物流专业英语第2版 周晓晔 徐剑Chapter 7

Chapter7PhysicalDistributionUnit1DistributionUnit2LogisticsDistributionSystemsUnit1Distribution 1Significanceandeffectofdistribution 2Factorsofdistribution 3Operationtargetsofdistribution 4Generaloperationofdistribution1Significanceandeffectofdistribution Thecommondistributionhashandling,packaging,safekeeping,andtransportation,anditcanreachthegoaloftakingthegoodstothedestinationbyalltheselogisticsactivities;thespecialdistributionneedslogisticsprocessingactivities.2Factorsofdistribution2.1Collectinggoods2.2Sorting2.3Dispatching2.4Distributiontransportation2.5Deliveryservice2.6Distributionprocessing2.1Collectinggoods Collectinggoodsmeansgatheringdispersedorsmallquantitiesofitemsfortransportationanddistribution. Collectinggoodsisthepreparationtableorfoundationworkofdistribution.2.2Sorting Sortingisstackingtheitemsaccordingtospecies,ordersofinput-outputwarehouse.1tisthefunctionalfactorthatmakesdistributiondifferentfromanyothertypeoflogistics;inaddition,itisanimportantworkthatdetermineswhetherthedistributionissuccessful.2.3Dispatching Dispatchingissortingtheitemsandmakingthemfullyequippedaccordingtothecustomers’requirements,anddeliveringthemtothespecifiedlocations,byusingallkindsofidentifyingequipmentsandtransmissiondevices.2.4Distributiontransportation distributiontransportationisashorter,smaller,moreexpensivewayoftransportation. theroutechoosingproblemofdistributiontransportationdoesn’toccurtogenerallinktransportation2.5Deliveryservice Itisnottheendofdistributionwhenyouhavedeliveredthedispatcheditemstocustomers. Becausetheitemsyoudeliveredmaynotmatchtheonescustomersordered,makingthedeliverycomingtonaught.2.6Distributionprocessing Distributionprocessingisthecirculationprocessingthatmeetstheneedsofcustomers. Distributionprocessinggenerallydependsoncustomers’demands,andtheprocessingpurposeisrelativelysingle.3Operationtargetsofdistribution 3.1Rapidresponse 3.2Minimuminventory 3.3Integratedtransport3.1Rapidresponse Companiesshouldbuildrapidresponsesystemsforthemselvesandcustomerstomakeoperationofdistributionandimproverapidresponsiveabilityofthemselves.3.2Minimuminventory Maintainingaminimuminventoryduringthedistributionprocessisanimportantaspectofreducingdistributioncost. Minimuminventorycontrollingshouldvaryaccordingtotypesofcommodities,changewiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.3.3Integratedtransport Therearemanyindexestomeasureintegratedtransportinrealtransportcompanies,andtherepresentative3onesareasfollows：Loadingrate，Realvehiclerate，Transportrate。4Generaloperationofdistribution 4.1Orderprocessingoperation 4.2Purchasingoperation 4.3Storageoperation 4.4Sortingoperation 4.5Pickingoperation 4.6Assemblingoperation 4.7Deliveryoperation4.1Orderprocessingoperation Orderprocessingisthefirstlinkofdistributionservice,andtherootofensuringdistributionservicequality.Sortingandcollectingareimportantlinksoforderprocessing.4.2Purchasingoperation Purchasingoperationisthepreparatoryworkorfundamentalworkofdistribution,includingraisingsourceofgoods,orderinggoodsorpurchasingcommodities,collectinggoodsandrelatedqualityinspection,clearingandhandover,etc.4.3Storageoperation Storagedistributionhasformsofreserveandtemporarystorage.Distributionreserveistheresourceguaranteeofdistributionaccordingtotherequirementofacertainperiod.4.4Sortingoperation Sortingistheoperationthatpilestheitemsaccordingtothespecies,thesequenceofstorage,whichcanbeclassifiedastwotypes:pickingtypeandsewingtype.Pickingtypedoesn’tincludethedistribution;whilesewingtypedoes.4.5Pickingoperation Pickingoperationmeanspickingitemsandassemblingthemtothespecifieddeliverylocationsaccordingtocustomers’demandsbyusingpickingequipmentsandtransmissiondevices.4.6Assemblingoperation Assemblingisthemostmodernoneamongallthefunctionalelementsofdistributionsystem,andoneofthemostdistinctionsbetweenmodemdistributionandgeneraldistribution.4.7Deliveryoperation Deliveryoperationindistributionmeansloadinggoodsintovehiclesanddistributingthem.Tofulfilltheseoperations,itisnecessarytodividedistributingareasinadvanceoranarrangedistributingroutes.NewwordsandExpressions terminaln.终端 timelagn.时间差 involveinv.包括 dispatchn.