1986-2000年考研英语真题与答案

1986-2000年考研英语真题与答案 1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Close Test For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labeled ,A,, ,B,, ,C, and,D. Choose the best one and put your choice in the brackets below the passage. Read the whole passage before making your choices. (10 points) On Wednesday afternoons Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market. For an hour or 1 she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything, buying here and there, and 2 a sharp lookout for the bargains that were sometimes to be had. And then, with all the things she needed 3 she would leave the market for the streets of the town to spend another hour 4 she liked best: looking in furniture shop windows. One Wednesday she found a new shop full of the most delightful things, with a notice inviting anyone to walk in and look 5 without feeling they had to buy something. Annie hesitated for a moment before stepping through the doorway where, almost at once, she stopped 6 before a green armchair. There was a card on the chair which said: “This fine chair is yours 7 less than a pound a week,” and very small at the bottom, “Cash price eighty-nine pounds fifty.” A pound a week... 8 , she could almost pay that out of her housekeeping money and never miss it! A voice at her shoulder made her 9 . “Can I help you, Madam?” She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her 10 . “Oh, well, no,” she said. “I was just looking.” “We’ve chairs of all kinds in the showroom. If you’ll just come up, you will find something to suit you.” Annie, worried at the thought of being persuaded to buy something she didn’t need, left the shop hurriedly. [276 words] 1. ,A, so ,B, more ,C, else ,D, another 2. ,A, taking ,B, making ,C, fixing ,D, keeping 3. ,A, buy ,B, bought ,C, buying ,D, to have bought 4. ,A, in a way ,B, by the way ,C, in the way ,D, on the way 5. ,A, behind ,B, round ,C, back ,D, on 6. ,A, doubted ,B, wondered ,C, puzzled ,D, delighted 7. ,A, at ,B, for ,C, with ,D, in 8. ,A, Why ,B, When ,C, How ,D, What 9. ,A, jump ,B, leap ,C, laugh ,D, wonder 10.,A, place ,B, back ,C, side ,D, front Section II Reading Comprehension Each of the two passages below is followed by five questions. For each question there are four answers. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (10 points) Text 1 ?There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. ?You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. ?But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. ?There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. ?We can call these people “generalists.” ?And these “generalists” are particularly needed for positions in administration, where 1 it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people?s work, to begin it and judge it. ?The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. ?He is a “trained” man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. ?The generalist — and especially the administrator — deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. ?He is an “educated” man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation. ?Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. ?And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field. ?Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. ?It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly. ?Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you -- but this is pure accident. ?Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. ?At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee. 11. There is an increasing demand for ________. [A] all round people in their own fields [B] people whose job is to organize other people?s work [C] generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional [D] specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others 12. The specialist is ________. [A] a man whose job is to train other people [B] a man who has been trained in more than one fields [C] a man who can see the forest rather than the trees [D] a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters 13. The administrator is ________. [A] a “trained” man who is more a specialist than a generalist [B] a man who sees the trees as well as the forest [C] a man who is very strong in the humanities [D] a man who is an “educated” specialist 14. During your training period, it is important________. [A] to try to be a generalist [B] to choose a profitable job [C] to find an organization which fits you [D] to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist 15. A man?s first job ________. [A] is never the right job for him [B] should not be regarded as his final job [C] should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any job [D] is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final job Text 2 At the bottom of the world lies a mighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and, until 2 recent times, unknown to man. It is a great land mass with mountain ranges whose extent and elevation are still uncertain. Much of the continent is a complete blank on our maps. Man has explored, on foot, less than one per cent of its area. Antarctica differs fundamentally from the Arctic regions. The Arctic is an ocean, covered with drifting packed ice and hemmed in by the land masses of Europe, Asia, and North America. The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined, centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world -- the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. The continental ice sheet is more than two miles high in its centre, thus, the air over the Antarctic is far more refrigerated than it is over the Arctic regions. This cold air current from the land is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited. Thus, more than a million persons live within 2,000 miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia -- a region rich in forest and mining industries. Apart from a handful of weather stations, within the same distance of the South Pole there is not a single tree, industry, or settlement. 16. The best title for this selection would be ________. [A] Iceland [B] Land of Opportunity [C] The Unknown Continent [D] Utopia at Last 17. At the time this article was written, our knowledge of Antarctica was ________. [A] very limited [B] vast [C] fairly rich [D] nonexistent 18. Antarctica is bordered by the ________. [A] Pacific Ocean [B] Indian Ocean [C] Atlantic Ocean [D] All three 19. The Antarctic is made uninhabitable primarily by ________. [A] cold air [B] calm seas [C] ice [D] lack of knowledge about the continent 20. According to this article ________. [A] 2,000 people live on the Antarctic Continent [B] a million people live within 2,000 miles of the South Pole [C] weather conditions within a 2,000 mile radius of the South Pole make settlements impractical [D] only a handful of natives inhabit Antarctica Section III English-Chinese Translation Translate the following passage into Chinese. Only the underlined sentences are to be translated. (20 points) It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards. (21) If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities. (22) If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit. (23) Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its time tables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do. (24) Most students would, I believe, profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all rounders” with no particular interest. They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to 3 take their degrees, so that in later life, they do not look back and say, “I should like to have been an archaeologist. If I hadn?t taken a degree in Modern Languages, I shouldn?t have ended up as an interpreter, but it?s too late now. I couldn?t go back and begin all over again.” (25) There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one?s time at university. (26) This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning. (27) He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about. (28) It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world. 1987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Close Test Cheques have 1 replaced money as a means of exchange for they are widely accepted everywhere. Though this is very convenient for both buyer and seller, it should not be forgotten that cheques are not real money: they are quite valueless in themselves. A shop-keeper always runs a certain 2 when he accepts a cheque and he is quite 3 his rights if on occasion, he refuses to do so. People do not always know this and are shocked if their good faith is called 4 . An old and very wealthy friend of mine told me he had an extremely unpleasant experience. He went to a famous jewelry shop which keeps a large 5 of precious stones and asked to be shown some pearl necklaces. After examining several trays, he decided to buy a particularly fine string of pearls and asked if he could pay by Cheques. The assistant said that this was quite 6 but the moment my friend signed his name, he was invited into the manager’s office. The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone with exactly the same name had presented them with a worthless Cheque not long ago. My friend got very angry when he heard this and said he would buy a necklace somewhere else. When he got up to go, the manager told him that the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay 7 he wanted to get into serious trouble. 8 , the police arrived soon afterwards. They apologized to my friend for the 9 , but explained that a person who had used the same name as his was responsible for a number of recent robberies. Then the police asked my friend to copy out a note which had been used by the thief in a number of shops. The note 10 : “I have a gun in my pocket. Ask no questions and give me all the money in the safe.” Fortunately, my friend’s handwriting was quite unlike the thief’s. He was not only allowed to go without further delay, but to take the string of pearls with him. [356 words] 1. ,A, exactly ,B, really ,C, largely ,D, thoroughly 2. ,A, danger ,B, chance ,C, risk ,D, opportunity 3. ,A, within ,B, beyond ,C, without ,D, out of 4. ,A, in difficulty ,B, in doubt ,C, in earnest ,D, in question 5. ,A, amount ,B, stock ,C, number ,D, store 6. ,A, in order ,B, in need ,C, in use ,D, in common 7. ,A, whether ,B, if ,C, otherwise ,D, unless 4 8. ,A, Really ,B, Sure enough ,C, Certainly ,D, However 9. ,A, treatment ,B, manner ,C, inconvenience ,D, behaviour 10.,A, read ,B, told ,C, wrote ,D, informed Section II Reading Comprehension Text 1 ?For centuries men dreamed of achieving vertical flight. ?In 400 A.D. Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that spun upwards and fell back to earth as rotation ceased. ?Leonardo da Vinci conceive the first mechanical apparatus, called a “Helix,” which could carry man straight up, but was only a design and was never tested. ?The ancient-dream was finally realized in 1940 when a Russian engineer piloted a strange looking craft of steel tubing with a rotating fan on top. ?It rose awkwardly and vertically into the air from a standing start, hovered a few feet above the ground, went sideways and backwards, and then settled back to earth. ?The vehicle was called a helicopter. ?Imaginations were fired. ?Men dreamed of going to work in their own personal helicopters. ?People anticipate that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today. ?Such fantastic expectations were not fulfilled. ?The helicopter has now become an extremely useful machine. ?It excels in military missions, carrying troops, guns and strategic instruments where other aircraft cannot go. ? Corporations use them as airborne offices, many metropolitan areas use them in police work, construction and logging companies employ them in various advantageous ways, engineers use them for site selection and surveying, and oil companies use them as the best way to make offshore and remote work stations accessible to crews and supplies. ?Any urgent mission to a hard-to-get-to place is a likely task for a helicopter. ?Among their other multitude of uses: deliver people across town, fly to and from airports, assist in rescue work, and aid in the search for missing or wanted persons. 12. Helicopters work with the aid of ________. [A] a combination of rotating devices in front and on top [B] a rotating device topside [C] one rotating fan in the center of the aircraft and others at each end [D] a rotating fan underneath for lifting 13. What is said about the development of the helicopter? [A] Helicopters have only been worked on by man since 1940. [B] Chinese children were the first to achieve flight in helicopters. [C] Helicopters were considered more dangerous than the early airplanes. [D] Some people thought they would become widely used by average individuals. 14. How has the use of helicopters developed? [A] They have been widely used for various purposes. [B] They are taking the place of high-flying jets. [C] They are used for rescue work. 5 [D] They are now used exclusively for commercial projects. 