ASTM D5458-95(2012)

Designation: D5458 − 95 (Reapproved 2012) Standard Test Method for Peel Cling of Stretch Wrap Film1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5458; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 1. Scope 1.1 This test method measures cling between two layers of film, in both a stretched and unstretched condition. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards:2 D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ- ments D1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics (Withdrawn 1998)3 D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions—General definitions for packaging and dis- tribution environments are found in Terminology D996. 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.1 cling—the property of a material’s ability to adhere to itself. 3.2.2 stretch wrap material—a material used for over- wrapping which, when applied under tension, elongates, and through elastic recovery, conforms to the item(s) packaged. 4. Summary of Test Method 4.1 This test method is a peel cling procedure. A1 in. (25 mm) wide film strip is adhered to a flat film attached to an inclined surface. The force required to remove the film strip from the flat film is measured. 5. Significance and Use 5.1 Cling is of critical importance in maintaining a tight wrap after a load is stretch wrapped. 6. Equipment and Preparation 6.1 Apparatus—A universal testing machine with a constant rate of grip separation equipped, as follows: 6.1.1 One lightweight jaw equipped with 1 by 1.5 in. (25 by 38 mm) flat rubber-faced grips, 6.1.2 Cling attachment (see Figs. 1-5), 6.1.3 Cling clamp (see Fig. 6), 6.1.4 Load cell, 500-g load capacity, 6.1.5 If using pneumatic grips, air supply, 60 to 70 psi with appropriate filter, 6.1.6 Sample template, picture-frame style with inside di- mensions of 5 by 20 in. (125 by 500 mm), 6.1.7 Precision sample cutter, 1 6 0.001 in. (25.4 6 0.03 mm) width, with precision of 1 6 0.001 in. (25.4 6 0.03 mm),4 6.1.8 Single-edged safety razor blade, 6.1.9 Synthetic bristle paint brush, 2 in. (50 mm) wide, 6.1.10 Ruler, 12 in. (approximately 300 mm), 6.1.11 Separation paper, 8.5 by 12 in. (approximately 125 by 280 mm) bond, 6.1.12 String, 24 in. (approximately 610 mm) nonelastic, such as dental floss or fishing line, 6.1.13 Steel rod, approximately 0.25 in. (6 mm) in diameter and 10 in. (255 mm) long. 6.1.14 Cutting surface, approximately 36 by 36 in. (approxi- mately 900 by 900 mm) plate glass, 0.25 in. (6 mm) thick. 6.2 Preparation of Apparatus: 6.2.1 Install the load cell on the upper set frame and allow 15-min warm-up period. 6.2.2 Install the upper lightweight jaw. 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing and Unitizing of Loads. Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D5458 – 95 (2007). DOI: 10.1520/D5458-95R12. 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org. 4 JDC-1-10 Cutter is available from Thwing-Albert Instrument Co., 10960 Dutton Rd., Philadelphia, PA 19154 or other manufacturers. Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States 1 6.2.3 Remove the lower jaw and install the cling attach- ment, using the locking pin to secure. 6.2.4 Feed the end of the string not fastened to the clamp through the pulley on the cling attachment and place in the center of the upper jaw. 6.2.5 With the clamp resting at the base of the incline (which is in position on the base plate), adjust the crosshead, or the amount of string pulled through the grips, or both in combination, to achieve a distance of 5 by 7 in. (125 by 180 mm) between the top of the pulley and the bottom of the grips. Tighten the upper jaw. Adjust the crosshead return stop as necessary. 6.2.6 Set the testing machine crosshead speed for 5 in. (125 mm). (Any chart speed is acceptable.) 6.2.7 Zero, balance, and calibrate the tester in accordance with the operator’s manual. 7. Sampling 7.1 Acceptance sampling shall be in accordance with Prac- tice D1898. 7.2 Sampling for Other Purposes—The sampling and the number of test specimens depends on the purposes of the testing. Practice E122 is recommended. Test specimens should be taken from several rolls of film, and when possible, from several production runs of a product. Strong conclusions about a specific property of a film cannot be based on a single roll of product. 8. Test Specimens 8.1 The roll to be tested must have at least three outer wraps removed just prior to sample selection. 8.2 With the film unwinding from the top of the roll, pull about 30 in. (760 mm) of sample film from the roll at a rate of approximately 8 in./s (approximately 200 mm/s). Some films are sensitive to unwind speed so a consistent rate that does not induce appearance variations, such as stripes or bars, is important. 8.3 Place the film being sampled on the glass cutting surface being cautious not to create wrinkles. Mark the machine direction (MD) of the sample. Do not touch the film test surface. 8.4 Align the paper sheets under and over the film in three locations equidistant across the film. Cut around the outside edges of the papers to form paper/film/paper sandwiches. Label the web location and side of the film that is to be on the outside of a wrapped load; this will be referred to as the “outside” surface and the other side the “inside” surface. 8.5 Using the precision sample cutter, cut a 1 in. (25.4mm) transverse direction (TD) by approximately 7 in. (180 mm) machine direction (MD) specimen from each paper/film/paper sandwich. These will be used with the corresponding 5 by 20 in. (125 by 500 mm) samples. NOTE 1—1 in. = 25 mm. FIG. 1 Overall Fixture D5458 − 95 (2012) 2 8.6 Using the sample template and razor blade, cut three 5 by 7 in. (125 by 180 mm) TD by MD samples corresponding to the TD locations of the 1 by 7 in. (25.4 by 180 mm) samples cut in 8.5. 8.7 Perform subsequent testing “outside” surface to “inside” surface. Conduct testing within 30 min of sample preparation. 