配送 specifieda.指定的 cometonaughtv.前功尽弃 noticeablyadv.值得注意的是 assemblyn.装配 personalizeda.个性化的 guaranteev.保证 inevitablea.必然的Unit2LogisticsDistributionSystems 1ConceptofDistributionCenters 2ModelingLogisticsDistributionSystem1ConceptofDistributionCenter 1.1StorageFunction 1.2RelationbetweenStorageandTransportation 1.3StorageFacilitiesinDistributionCenter1ConceptofDistributionCenter Largecompaniestypicallymanufacturedifferentbutrelateditemsatavarietyoflocations,seldomproducingtheircompletelineatasingleplant.1Throughtheoperationofstoragehousescalleddistributioncenters,companiesareabletooffertheircustomersacompleteselectionofalltheirproducts,efficientlyshippingwholemixedordersatonce,ratherthanpiecemealfromeachfactory.StorageFunction Somegoodscanbestoredinbulkjointlywithidenticalgoodsofthesamequalityandspecificationswithoutdistinctionastomanufacturerownership.Thus,bulkproducts,suchasstandardchemicalsorcerealgrains,fromdifferentproducersareplacedinthesametankorsilointhewarehouse.RelationbetweenStorageandTransportation Transportation,especiallytransportationoverlongdistancesbyslowmeans(suchaswater-borneshipment),maytechnicallybeconsideredasanaspectofstorage.Consignmentofgoodsbydivertingshipmentsisaneffectivewaytosatisfyimmediatemarketdemand.StorageFacilitiesinDistributionCenter Facilitiesaretailoredtotheneedsofaccessibility,security,andclimate.Refrigeratedspacemustbecarefullydesigned,andheatedareasmustalsobeefficientlyplanned.2ModelingLogisticsDistributionSystem 2.1PrincipleofModelingLogisticsDistributionSystem 2.2LogisticsDistributionSystemModelFramework 2.3SupplyModel 2.4DemandModels 2.5ImpactModels 2.6ValuatingLogisticsDistributionSystemPrincipleofModelingLogisticsDistributionSystem ①Modelinglogisticsdistributionsystemshouldbeanopeningnetwork; ②Modelinglogisticsdistributionsystemshouldbeorganicandintegrated; ③Expeditinginformationtransferringisthekeymeasureofimprovingsystemefficiency; ④Logisticsdistributionsystemmodelshouldbegrassy,ecotype,harmoniousandsustainable; ⑤Logisticsdistributionsystemmodelshouldbeacomboofentitysystemandabstractsystem.SupplyModel TrafficFlowModelsTheaimoflogisticsdistributionsystemistodevelopeffectivelyimplementmeasuresabletoreducethetotalsocialandenvironmentalcostsofthedistributionofgoodsinareasusingroad-basedvehicles.SupplyModel CostModels Costsincurredintransportinggoodsareassociatedmainlywithroutes,terminalsandvehicles.Totalcostsoftransportinggoodsaregenerallycomposedoftransportcostsandfacilitycosts.2.4DemandModels Therearetwobasiccategoriesofdemandmodels,thosethatfocusoncommodityflowsandthosethatfocusontrucktrips.Bothtypesofmodelshavevastlydifferentdatarequirements. 2.4.1GenerationModels 2.4.2DistributionModelsImpactModels SocialEconomicandFinancialModelsInput-outputAnalysis(2)Cost-benefitAnalysis(3)ProfitabilityAnalysis2.5ImpactModels 2.5.2EnergyModels Logisticsdistributionsystemoperationmeasureswillsignificantlyaffecttheenergyconsumptionoffreightvehiclesbyimprovingandrationalizingfreighttransportsystems.Modelsarerequiredforestimatingthechangesofenergyconsumptionbyimplementingthissystem.ImpactModels EnvironmentalModels Environmentalmodelspredicttheeffectsontheenvironmentbyimplementinglogisticsdistributionsystemmeasures.Modelsarenormallyusedtoestimatethefollowingthreeimpacts:NoiseVibrationAirpollutionValuatingLogisticsDistributionSystem Modelingprovidesarationalbasisforevaluatinglogisticsdistributionsystem.Modelingalsocanhelpjustifyandencouragetheimplementationofsolutionstoaddresslogisticsdistributionsystemproblemsinourcities.Abovemodelsareusedtoestimateawiderangeofimpact.ValuatingLogisticsDistributionSystem ①Socialimpactsbyalleviatingtrafficcongestionandcrashes; ②Economicimpactsduetochangesinfixedcostsandoperationcosts; ③Environmentalimpactsintermsofemissionsandnoiselevels; ④Financialimpactsbyreducingcoststocarriersandshippers; ⑤Energyconsumptionbychangingtheamountofenergyused; ⑥Feasibilityofestablishingsuppositionalintegratedlogisticsdistributioncenter.NewwordsandExpressions cerealn.谷类食品,谷类 tankn.桶、箱、罐、槽,池塘 silon.筒仓,地窖 facilityn.敏捷,设备,工具 foodstuffn.食品,粮食 variablen.[数]变数,可变物,变量 attenuationn.变薄,稀薄化,变细,衰减 diffractionn.衍射,宽龟裂状的 impactv.碰撞,冲击,影响,效果