15. Under what conditions are helicopters found to be absolutely essential? [A] For overseas passenger transportation. [B] For extremely high altitude flights. [C] For high-speed transportation. [D] For urgent mission to places inaccessible to other kinds of craft. Text 2 ?In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. ?The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. ?No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 B.C. ?The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. ?Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. ?Slaves, women and dishonored persons were not allowed to compete. ?The exact sequence of events uncertain, but events included boy?s gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games. ?On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. ?So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. ?Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. ?How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling. ?After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A.D. ?They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. ?It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896. ?Nowadays, the Games are held in different countries in turn. ?The host country provides vast facilities, including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing courtries pay their own athletes? expenses. ?The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun?s rays. ?It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. ?The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. ?The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games. 16. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games ________. 6 [A] were merely national athletic festivals [B] were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colour [C] had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous position [D] were primarily national events with few foreign participants 17. In the early days of ancient Olympic Games ________. [A] only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the games [B] all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or social status, were allowed to take part [C] all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in Games [D] all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the Games 18. The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics ________. [A] has not definitely been established [B] varied according to the number of foreign competitors [C] was decided by Zeus, in whose honor the Games were held [D] was considered unimportan 19. Modern athletes? results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because _____. [A] the Greeks had no means of recording the results [B] they are much better [C] details such as the time were not recorded in the past [D] they are much worse 20. Nowadays, the athletes? expenses are paid for ________. [A] out of the prize money of the winners [B] out of the funds raised by the competing nations [C] by the athletes themselves [D] by contributions Text 3 ?In science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization?s every step in search of reality. ?Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first looked into the nature of the electrification of amber, a hard yellowish-brown gum. ?Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really” are. ?“Electricity,” Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul?s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. ?When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.” ?Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. ?Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. ?He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that?s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that?s where it belongs. ?The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. ?Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation. 21. The aim of controlled scientific experiments is ________. [A] to explain why things happen [B] to explain how things happen 7 [C] to describe self-evident principles [D] to support Aristotelian science 22. What principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years? [A] the speculations of Thales [B] the forces of electricity, magnetism, and gravity [C] Aristotle?s natural science [D] Galileo?s discoveries 23. Bertrand Russell?s notion about electricity is ________. [A] disapproved of by most modern scientists [B] in agreement with Aristotle?s theory of self-evident principles [C] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how” things happen [D] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why” things happen 24. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea ________. [A] that there are mysterious forces in the universe [B] that man cannot discover what forces “really” are [C] that there are self-evident principles [D] that we can discover why things behave as they do 25. Modern science came into being ________. [A] when the method of controlled experiment was first introduced [B] when Galileo succeeded in explaining how things happen [C] when Aristotelian scientist tried to explain why things happen [D] when scientists were able to acquire an understanding of reality of reasoning Section III English-Chinese Translation Have there always been cities? (26) Life without large urban areas may seem inconceivable to us, but actually cities are relatively recent development. Groups with primitive economics still manage without them. The trend, however, is for such groups to disappear, while cities are increasingly becoming the dominant mode of man?s social existence. (27) Historically, city life has always been among the elements which form a civilization. Any high degree of human endeavor and achievement has been closely linked to life in an urban environment. (28) It is virtually impossible to imagine that universities, hospitals, large businesses or even science and technology could have come into being without cities to support them. To most people, cities have traditionally been the areas where there was a concentration of culture as well as of opportunity. (29) In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems. What has happened to the modern American city? Actually, the problem is not such a new one. Long before this century started, there had begun a trend toward the concentration of the poor of the American society into the cities. Each great wave of immigration from abroad and from the rural areas made the problem worse. During this century, there has also been the development of large suburban areas surrounding the cities, for the rich prefer to live in these areas. Within the cities, sections may be sharply divided into high and low rent districts, the “right side of town” and the slums. Of course, everyone wants to do something about this unhappy situation. But there is no agreement as to goals. Neither is there any systematic approach or integrated program. Opinions are as diverse as the people who give them. (30) But one basic difference of opinion concerns the question of whether or not the city as such is to be preserved. Perhaps transportation and the 8 means of communication have really made it possible for there to be an end to the big cities. Of course, there is the problem of persuading people to move out of them of their own free will. (31) And there is also the objection that the city has always been the core from which cultural advancement has radiated. Is this, however, still the case today in the presence of easy transportation and communication? Does culture arise as a result of people living together communally, or is it too the result of decisions made at the level of government and the communications industry? It is probably true to say that most people prefer to preserve the cities. Some think that the cities could be cleaned up or totally rebuilt. This is easy to say; it would not be so easy to do. (32) To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them. Living conditions could not help but improve, at least for a while. But would the problems return after the rebuilding was completed? Nevertheless, with the majority of the people living in urban areas, the problem of the cities must be solved. (33) From agreement on this general goal, we have, unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total inaction. At the basis of much of this inaction is an old-fashioned concept -- the idea human conditions will naturally tend to regulate themselves for the general goal. 1988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Close Test In 1620, a small sailboat named the Mayflower left England for the New World. The Mayflower headed for the Jamestown colony on the warm shore of Virginia. Its one hundred passengers were the Pilgrims. They were looking for a place where they could worship God 1 . Because of strong winds and severe storms, the Mayflower lost its 2 . The brave group of colonists finally had to land at Plymouth on the rocky coast of Massachusetts in December 1620. It was the middle of the stern northern winter. 3 months of starvation, disease, and death were ahead of them. Only the strongest of the pilgrims 4 that winter. Many women gave their own pitiful rations to their children and died for lack of food for themselves. Living 5 began to improve in the spring of 1621. There were wild vegetables. There were berries and fruit. Fish and game were plentiful. Therefore, they were able to get enough fresh meat despite their lack of skill or experience in hunting and fishing. The colonists? health 6 with the warm weather and their better diet. In the fall, they look back 7 the past year. They were both regretful and thankful. Only fifty of the original one hundred passengers remained. The price in human life and tragedy had been great. On the other hand, they saw new hope for the future. A splendid harvest was 8 them. They were ready for the second winter with confidence. They had eleven crude houses for protection against the severe winter. Seven were for families, and four were for communal use. 9 , they had established a treaty of friendship with their Indian neighbors under Chief Massasoit in the summer. The woods and forests became safe. When the Mayflower returned to England that summer, there were no colonists 10 . At the end of their first year in their new home, the Pilgrims wanted to celebrate with a real holiday. It was their first Thanks giving Day. [328 words] 1. ,A, in their own style ,B, in their own way ,C, on their own,D, of their own 2. ,A, course ,B, route ,C, passage ,D, channel 9 3. ,A, Uncomfortable ,B, Bad ,C, Unfavourable ,D, Terrible 4. ,A, passed ,B, sustained ,C, survived ,D, spent 5. ,A, situations ,B, environments ,C, conditions ,D, circumstances 6. ,A, strengthened ,B, regained ,C, recovered ,D, improved 7. ,A, in ,B, of ,C, over ,D, at 8. ,A, on ,B, behind ,C, for ,D, beyond 9. ,A, Best of all ,B, For the best ,C, To their best ,D, All in all 10.,A, ashore ,B, around ,C, about ,D, aboard Section II Reading Comprehension Text 1 ?It doesn?t come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you can?t remember it. ?You just waste your valuable time. ?Maybe you have already discovered some clever ways to keep yourself from forgetting. ?One dependable aid that does help you remember what you study is to have a specific purpose or reason for reading. ?You remember better what you read when you know why you?re reading. ?Why does a clerk in a store go away and leave you when your reply to her offer to help is, “No, thank you. I?m just looking”? ?Both you and she know that if you aren?t sure what you want, you are not likely to find it. ?But suppose you say instead, “Yes, thank you. I want a pair of sun glasses.” ?She says, “Right this way, please.” ?And you and she are off -- both eager to look for exactly what you want. ?It?s quite the same with your studying. ?If you chose a book at random, “just looking” for nothing in particular, you are likely to get just that -- nothing. ?But if you do know what you want, and if you have the right book, you are almost sure to get it. ?Your reasons will vary; they will include reading or studying “to find out more about”, “to understand the reasons for”, “to find out how”. ?A good student has a clear purpose or reason for what he is doing. ?This is the way it works. ?Before you start to study, you say to yourself something like this, “I want to know why Stephen Vincent Benet happened to write about America. I?m reading this article to find out.” ?Or, “I?m going to skim this story to see what life was like in medieval England.” ?Because you know why you are reading or studying, you relate the information to your purpose and remember it better. ?Reading is not one single activity. ?At least two important processes go on at the same time. ?As you read, you take in ideas rapidly and accurately. ?But at the same time you express your own ideas to yourself as you react to what you read. ?You have a kind of mental conversation with the author. ?If you expressed your ideas orally, they might sound like this: “Yes, I agree. That?s my opinion too.” or “Ummmm, I thought that record was broken much earlier. I?d better check those dates,” or “But there are some other facts to be considered!” ?You don?t just sit there taking in ideas -- you do something else, and that something else is very important. 