8.8 In the case of single-side cling film, or differential cling film, it may be necessary to also test outside to outside surface or inside to inside surface. 9. Conditioning 9.1 Sample Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at standard atmospheric condition for not less than 24 h prior to testing in accordance with Practice D4332. 9.2 Test Conditions—Conduct the test in accordance with the condition specified in 9.1. 10. Procedure 10.1 Loosen the fixture knob and push the incline up from the fixture surface. Allow the pins to hold the incline up. See Fig. 7 for a picture of test equipment and specimen set up for test. 10.2 Place a 5 by 20 in. (127 by 508 mm) sample squarely on the incline face with its outside surface up. 10.3 Tuck the film under the leading edge of the inclined bottom edge and reset the locating pins in their holes allowing the film to be clamped. Remove any obvious wrinkles and tighten the incline locking knob. 10.4 Grasp the unclamped corners of the film sample and pull back over the incline face to create a tight, smooth surface of film. A slight amount of stretching is acceptable. Do not touch the sample test area indicated by the lines on the incline face. 10.5 In accordance with the desired stretch percentage, measure down the incline face from the top and mark both edges of the film sample. The appropriate distances are as follows: Desired Elongation, % Distance Down Incline Face, in. (mm) 0 0 (0) 50 2 (50) 100 3 (75) 200 4 (100) 10.6 Roll the free end of the film up on the steel rod to within 1 in. (25 mm) of the marks on the film. 10.7 Elongate the sample, using the steel rod as the grip area, until the marks are aligned with the top edge of the incline. 10.8 While still holding the film tightly enough to maintain this extension, move the rod down and through the clamps and clamp the film. Some film might have to be allowed to unwind from the rod during this step to ensure proper mark positions and yet have film to clamp. NOTE 1—1 in. = 25 mm. FIG. 2 Incline Surface D5458 − 95 (2012) 3 10.9 Take the corresponding 1 in. (25.4 mm) wide paper/ film/paper sandwich sample and slide the paper to expose about 0.5 in. (12.5 mm) of film. 10.10 With the “outside” surface up, place this exposed film section on the incline film sample and at the top of the incline. Align it so that the remainder of the sample, with paper still in place, will lie between the parallel guide lines that run the full face length of the incline. 10.11 With the sample positioned property, brush the ex- posed end down with moderate pressure. Grasp the opposite ends of the paper and gently pull the paper away from the film creating a smooth contact surface with the sample still properly aligned. 10.12 Using the wide side of the brush and moderate pressure and speed, brush the length of the 1 in. (25 mm) sample with three strokes. This will eliminate air and ensure good contact between the sample surfaces. 10.13 Roll the lower end of the 1 in. (25.4 mm) sample and insert it in the film clip. 10.14 Turn the chart and pen on and activate the crosshead. 10.15 At the moment when the 25.4-mm (1.0-in.) film specimen is separating from the incline at the horizontal cling line (see Fig. 1), mark the chart. This value is the cling force. 10.16 Turn the chart and pen off, return the crosshead, and remove the samples. 10.17 Repeat 10.1 to 10.16 for each replicate. A minimum of three replicates should be completed and the results aver- aged. 11. Report 11.1 Report the following information: 11.1.1 Any deviations from the procedure in Section 10, and 11.1.2 Sample identification (including nominal gage), % stretch, average cling value, and one standard deviation of the cling value. Cling values are reported in units of grams-force per inch width or Newtons/mm2(see Note 1). NOTE 1—Although grams-force per inch width is recognized as the standard of the industry, grams is not a recognized force measurement. Newtons is a recognized force measurement. Conversion from gramsforce per inch to newtons per millimetre width can be made. 12. Precision and Bias 12.1 Precision—The following results are based on a round- robin experiment conducted in 1989, in accordance with Practice E691, involving seven materials tested by six labora- tories. Each material was tested at two different stretch percentages, 100 and 200 %. Sample rolls of each material were provided to each participating laboratory, and that labo- ratory evaluated the material at each elongation five times to produce a final result. 12.1.1 The average cling for 100 % stretch among the seven samples was 0.078 N/mm. The standard deviation within each NOTE 1—1 in. = 25 mm. FIG. 3 Mounting Stud D5458 − 95 (2012) 4 laboratory was 18.5 percentage points and between laboratory standard deviation was 43.3 percentage points. Other materials may have higher or lower variability. Based on this, the estimated 95 % repeatability limits are 51.8 percentage points and the estimated reproducibility limits are 121 percentage points. 12.1.2 The average cling for 200 % stretch among the seven samples was 0.067 N/mm. The standard deviation within each laboratory was 16.9 percentage points and between laboratory standard deviation was 37.9 percentage points. Other materials may have higher or lower variability. Based on this, the estimated 95 % repeatability limits are 47.3 percentage points and the estimated reproducibility limits are 106 percentage points. 12.2 Bias—The procedure in this test method has no bias because the value of cling is defined in terms of the test method. 13. Keywords 13.1 peel cling; stretch wrap; thin films NOTE 1—1 in. = 25 mm. FIG. 4 Incline D5458 − 95 (2012) 5 NOTE 1—1 in. = 25 mm. FIG. 5 Base Plate D5458 − 95 (2012) 6 FIG. 6 Cling Clamp FIG. 7 Stretch Wrap Film Peel Cling Test D5458 − 95 (2012) 7 ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. 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