afterclass.StereotypeStereotype:Afixed,commonlyheldnotionorimageofapersonorgroup,basedonanoversimplificationofsomeobservedorimaginedtraitofbehaviororappearance.?Theyreflectideasthatgroupsofpeopleholdaboutotherswhoaredifferentfromthem.Stereotypescanbeeitherpositive("blackmenaregoodatbasketball")ornegative("womenarebaddrivers").Butmoststereotypestendtomakeusfeelsuperiorinsomewaytothepersonorgroupbeingstereotyped.Stereotypesignoretheuniquenessofindividualsbypaintingallmembersofagroupwiththesamebrush.STEREOTYPESTEREOTYPEisthemakingofgeneralizationsaboutgroupsofpeopleonthebasisoflimitedinformation.Stereotypesareequallyrecognizable,butratherlessmythic.Theycomeoutofconservativeanddominantaspectsofideology.Theymaydistil体现thecharacteristicsofspecificsocialroles,orofmorecontemporaryoccupations.Metrosexual都市美男MarkSimpsoninventedthistermin1994,anditdriftedslowlyfromonemediasourcetoanotherthroughouttherestof1990sandearly2000s.Metrosexualisaworddescribingmenwhohasastrongconcernfortheirappearance,andspendasubstantialamountoftimeandmoneyontheirimagesandlifestyles.Theylookaftertheirhairandskinwell,buyexpensiveclothesandlookveryfashionable.He'snarcissistic自恋的.Butdon'tcallhimgay.MetrosexualBeckhamisthebiggestmetrosexualinBritainbecausehelovesbeinglookedatandbecausesomanymenandwomenlovetolookathimRetrosexual:TheAnti-MetroAretrosexualisamanwithagenerallypoorsenseofstyle--notnecessarilyaboor（乡下人）;rather,someonewhorejectsbeingfinicky（讲究，挑剔）aboutphysicalappearance.Itistheoppositeofametrosexual.stereotypesoftheregions?NationalstereotypeIdon'tknowasinglewordofChineseorMandarin,sothatmightbeasmallproblem.Chinawillprobablybeaprettybigculturalshock.IfigureImightstartlookinglikethis:Caseanalysis:hollywoodmoviesandstereotypesofchinaChinatownganstermoviesTombRaider:TheAdventuresofLaraCroft2《古墓丽影3：劳拉克劳馥的冒险》LethalWeapon4KongfumoviesBruceLeeJackieChanStereotypeisproblematic问题的Theygiveusfalsesenseofunderstandingofourcommunicationpartners.Ittendstodecreaseourinformationsearch.Itoftenleadstoselffulfillingpropecies.Prejudices偏见Stereotypesthatincludenegativefeelingsandattitudestowardagroupareprejudices.irrational不合理的dislike,suspicion怀疑,orhatred憎恨ofaparticulargroup,race,religion,orsexualorientation性取向RightattitudeInterculturalcompetencerequiresanabilitytomovebeyondstereotypesandtorespondtotheindividual.Previousexperiencesshouldbeusedonlyasguidelinesorsuggestedinterpretationsratherthanashardandfastcategories.Read“GeneralizationsandStereotype”onpage26afterclass.Classroomactivity2ReadtheshortpassageMistakesonpage25,andfinishthefollowingquestions:1.ListasmanypossibleexplanationsyoucanthinkofforNr.Schmidt’sactions.2.HowdoyoufeelaboutEnglishteacherscorrectingyourmistakeswhenyouspeak?3.Whatdoyouthinkaboutthefollowingquestion:ShouldEnglishteacherstrytocorrectall(oratleastmost)oftheerrorsontheirstudents’English?4.Whatkindofcorrectiondoyoufindhelpful?AssignmentReviewunit3andpreviewunit4andread“StressinInterculturalEncounters”onpage36.Thetopicforthepresentationofnextweekis“differencesbetweenChineseandWesternstudents”Unit4Cultureshock文化冲击Invitation邀请PracticeEnglishHaveyoueverhadacultureshock?1、what'scultureshockItmeansthetraumaticexperienceandthestrongfeelingsofdiscomfort,fear,oranxiety,whichpeoplemayhavewhentheyenteranotherculture.文化冲突指某人突然身处异族文化或环境中而经受的一种不安、恐惧、焦虑的状况。casestudyJane,anAmericanteacherintheUS,hadjuststartedteachingEnglishtoagroupofJapanesestudents.Shewantedtogettoknowthestudentsmoreformally,sosheinvitedthemtoherhouseforparty.Thestudentsallarrivedtogetheratexactly8:00p.m.Theyseemedtoenjoytheparty:theydanced,sang,andatemostofthefood.Atabout10:00p.m,oneofthestudentssaidtotheteacher,“Ithinkit’stimeformetoleave.Thankyouverymuchfortheparty.”Thenalltheotherstudentsgotuptogo,andallleftatthesametime.Janefelthurt.在日本以及其他很多的亚洲国家里，年轻人通常成群结队的一起去参加一些社交聚会，然后一道离去。在他们看来这是很正常不过的事。然后Jane认为这是一种侮辱，因为他们在同一时间里一下子全部离开了。在美国以及其他一些英语国家，晚上10点离开一个聚会相对来说是比较早的Watchavideoandgetwhatcultureshockthespeakerexperienced?2、symptomsofcultureshocka.physical生理的symptomsPhysicalsymptomsareover-concernaboutcleanlinessoffood,bedding,anddishes,extremestressonhealthandsafety;fearanyphysicalcontactwithanyoneinthenewcountry;greatconcernoverminorpainsandskineruptions;craving“homecooking”;useofalcoholanddrugs;andadeclineinworkquality.excessivewashingofhandsexcessiveconcernover……Fearofphysicalcontact……headaches,stomach/backaches,dizziness,ulcersexcessivesleepinessdifficulttosleepwellinsomniatendtofeeltired……Homecookingdurgalcholb.psychologicalsymptomsPsychologicalsymptomsareinsomnia,fatigue,isolationandloneliness,disorientation(迷惑）,frustration,criticismofnewcountry,depression,nervousness,self-doubt,irritability,anger,andemotionalandintellectualwithdrawal撤退.Insomnia失眠fatigue疲劳nervousness神经质disorientation迷失方向depression沮丧helplessdesirefordependenceon…frustratedfeardepressionlonelinessisolatedanger,aggression,hatred,hostilitywithdrawal,……3、fivephasesofcultureshockhoneymoonconfusionfrustrationeffectivenessappreciation1)Excitement(honeymoon)curiosity,fascinationandexcitementviewingthenewenvironmentfromourownculturalperspectiveneglectingdifferencesandreinforcingsimilarities2)ConfusionTypicalproblems:newcomersoftenmisinterpretthebahaviorandspeechofthelocalpeoplebecausetheyinterpretmeaningsaccordingtothehomeculturegrammar.Solution:livinginanenclave(specialcommunitiesmadeupofpeoplefromthehomeculture)Danger:interferewithordelayadaptationtothenewculture.3)FrustrationMorenegativeattitudeaboutthenewculture:blamethenewcultureanditspeopleforhisdifficulties.Learni