10 ?This additional process of thinking about what you read includes evaluating it, relating it to what you already know, and using it for your own purposes. ?In other words, a good reader is a critical reader. ?One part of critical reading, as you have discovered, is distinguishing between facts and opinions. ?Facts can be checked by evidence. ?Opinions are one?s own personal reactions. ?Another part of critical reading is judging sources. ?Still another part is drawing accurate inferences. 11. If you cannot remember what you read or study, ________. [A] it is no surprise [B] it means you have not really learned anything [C] it means you have not chosen the right book [D] you realize it is of no importance 12. Before you start reading, it is important ________. [A] to make sure why you are reading [B] to relate the information to your purpose [C] to remember what you read [D] to choose an interesting book 13. Reading activity involves ________. [A] only two simultaneous processes [B] primarily learning about ideas and evaluating them critically [C] merely distinguishing between facts and opinions [D] mainly drawing accurate inferences 14. A good reader is one who ________. [A] relates what he reads to his own knowledge about the subject matter [B] does lots of thinking in his reading [C] takes a critical attitude in his reading [D] is able to check the facts presented against what he has already known Text 2 ?If you live in a large city, you are quite familiar with some of the problems of noise, but because of some of its harmful effects, you may not be aware of the extent of its influence on human behavior. ?Although everyone more or less knows what noise is, i.e., it is sounds that one would rather not hear, it is perhaps best to define it more precisely for scientific purposes. ?One such definition is that noise is sounds that are unrelated to the task at hand. ?Thus stimuli that at one time might be considered relevant will at another time be considered noise, depending on what one is doing at the moment. ?In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in the effects of noise on human behavior, and concepts such as “noise pollution” have arisen, together with movements to reduce noise. ?Exposure to loud noises can definitely produce a partial or complete loss of hearing, depending on the intensity, duration, and frequency composition of the noise. ?Many jobs present noise hazards, such as working in factories and around jet aircraft, driving farm tractors, and working (or sitting) in music halls where rock bands are playing. ?In general, continuous exposure to sounds of over 80 decibels (a measure of the loudness of sound) can be considered dangerous. ?Decibel values correspond to various sounds. ?Sounds above about 85 decibels may, if exposure is for a sufficient period of time, produce significant hearing loss. ?Actual loss will depend upon the particular frequencies to which one is exposed, and whether the sound is 11 continuous or intermittent. Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks, for instance, if one is performing a watch keeping task that requires vigilance, in which he is responsible for detecting weak signals of some kind (e.g., watching a radar screen for the appearance of aircraft). ?Communicating with other people is unfavorably affected by noise. ?If you have ridden in the rear of a jet transport, you may have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversation at first, and that, eventually, you adjusted the loudness of your speech to compensate for the effect. ?The problem is noise. 15. Noise differs from sound in that ________. [A] it is sounds that interfere with the task being done [B] it is a special type of loud sound [C] it is usually unavoidable in big cities [D] it can be defined more precisely than the latter 16. One of the harmful effects of noise on human performance is that ________. [A] it reduces one?s sensitivity [B] it renders the victim helpless [C] it deprives one of the enjoyment of music [D] it drowns out conversations at worksites 17. The purpose of this passage is ________. [A] to define the effects of noise on human behavior [B] to warn people of the danger of noise pollution [C] to give advice as to how to prevent hearing loss [D] to tell the difference between noise and sound Text 3 ?The traditional belief that a woman?s place is in the home and that a woman ought not to go out to work can hardly be reasonably maintained in present conditions. ?It is said that it is a woman?s task to care for the children, but families today tend to be small and with a year or two between children. ?Thus a woman?s whole period of childbearing may occur within five years. ?Furthermore, with compulsory education from the age of five or six her role as chief educator of her children soon ceases. ?Thus, even if we agree that a woman should stay at home to look after her children before they are of school age, for many women, this period would extend only for about ten years. ?It might be argued that the house-proud woman would still find plenty to do about the home. ?That may be so, but it is certainly no longer necessary for a woman to spend her whole life cooking, cleaning, mending and sewing. ?Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes. ?Refrigerators have made it possible to store food for long periods and many pre-cooked foods are obtainable in tins. ?Shopping, instead of being a daily task, can be completed in one day a week. ?The new man-made fibers are more hardwiring than natural fibers and greatly reduce mending, while good ready-made clothes are cheap and plentiful. ?Apart from women?s own happiness, the needs of the community must be considered. ? 12 Modern society cannot do well without the contribution that women can make in professions and other kinds of work. ?There is a serious shortage of nurses and teachers, to mention only two of the occupations followed by women. ?It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year or two and be lost forever to her profession. ?The training, it is true, will help her in duties as a mother, but if she continued to work, her service would be more widely useful. ?Many factories and shops, too, are largely staffed by women, many of them married. ?While here the question of training is not so important, industry and trade would be seriously short of staff if married women did not work. 18. The author holds that ________. [A] the right place for all women, married or otherwise, is the home, not elsewhere [B] all married women should have some occupation outside the home [C] a married woman should give first priority to her duties as a mother [D] it is desirable for uneducated married women to stay at home and take care of the famil 19. A house-proud woman ________. [A] would devote her whole life to her family [B] would take her own happiness and that of her family as her chief concern [C] would still need some special training at public expense to help her in her duties as a housewife [D] would take full advantage of modern household appliances 20. According to the author, modern society ________. [A] can operate just as well even without women participation [B] has been greatly hampered in its development by the shortage of women nurses and women teachers [C] cannot operate properly without the contribution of women [D] will be seriously affected by the continuing shortage of working women in heavy industries and international trade Section III English-Chinese Translation Seated behind the front desk at a New York firm, the receptionist was efficient. Stylishly dressed, the firm?s newest employee had a pleasant telephone voice and a natural charm that put clients at ease. The company was pleased: (21) Clearly, this was a person who took considerable pride in personal appearance. David King, the receptionist, is unusual, but by no means unique. (22) Just as all truck drivers and construction workers are no longer necessarily men, all secretaries and receptionists are no longer automatically women. The number of men in women-dominated fields is still small and they haven?t attracted the attention that has often followed women advancing into male-dominated fields, but men are moving into more and more jobs that have traditionally been held by women. Strictly speaking, the phenomenon is not new. For the past several decades, men have been quietly entering fields such as nursing, social work and elementary education. But today no job seems off-limits. Men serve coffee in offices and meals on airplanes. (23) These changes are helping to influence some of the long-standing traditions about the types of work men and women can do -- but they also produce some undeniable problems for the men who are entering those fields formerly dominated by women. 13 What kinds of men venture into these so-called “women?s fields”? All kinds. (24) “I don?t know of any definite answers I?d be comfortable with,” explains Joseph Pleck, Ph.D., of the Wellesley College Centre for Research on Women. Sam Ormont, for example, a thirty-year-old nurse at a Boston hospital, went into nursing because the army had trained him as a medical worker. (25) “I found that work very interesting.” he recalled, “and when I got out of the service it just seemed natural for me to go into something medical. I wasn?t really interested in becoming a doctor.” Thirty-five-year-old David King, an out-of-work actor, found a job as a receptionist because he was having trouble landing roles in Broadway plays and he needed to pay the rent. (26) In other words, men enter “female” jobs out of the same consideration for personal interest and economic necessity that motivates anyone looking for work. But similarities often end there. Men in female-dominated jobs are conspicuous. As a group, their work histories differ in most respects from those of their female colleagues, and they are frequently treated differently by the people with whom they are in professional contact. The question naturally arises: Why are there still approximately ninety-nine female secretaries for every one male? There is also a more serious issue. Most men don?t want to be receptionists, nurses, secretaries or sewing workers. Put simply, these are not generally considered very masculine jobs. (27) To choose such a line of work is to invite ridicule. “There was kidding in the beginning,” recalls Ormont. “Kids coming from school ask what I am, and when I say „A nurse,? they laugh at me. I just smile and say, „You know, there are female doctors, too.?” Still, there are encouraging signs. Years ago, male grade school teachers were as rare as male nurses. Today more than one elementary school teacher in six is male. (28) Can we anticipate a day when secretaries will be an even mix of men and women — or when the mention of a male nurse will no longer raise eyebrows? It?s probably coming -- but not very soon. 1989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Close Test One day drought may be a thing of the past at least in coastal cities. Vast areas of desert throughout the world may for the first time 1 and provide millions of hectares of land where now nothing grows. By the end of this century this may not be mere 2 . Scientists are already looking into the possibility of using some of the available ice in the Arctic and Antarctic. In these regions there are vast ice-caps formed by snow that has fallen over the past 50,000 years. Layer 3 layer of deep snow means that, when melted, the snow water would be pure, not salty as sea-ice would be. There is so much 4 pure water here that it would need only a fraction of it to turn much of the desert or poorly irrigated parts of the world into rich farmland. And what useful packages it would come in! It should be possible to cut off a bit of ice and transport it! Alternatively perhaps a passing iceberg could be 5 . They are always breaking away from the main caps and floating around, pushed by currents, until they eventually melt and are wasted. Many icebergs are, of course, far too small to be towed 6 distance, and would melt before they reached a country that needed them anywhere. It would be necessary to locate one that 14 was 7 and that was big enough to provide a good supply of ice when it reached us. Engineers think that an iceberg up to seven miles long and one and a half miles wide could be transported if the tug pulling it was as big as a supertanker! Even then they would cover only twenty miles every day. However, 8 the iceberg was at its destination, more that 7,000 million cubic metres of water could be taken from it! That would probably be more than enough for any medium-sized city even in the hottest summer! But no doubt a use could be found for it. 9 , scientist say, there would not be too much wastage in such a journey. The larger the iceberg, the slower it melts, even if it is towed through the tropics. This is because when the sun has a bigger area to warm 10 , less heat actually gets into the iceberg. The vast frozen centre would be unaffected. [394 words] 1. ,A, come to life ,B, come into existence,C, come into activity ,D, come round 2. ,A, speculation ,B, imagination ,C, computation ,D, expectation 3. ,A, above ,B, of ,C, upon ,D, over 4. ,A, essential ,B, potential ,C, claimable ,D, obtainable 5. ,A, seized ,B, snatched ,C, grabbed ,D, captured 6. ,A, much ,B, any ,C, some ,D, certain 7. ,A, manageable ,B, manipulative ,C, operable ,D, controllable 8. ,A, after ,B, while ,C, since ,D, once 9. ,A, Apparently ,B, Noticeably ,C, Distinctly ,D, Notably 10.,A, round ,B, over ,C, up ,D, through Section II Reading Comprehension Text 1 A scientist once said: “I have concluded that the earth is being visited by intelligently controlled vehicles from outer space.” If we take this as a reasonable explanation for UFOs (unidentified flying objects), questions immediately come up. “Why don?t they get in touch with us, then? Why don?t they land right on the White House lawn and declare themselves?” people asked. In reply, scientists say that, while this may be what we want, it may not necessarily be what they want. “The most likely explanation, it seems to me,” said Dr. Mead, “is that they are simply watching what we are up to -- that responsible society outside our solar system is keeping an eye on us to see that we don?t set in motion a chain reaction that might have unexpected effects for outside our solar system.” Opinions from other scientists might go like this: “Why should they want to get in touch with us? We may feel we?re more important than we really are! They may want to observe us only and not interfere with the development of our civilization. They may not care if we see them but they also may not care to say „hello?.” ?Some scientists have also suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or wildlife reserve. ?Just as we set aside wilderness areas and wildlife reserves to allow animals and growing things to develop naturally while we observe them, so perhaps Earth was set aside ages ago for the same purpose. ?Are we being observed by intelligent beings from other civilizations in the universe? ? Are they watching our progress in space travel? ?Do we live in a gigantic “zoo” observed by our 15 “keepers,” but having no communication with them? ?Never before in our history have we had to confront ideas like these. ?The simple fact is that we, who have always regarded ourselves as supreme in the universe, may not be so. ?Now we have to recognize that, among the stars in the heavens, there may very well be worlds inhabited by beings who are to us as we are to ants. 11. People who ask the question “Why don?t they get in touch with us... and declare themselves?” think that ________. [A] there are no such things as UFOs [B] UFOs are visitors from solar system [C] there?s no reason for UFOs sooner or later [D] we are bound to see UFOs sooner or later 12. According to Dr. Mead, the attitude of beings from outer space toward us is one of ________. [A] unfriendliness [B] suspicion [C] superiority [D] hostility 13. The tone of the writer is that of ________. [A] doubt [B] warning [C] indifference [D] criticism Text 2 ?The use of the motor is becoming more and more widespread in the twentieth century; as an increasing number of countries develop both technically and economically, so a larger proportion of the world?s population is able to buy and use a car. ?Possessing a car gives a much greater degree of mobility, enabling the driver to move around freely. ?The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transport and is, therefore, not compelled to work locally. ?He can choose from different jobs and probably changes his work more frequently as he is not restricted to a choice within a small radius. ?Travelling to work by car is also more comfortable than having to use public transport; the driver can adjust the heating in winter and the air conditioning in the summer to suit his own needs and preference. ?There is no irritation caused by waiting for trains, buses or underground trains, standing in long patient queues, or sitting on windy platforms, for as long as half an hour sometimes. ?With the building of good, fast motorways long distances can be covered rapidly and pleasantly. ?For the first time in this century also, many people are now able to enjoy their leisure time to the full by making trips to the country or seaside at the weekends, instead of being confined to their immediate neighbourhood. ?This feeling of independence, and the freedom to go where you please, is perhaps the greatest advantage of the car. ?When considering the drawbacks, perhaps pollution is of prime importance. ?As more and more cars are produced and used, so the emission from their exhaust-pipes contains an ever larger volume of poisonous gas. ?Some of the contents of this gas, such as lead, not only pollute the atmosphere but cause actual harm to the health of people. ?Many of the minor illnesses of modern industrial society, headaches, tiredness, and stomach upsets are thought to arise from breathing polluted air; doctors? surgeries are full of people suffering from illnesses caused by pollution. ?It is also becoming increasingly difficult to deal with the problem of traffic in towns; most of the important cities of the world suffer from traffic congestion. ?In fact any advantage gained in comfort is often cancelled out in city driving by the frustration caused by traffic jams: endless queues of cars crawling one after another through all the main streets. ?As an increasing number of traffic regulation schemes are devised, the poor bewildered driver finds himself diverted and forced into one-way systems which cause even greater delays than the traffic jams they are supposed to prevent. ?The mounting cost of petrol and the increased license fees and road tax all add to the driver?s worries. ?In fact, he must sometimes wonder if the motor car is 16 such a blessing and not just a menace. 14. More and more people can afford to buy and use cars because ________. [A] an increasing number of cars are being produced [B] the cost of cars is getting cheaper with the development of technology [C] lots of countries have become more developed [D] the use of cars has proved to be more economical 15. The advantages of having a car are best experienced in the driver?s ________. [A] freedom in choosing his job [B] comfort during the travels [C] enjoyment of his leisure time [D] feeling of self-reliance 16. What is considered by the writer as the greatest menace to the people caused by the widespread use of motor cars? [A] air pollution [B] traffic jams [C] fatal diseases [D] high cost Text 3 ?Manners nowadays in metropolitan cities like London are practically non-existent. ?It is nothing for a big, strong schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the last remaining seat on the tube or bus, much less stand up and offer his seat to her, as he ought. ?In fact, it is saddening to note that if a man does offer his seat to an older woman, it is nearly always a Continental man or one from the older generation. ?This question of giving up seats in public transport is much argued about by young men, who say that, since women have claimed equality, they no longer deserve to be treated with courtesy and that those who go out to work should take their turn in the rat race like anyone else. ?Women have never claimed to be physically as strong as men. ?Even if it is not agreed, however, that young men should stand up for younger women, the fact remains that courtesy should be shown to the old, the sick and the burdened. ?Are we really so lost to all ideals of unselfishness that we can sit there indifferently reading the paper or a book, saying to ourselves “First come, first served,” while a grey-haired woman, a mother with a young child or a cripple stands? ?Yet this is all too often seen. ?Conditions in travel are really very hard on everyone, we know, but hardship is surely no excuse. ?Sometimes one wonders what would have been the behaviour of these stout young men in a packed refugee train or a train on its way to a prison-camp during the War. ?Would they have considered it only right and their proper due to keep the best places for themselves then? ?Older people, tired and irritable from a day?s work, are not angels, either — far from it. ?Many a brisk argument or an insulting quarrel breaks out as the weary queues push and shove each other to get on buses and tubes. ?One cannot commend this, of course, but one does feel there is just a little more excuse. ?If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems imperative, not only that communications in transport should be improved, but also that communication between human beings should be kept smooth and polite. ?All over cities, it seems that people are too tired and too rushed to be polite. ?Shop assistants won?t bother to assist, taxi drivers growl at each other as they dash dangerously round corners, bus conductor pull the bell before their 17 desperate passengers have had time to get on or off the bus, and so on and so on. ?It seems to us that it is up to the young and strong to do their small part to stop such deterioration. 17. From what you have read, would you expect manners to improve among people ________? [A] who are physically weak or crippled [B] who once lived in a prison-camp during the War [C] who live in big modern cities [D] who live only in metropolitan citie 18. What is the writer?s opinion concerning courteous manners towards women? [A] Now that women have claimed equality, they no longer need to be treated differently from men. [B] It is generally considered old-fashioned for young men to give up their seats to young women. [C] “Lady First” should be universally practiced. [D] Special consideration ought to be shown them. 19. According to the author communication between human beings would be smoother if ________. [A] people were more considerate towards each other [B] people were not so tired and irritable [C] women were treated with more courtesy [D] public transport could be improved 20. What is the possible meaning of the word “deterioration” in the last paragraph? [A] worsening of general situation [B] lowering of moral standards [C] declining of physical constitution [D] spreading of evil conduct Section III English-Chinese Translation When Jane Matheson started work at Advanced Electronics Inc. 12 years ago, (21) she laboured over a microscope, hand-welding tiny electronic computers and turned out 18 per hour. Now she tends the computerized machinery that turns out high capacity memory chips at the rate of 2,600 per hour. Production is up, profits are up, her income is up and Mrs. Matheson says the work is far less strain on her eyes. But the most significant effect of the changes at AEI was felt by the workers who are no longer there. Before the new computerized equipment was introduced, there were 940 workers at the plant. Now there are 121. (22) A plant follow-up survey showed that one year after the layoffs only 38% of the released workers found new employment at the same or better wages. Nearly half finally settled for lower pay and more than 13% are still out of work. The AEI example is only one of hundreds around the country which forge intelligently ahead into the latest technology, but leave the majority of their workers behind. (23) Its beginnings obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slow-down, the new technological unemployment may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century. One corporation economist says the growth of “machine job replacement” has been with us since the beginning of the industrial revolution, but never at the pace it is now. The human costs will be astonishing. (24) “It?s humiliating to be done out of your job by a machine and there is no way to fight back, but it is the effort to find a new job that really hurts.” Some workers, like Jane Matheson, are retrained to handle the new equipment, but often a whole new set of skills is required and that means a new, and invariably smaller set of workers. (25) The old workers, trapped by their limited skills, often never regain their old status and employment. Many drift into marginal areas. They feel no pride in their new work. They get badly paid for it and they feel miserable, but still they are luckier than those who never find it. (26) The social costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by the 18 government. Unemployment increases the chances of divorce, child abuse, and alcoholism, a new federal survey shows. Some experts say the problem is only temporary... that new technology will eventually create as many jobs as it destroys. (27) But futurologist Hymen Seymour says the astonishing efficiency of the new technology means there will be a simple and direct net reduction in the amount of human labor that needs to be done. “We should treat this as an opportunity to give people more leisure. It may not be easy, but society will have to reach a new unanimity on the division and distribution of labor,” Seymour says. He predicts most people will work only six-hour days and four-day weeks by the end of the century. But the concern of the unemployed is for now. (28) Federally funded training and free back-to-school programs for laid-off workers are under way, but few experts believe they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology. For the next few years, for a substantial portion of the workforce, times are going to be very tough indeed. 1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Close Test No one knows for sure what the world would be like in the year 2001. Many books have been thwritten 1 the future. But the 19-century French novelist Jules Verne may be called a futurologist in the fullest 2 of the word. In his fantastic novels “A Trip to the Moon” and “80 Days Around the World,” he described with detail the aeroplane and even the helicopter. These novels still have a great attraction 3 young readers of today because of their bold imagination and scientific accuracy. Below is a description of what our life will be in the year 2001 as predicted by a 4 writer. In 2001, in the home, cookers will be set so that you can cook a complete meal at the touch of a switch. Television will provide information on prices at the 5 shops as well as news and entertainment. Videophones will bring pictures as well as 6 to telephone conversations. Machines will control temperature, lighting, entertainment, security alarms, laundry and gardening. Lighting will provide decoration as well as wallpaper. At work, robots will take 7 most jobs in the manufacturing industries. Working hours will fall to under 30 hours a week. Holidays will get longer; six weeks will be the normal annual holiday. Men and women will retire at the same age. Our leisure will be different too. The home will become the center of entertainment through television and electronic games. More people will eat out in restaurants 8 they do today; also they will have a much wider variety of food available. There will be a change of taste towards a more savoury-flavored menu. New synthetic foods will form a 9 part of people?s diets. Foreign travel will 10 ; winter holidays will become more popular than summer ones. Also non-stop flights from Britain to Australia and New Zealand will be easily available and 23much cheaper. ?Education will become increasingly more important than ever before.(321 words) 1. ,A, in ,B, of ,C, about ,D, for 2. ,A, sense ,B, meaning ,C, detail ,D, implication 19 3. ,A, for ,B, of ,C, on ,D, towards 4. ,A, today ,B, nowadays ,C, present-day ,D, present 5. ,A, near ,B, nearby ,C, nearly ,D, nearer 6. ,A, noise ,B, sound ,C, tone ,D, tune 7. ,A, to ,B, away ,C, off ,D, over 8. ,A, than ,B, as ,C, when ,D, while 9. ,A, usual ,B, popular ,C, daily ,D, regular 10.,A, add ,B, increase ,C, raise ,D, arise Section II Reading Comprehension Text 1 ?In May 1989, space shuttle “Atlantis” released in outer space the space probe “Megallan,” which is now on her 15-month and one-billion-kilometer flight to Venus. ?A new phase in space exploration has begun. ?The planet Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth; it is the only other object in the solar system, in fact, that even comes close to earth?s size. ?Venus has a similar density, so it is probably made of approximately the same stuff, and it has an atmosphere, complete with clouds. ?It is also the closest planet to earth, and thus the most similar in distance from the sun. ?In short, Venus seems to justify its long-held nickname of “earth?s twin.” ?The surface temperature of Venus reaches some 900F. ?Added to that is an atmospheric pressure about 90 times Earth?s: High overhead in the carbon dioxide (CO) that passes for air is a 2 layer of clouds, perhaps 10 to 20 miles thick, whose little drops consist mostly of sulfuric acid (HSO). ?Water is all but nonexistent. 24 ?Born with so many fundamental similarities to earth, how did Venus get to be so radically different: It is not just an academic matter. ?For all its extremes, Venus is a valuable laboratory for researchers studying the weather and climate of earth. ?It has no earth?s oceans, so the heat transport and other mechanisms are greatly simplified. ?In addition, the planet Venus takes 243 earth-days to turn once on its axis, so incoming heat from the sun is added and distributed at a more leisurely, observable pace. 11. Venus is similar to Earth in ________. [A] size and density [B] distance from the sun [C] having atmosphere [D] all of the above 12. The greatest value in studying Venus should be to ________. [A] allow us to visit there [B] understand Earth better [C] find a new source of energy [D] promote a new space program 13. The main idea of this passage is about ________. [A] problems of space travel [B] scientific methods in space exploration [C] the importance of Venus to Earth [D] conditions on Venus Text 2 ?Tourists were surprised to see a woman driving a huge orange tractor down one of Rome?s main avenues. ?Italy?s political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been even more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200,000 women in a parading procession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome. ?Shouting slogans, waving flags and dancing to drumbeats, the women had come to the capital from all over Italy to demonstrate for “a job for each of us, a different type of job, and a society without violence.” ?So far, action to improve women?s opportunities in employment has 20 been the province of collective industrial bargaining. ?“But there is a growing awareness that this is not enough,” says a researcher on female labor at the government-funded Institute for the Development of Professional Training for Workers. ?Women, who constitute 52 per cent of Italy?s population, today represent only 35 per cent of Italy?s total workforce and 33 per cent of the total number of Italians with jobs. ?However, their presence in the workplace is growing. ?The employment of women is expanding considerably in services, next to the public administration and commerce as their principal workplace. ?Official statistics also show that women have also made significant strides in self-employment. ?More and more women are going into business for themselves. ?Many young women are turning to business because of the growing overall in employment. ?It is also a fact that today many prejudices have disappeared, so that banks and other financial institutes make judgments on purely business considerations without caring if it is a man or a woman. ?Such changes are occurring in the professions too. ?The number of women doctors, dentists, lawyers, engineers and university professors increased two to three fold. ?Some of the changes are immediately visible. ?For example, women have appeared on the scene for the first time as state police, railway workers and street cleaners. ?However, the present situation is far from satisfactory though some progress has been made. ?A breakthrough in equal opportunities for women is now demanded. 14. The expression “snake through central Rome” probably means “to move ________. [A] quietly through central Rome.” [B] violently through central Rome.” [C] in a long winding line through central Rome.” [D] at a leisurely pace through central Rome. 15. Which of the following statements is NOT true? [A] There are more women than men in Italy.[B] In Italy, women are chiefly employed in services. [C] In Italy, women are still at a disadvantage in employment. [D] In Italy, about two-thirds of the jobs are held by men. 16. About 200,000 women in Rome demonstrated for ________. [A] more job opportunities[B] a greater variety of jobs[C] “equal job, equal pay” [D] both A and B 17. The best title for this passage would be ________. [A] The Role of Women in Society [B] Women Demonstrate for Equality in Employment [C] Women as Self-employed Professionals [D] Women and the Jobs Market Text 3 ?The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years, and, therefore, are subjected to failure and at worst, mental illness is unfounded. ?As a matter of fact, the outstanding thing that happens to bright kids is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults. To find this out, l, 500 gifted persons were followed up to their thirty-fifth year with these results: ?On adult intelligence tests, they scored as high as they had as children. ?They were, as a group, in good health, physically and mentally. ?84 per cent of their group were married and seemed content with their lives. ?About 70 per cent had graduated from college, though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors. ?A few had even dropped out, but nearly half of these had returned to graduate. ?Of the men, 80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs. ?The women who had remained single had office, business, or professional occupations. 21 The group had published 90 books and 1,500 articles in scientific, scholarly, and literary magazines and had collected more than 100 patents. ?In a material way they did not do badly either. ?Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people, especially the men, than for the country as a whole, despite their comparative youth. In fact, far from being strange, most of the gifted were turning their early promise into practical reality. 18. The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years is ________. [A] true in all senses [B] refuted by the author [C] medically proven [D] a belief of the author 19. The survey of bright children was made to ________. [A] find out what had happened to talented children when they became adults [B] prove that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years [C] discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the gifted [D] prove that talented children never burn themselves out 20. Intelligence tests showed that ________. [A] bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy [B] between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligence [C] talented children were most likely to become gifted adults [D] when talented children grew into adults, they made low scores Section III English-Chinese Translation People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. (21) They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs. nurture.” (22) Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (23) That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the “nurture” theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. (24) The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. (25) Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say: They don?t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of 22 our experiences. (26) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. (27) In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (28) Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. 1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section ?Use of English Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled ,A,, ,B,, ,C, and ,D,. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to ___1___ themselves to the new medium were technical. When working ___2____ radio, for example, they had become ___3___ to seeing on behalf of the listener. This ___4___ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. ___5___ all, he has to be able to ___6___ a continuous sequence of visual images which ___7___ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the ___8___ of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is ___9___ different. He is there to make ___10___ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him ___11___ on particular things, and to ___12___ the images on the television screen. ___13___ his radio colleague, he must know the ___14___ of silence and how to use it at those moments ___15___ the pictures speak for themselves. 1.,A, turn ,B, adapt ,C, alter ,D, modify 2.,A, on ,B, at ,C, with ,D, behind 3.,A, experienced ,B, determined ,C, established ,D, accustomed 4.,A, efficiency ,B, technology ,C, art ,D, performance 5.,A, Of ,B, For ,C,Above ,D, In 6.,A, inspire ,B, create ,C, cause ,D, perceive 7.,A, add ,B, apply [C] affect [D]reflect 8.,A, occasion ,B, event ,C, fact ,D, case 9.,A, equally ,B, completely ,C, initially ,D, hardly 10.,A, definite ,B, possible ,C, sure ,D, clear 11. [A, focus ,B, attend ,C, follow ,D, insist 12.,A, exhibit ,B, demonstrate ,C, expose ,D, interpret 13.,A, Like ,B, Unlike ,C, As ,D, For 14.,A, purpose ,B, goal ,C, value , D, intention 15.,A, if ,B, when ,C, which ,D, as Section ?Reading Comprehension Part A 23 Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(30 points) Passage 1 A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people. Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability. Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences. Of the many values that hold civilization together—honesty, kindness, and so on—accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law—and, ultimately, no society. My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment. Fortunately there are still communities—smaller towns, usually—where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated—they simply are not done! ” Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him. The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn?t provide a stable home. I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything. We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it. 16. What the wise man said suggests that_____. [A] it?s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil [B] it?s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it [C] it?s only natural for virtue to defeat evil [D] it?s desirable for good men to keep away from evil 17. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime,_____________. [A] society is to be held responsible [B] modern civilization is responsible for it [C] the criminal himself should bear the blame [D] the standards of living should be improve 18. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have________. [A] less self-discipline [B] better sense of discipline [C] more mutual respect [D] less effective government 24 19. The writer is sorry to have noticed that_______. [A, people in large cities tend to excuse criminals [B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards [C] today?s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty [D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities 20. The key point of the passage is that______. [A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families [B] more good examples should be set for people to follow [C] more restrictions should be imposed on people?s behavior [D] more people should accept the value of accountability Passage 2 The period of adolescence, i. e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one?s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society. In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence. 21. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because_______. [A] the definition of maturity has changed [B] the industrialized society is more developed 25 [C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made [D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance 22. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to_________. [A] graduations from schools and colleges [B] social recognition [C] socio-economic status [D] certain behavioral changes 23. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is_______. [A] eleven years old [B] sixteen years old [C] twenty-one years old [D] between twelve and twenty-one years old 24. Starting from 22, _______. [A] one will obtain more basic rights[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have [C] one won?t get more basic rights than when he is 21 [D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society 25. According to the passage, it is true that___. [A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed [B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one [C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver?s license [D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army Passage 3 Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars—the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues. The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined—in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light—to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas—water vapor—to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80?, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10, 000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物) . 26 26. A growing plant needs water for all of the following except_________. [A] forming sugars [B] sustaining woody stems [C] keeping green [D] producing carbon dioxide 27. The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is______. [A] to form sugars [B] to derive energy from light [C] to preserve water [D] to combine carbon dioxide with water 28. The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that________. [A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs [B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development [C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition [D] the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss 29. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? [A]The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root. [B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves. [C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated. [D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plant is synthesized. 30. This passage is mainly about________. [A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water [B] the role of water in a growing plant [C] the process of simple sugar formation [D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxide Part B The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (31) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (32) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. (33) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001? To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (34) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by 200l the United States will no longer be a great foodexporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at 27 home. In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (35) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”. 31. [解析] 本题考核知识点:并列句的处理，短语、被动句的译法。 32. [解析]本题考核知识点:嵌套式定语从句、嵌套式并列结构的译法。 33.[解析]本题考核知识点:非限制性定语从句的译法。 34. [解析] 本题考核知识点:状语从句中嵌套定语从句的翻译处理。 35. [解析] 本题考核知识点:时间状语从句、定语从句的译法。 1992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section ?Use of English Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ,A,，,B,，,C,and ,D,.Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) The key to the industrialization of space is the U.S. space shuttle. ___1___ it, astronauts will acquire a workhouse vehicle ___2___ of flying into space and returning many times. ___3___ by reusable rockets that can lift a load of 65,000 pounds, the shuttle will carry devices for scientific inquiry, as ___4___ as a variety of military hardware. ___5___ more significantly, it will ___6___ materials and machines into space for industrial purposes ___7___ two decades ago when “sputnik” (artificial satellite) was ___8___ to the vocabulary. In short, the ___9___ importance of the shuttle lies in its ___10___ as an economic tool. What makes the space shuttle ___11___ is that it takes off like a rocket but lands like an airplane. ___12___, when it has accomplished its ___13___, it can be ready for ___14___ trip in about two weeks. The space shuttle, the world’s first true spaceship, is a magnificent step ___15___ making the impossible possible for the benefit and survival of man. 1. ,A, In ,B,On ,C,By ,D, With 2. ,A, capable ,B, suitable ,C, efficient ,D, fit 3. ,A, Served ,B, Powered ,C, Forced ,D, Reinforced 4. ,A, far ,B, well ,C, much ,D, long 5. ,A, Then ,B, Or ,C, But ,D, So 6. ,A, supply ,B, introduce ,C, deliver ,D, transfer 7. ,A, unimagined ,B, unsettled ,C, uncovered ,D,unsolved 8. ,A, attributed ,B, contributed ,C, applied ,D, added 9. ,A, general ,B, essential ,C, prevailing ,D, ultimate 10.,A, promise ,B, prosperity ,C, popularity ,D, priority 11.,A, exceptional ,B, strange ,C, unique ,D, rare 12.,A, Thus ,B, Whereas ,C, Nevertheless ,D, Yet 13.,A, venture ,B,mission ,C, commission ,D, responsibility 14.,A, new ,B, another ,C, certain ,D, subsequent 15.,A, for ,B, by ,C, in ,D, through Part ?Reading Comprehension Part A 28 Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(30 points) Passage 1 It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. (Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.) Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgment in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgments of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it. However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies. A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart. 16. According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by________. [A] people?s attitude towards the road-hog [B] the rhythm of modern life [C] the behavior of the driver [D] traffic conditions 17.The sentence “You might tolerate the odd road-hog...the rule.”(Para.1) implies that___. [A] our society is unjust towards well-mannered motorists [B] rude drivers can be met only occasionally [C] the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hog [D] nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists 18. By “good sense”, the writer means_____. [A] the driver?s ability to understand and react reasonably [B] the driver?s prompt response to difficult and severe conditions [C] the driver?s tolerance of rude or even savage behavior [D] the driver?s acknowledgment of politeness and regulations 19. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion, __________. 29 [A] road users should make more sacrifice [B] drivers should be ready to yield to each other [C]drivers should have more communication among themselves [D]drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others 20. In the writer?s opinion, ___________. [A]strict traffic regulations are badly needed [B]drivers should apply road politeness properly [C] rude drivers should be punished [D] drivers should avoid traffic jams Passage 2 In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror—the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping. According to a weather expert’s prediction, the atmosphere will be 3?C warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up took place, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of the earth’s chief food-growing zones. In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels. Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth. However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is: Which natural cause has most effect on the weather? One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and “cold” spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sun rotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or “colder” faces to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth’s atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward. Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia(惯性)of the earth’s climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counte-balance to the sun’s diminishing heat. 21.It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would_____. [A] prevent the sun?s rays from reaching the earth?s surface [B] mean a warming up in the Arctic [C] account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere [D] raise the temperature of the earth?s surface 22. The article was written to explain________. 30 [A] the greenhouse effect [B] the solar effects on the earth [C] the models of solar-weather interactions [D] the causes affecting weather 23. Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures there seem to be falling. This is___________. [A] mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising [B] possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting [C] exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth?s climate [D] partly due to variations in the output of solar energy 24. On the basis of their models, scientists are of the opinion that________. [A] the climate of the world should be becoming cooler [B] it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth?s climate to take effect [C] the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects [D] the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect 25. If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct, ___________. [A] the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuels [B]ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere [C] the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth even more quickly [D] the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earth Passage 3 Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourages international brotherhood. Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests. One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after the hockey(曲棍 球)final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to the final decisions. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents’victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said:“This wasn’t hockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished.” The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years. The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won, by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals. Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals or in non-national teams might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far 31 too much that encourages aggressive patriotism. 26. According to the author, recent Olympic Games have _______. [A] created goodwill between the nations[B] bred only false national pride [C] barely showed any international friendship [D] led to more and more misunderstanding and hatred 27.What did the manager mean by saying, “...Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished”? [A] His team would no longer take part in international games. [B]Hockey and the Federation are both ruined by the unfair decisions. [C]There should be no more hockey matches organized by the Federation. [D] The Federation should be dissolved. 28. The basketball example implied that______. [A] too much patriotism was displayed in the incident [B] the announcement to prolong the match was wrong [C] the appeal jury was too hesitant in making the decision [D] the American team was right in rejecting the silver medals 29. The author gives the two examples in paragraphs 2 and 3 to show____________. [A] how false national pride led to undesirable incidents in international games [B] that sportsmen have been more obedient than they used to be [C] that competitiveness in the games discourages international friendship [D] that unfair decisions are common in Olympic Games 30. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? [A]The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved. [B]Athletes should compete as individuals in the Olympic Games. [C] Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game. [D]International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations. Part B “Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never been clear. 31) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to—it was not designed for such purposes. 32) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair. 33) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one’s best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it. 34) The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our 32 culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; What we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence”. 35) On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. 31. [解析] 本题考核知识点:比较句、过去分词做后置定语的译法。 32.[解析] 本题考核知识点:代词的指代、类比句和不定式做主语的译法。 34. [解析] 本题考核知识点:被动句、条件状语从句、定语从句的翻译。 35. [解析] 本题考核知识点:被动句、条件状语从句、定语从句、the same as 形成的对比句 的译法。 1993年试题 Section ?Use of English Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled ,A,, ,B,, ,C, and ,D,. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be ___1___in a single large building. The importance of interior design becomes 2 when we realize how much time we __3_ surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be _ 4 attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect 5 place to be appropriate to its use. You would be 6 if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look 7 the inside of a restaurant. And you wouldn?t feel 8 in a business office that has the appearance of a school. It soon becomes clear that the interior designer?s most important basic 9 is the function of the particular 10 . For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping qualities, and 11 few entries and exits will not work for 12 purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be 13 . Nevertheless, for any kind of space, the designer has to make many of the same kind of 14 _. He or she must coordinate the shapes, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor. 15 _addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture, according to the functions that need to be served 1. [A] consisted [B] contained [C] composed [D] comprised 2. [A] obscure [B] attractive [C] appropriate [D] evident 3. [A] spend [B] require [C] settle [D] retain 4. [A] so [B] as [C] thus [D] such 5. [A] some [B] any [C] this [D] each 6. [A] amused [B] interested [C] shocked [D] frightened 7. [A] like [B] for [C] at [D] into 8. [A] correct [B] proper [C] right [D] suitable 9. [A] care [B] concern [C] attention [D] intention 33 10. [A] circumstance [B] environment [C] surroundings [D] space 11. [A] too [B] quite [C] a [D] far 12. [A] their [B] its [C] those [D] that 13. [A] painted [B] covered [C] ornamented [D] decorated 14. [A] solutions [B] conclusions [C] decisions [D] determinations 15. [A] For [B] In [C] As [D] with Section ?Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick?in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent. All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed. Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about l, 000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man?s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. And even more incredible is the young brain?s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child , where the mother recognizes the signals in the child? s babbling ( 咿呀学语) , grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child?s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language. 16. The purpose of Frederick ??s experiment was__ [A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak [B] to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech [C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak [D] to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language 17. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that__ [A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly 34 [B] they are exposed to too much language at once [C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak [D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them 18. What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that [A] he is born with the capacity to speak [B] he has a brain more complex than an animal?s [C] he can produce his own sentences [D] he owes his speech ability to good nursing 19. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage? [A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man. [B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning. [C] The child? s brain is highly selective. [D] Most children learn their language in definite stages. 20. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will [A] have a high IQ [B] be less intelligent [C] be insensitive to verbal signals [D] not necessarily be backward Passage 2 In general , our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic ( 官 僚主义的)management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one?s fellow competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling 35 man. 21. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is [A] a necessary part of the society though each individual?s function is negligible [B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society [C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothly [D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly 22. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that [A] they are likely to lose their jobs [B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life [C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence [D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence 23. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those [A] who are at the bottom of the society [B] who are higher up in their social status [C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors [D] who could keep far away from this competitive world 24. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should [A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors [B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees [C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities [D] take the fundamental realities for granted 25. The author?s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of __ [A] approval [B] dissatisfaction [C] suspicion [D] tolerance Passage 3 When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it. A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates. Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events. The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent?s normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention. Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor?s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security. Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new ideas” are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind 36 television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear. 26. The passage is mainly about [A] an approach to patents [B] the application for patents [C] the use of patents [D] the access to patents 27. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? [A] When a patent becomes out of effect, it can be re-patented or extended if necessary. [B] It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention publc. [C] A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention when its legal period is over. [D] One can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patent office. 28. George Valensi?s patent lasted until 1971 because [A] nobody would offer any reward for his patent prior to that time [B] his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long time [C] there were not enough TV stations to provide color programmes [D] the color TV receiver was not available until that time 29. The word “plagiarize”(line 8 , Para. 5) most probably means “_”. [A] steal and use [B] give reward to [C] make public [D] take and change 30. From the passage we learn that [A] an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice [B] products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago [C] it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one [D] patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patents Part ? English-Chinese Translation (31) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. (32) It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. (33) You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (归纳法) and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. (34) And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives. 37 There is a well-known incident in one of Motiere?s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose (散文) during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period. (35)Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena. 31.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:含否定词的肯定示方法，被动句译成主动句 32.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文理解 33([解析] 本题考核的知识点是:猜测词义，词语搭配。 34([解析] 本题考核的知识点是:固定句型的译法，代词指代 35.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:长句的翻译，双重否定，常见词的生僻意思 1994 年试题 Section ?Use of English The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words __3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. 6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners. 1. [A] of [B] at [C] for [D] on 2. [A] inaccessible [B] timely [C] likely [D] invalid 3. [A] encourages [B] prevents [C] destroys [D] offers 4. [A] pass out [B] take away [C] back up [D] stir up 5. [A] who [B] as [C] which [D] what 6. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Preliminarily [D] Unexpectedly 7. [A] that [B] it [C] so [D] this 8. [A] speech [B] sense [C] message [D] meaning 9. [A] obscure [B] difficult [C] impossible [D] unable 10. [A] case [B] means [C] method [D] way Passage 1 The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. 38 An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system. The important factor in a private enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. 11. In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means__. [A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes [B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes [C] Americans want to have their incomes increased [D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes 12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that__. [A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production [B] consumers can express their demands through producers [C] producers decide the prices of products [D] supply and demand regulate prices 13. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__. [A] private property and rights concerned [B] manpower and natural resources control [C] ownership of productive resources [D] free contracts and prices 14. The passage is mainly about__. [A] how American goods are produced [B] how American consumers buy their goods [C] how American economic system works [D] how American businessmen make their profits Passage 2 One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon—it?s already here. While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also 39 identify preferred customers for promotional. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers. 15. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to__. [A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes [B] obtain more convenient services than other people do [C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper [D] cash money wherever he wishes to 16. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that __. [A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards [B] credit cards are mainly used in the United States today [C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash [D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before 17. The phrase "ring up sales" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means “___”. [A] make an order of goods [B] record sales on a cash register [C] call the sales manager [D] keep track of the goods in stock 18. What is this passage mainly about? [A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers. [B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business. [C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises. [D] Advantages of credit cards in business. Passage 3 Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society? s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation. Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. “All men are created equal.” We?ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country?s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court 40 decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs. 19. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that _____. [A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society [B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are [C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society [D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children 20. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that__. [A] they are expected to be leaders of the society [B] they might become a burden of the society [C] they should fully develop their potentials [D] disabled children deserve special consideration 21. This passage mainly deals with__. [A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities [B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society [C] the special educational programs for exceptional children [D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children 22. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ___. [A] is now enjoying legal support [B] disagrees with the tradition of the country [C] was clearly stated by the country? s founders [D] will exert great influence over court decisions Passage 4 “I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we?ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But,” he cautions, “Some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available. ” This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging—13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas (胰 腺) . With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes (基因), are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous. The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Haywar. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can?t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.” The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter. 41 "First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action. " 23. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to__. [A]. predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade [B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright [C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years [D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered 24. The author implies that by the year 2000, __. [A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients [B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living [C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers [D] there won? t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients 25. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes__. [A] that are always in operation in a healthy person [B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated [C] that can be driven out of normal cells [D] which normal cells can? t turn off 26. The word "dormant" in the third paragraph most probably means__. [A] dead [B] ever-present [C] inactive [D] potential Passage 5 Discoveries in science and technology are thought by“untaught minds”to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score. The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal — and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities. "Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there? s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done, " wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?" The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer. 27. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph? [A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation. 42 [B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity. [C] A person who has had no education. [D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident. 28. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators? [A] The variety of ideas they have. [B] The intelligence they possess. [C] The way they deal with problems. [D] The way they present their findings. 29. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because__. [A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity [B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things . [C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch? s point of view [D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented 30. The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are__. [A] diligent in pursuing their goals [B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things [C] devoted to the progress of science [D] concerned about the advance of society Part ? English-Chinese Translation According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (31) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (32) “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” (33)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo?s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (34) Galileo?s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eye-glasses. Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (35)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 1995年试题 Section ?Use of English Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The 43 purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep. For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now 8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed. 1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any 2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred 3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful 4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded 5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose 6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction 7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with 8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on 9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce 10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only Section ?Reading Comprehension Passage l Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more. And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value. Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade. If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants. 11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__. 44 [A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising [B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming [C] advertising costs money like everything else [D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising 12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising? [A] Securing greater fame. [B] Providing more jobs. [C] Enhancing living standards. [D] Reducing newspaper cost. 13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_. [A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising [B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention [C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information [D] obviously partial in his views on advertising 14. In the author's opinion,__. [A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information [B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over [C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer [D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement Passage 2 There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we?re slow to adapt to change or that we?re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all. These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making. 15 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when____. [A] he has given up his smoking habit [B] he has made great efforts in his work [C] he is keen on learning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey 45 16. In the author?s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would____. [A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder [B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements [C] face difficulties and take up challenges [D] aim high and reach his goal each time 17. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, Para. 3) he is referring to__. [A] a new approach to experiencing the world [B] a new way of taking risks [C] a new method of perceiving ourselves [D] a new system of adaptation to change 18. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except_____. [A] curiosity about more chances [B] promptness in self-adaptation [C] open-mindedness to new experiences [D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts Passage 3 In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life?s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today. In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War ?. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned. Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming . Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people. In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people. 19. The word "it" (line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to__. 46 [A] the lack of stable communities [B] the breakdown of informal information channels [C] the increased mobility of families [D] the growing number of people moving from place to place 20. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__. [A] they have to learn new things consciously [B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information [C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily [D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family. 21 . From the passage we can infer that__. [A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages [B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era [C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences [D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites 22. We can learn from the last paragraph that __. [A] it is necessary to obtain as much [B] people should make the best use of the information [C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information . [D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently Passage 4 Personality is to a large extent inherent—A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents; it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!” By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B?s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child?s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B?s are important and should be encouraged. 23. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually__. [A] impatient [B] considerate [C] aggressive [D] agreeable 24. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__. [A] the pressure is too great on the students [B] some students are bound to fail 47 [C] failure rates are too high [D] the results of exanimations are doubtful 25. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__. [A] candidates? sensitivity [B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit [D] surer values 26. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__. [A] the personality of a child is well established at birth [B] family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics . [C] the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors [D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society Passage 5 That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences. Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one?s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection. In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species. Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance. 27. From the evolutionary point of view, __. [A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive. [B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive [C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability [D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences 28. According to the passage, if a person never forgot __. [A] he would survive best [B] he would have a lot of trouble 48 [C] his ability to learn would be enhanced [D] the evolution of memory would stop 29. From the last paragraph we know that__. [A] forgetfulness is a response to learning [B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system [C] memory is a compensation for forgetting [D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs 30. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__. [A] remembering [B] forgetting [C] adapting [D] experiencing Part ? English-Chinese Translation The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (31) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user. All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (32 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (33) Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. (34) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (35) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 31.[解析] 本题考核的知识点:名词译为动词和介词语短的译法。 译文:把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者未考虑其 弊病是来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。 32. [解析] 本题考核的知识点:理解，代词指代。 译文:这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现证实，这取决于被采用信息的数量、可靠性 和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。 33. [解析] 本题考核的知识点:抽象名词的意译和代词指代。 49 译文:因此，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是在某一特定情况下两者同时使 用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和现有条件等因素。 34. [解析] 本题考核的知识点:状语从句的翻译和句子间的对比。 译文:一般地说，当被测定的特征能够被很准确的界定时，测试最为有效;而当被测定 或被预测的东西不能够被明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。 35. [解析] 本题考核的知识点:虚拟语气，推测词义 译文:例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年 轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长，会有多大才干。 1996年年全真试题 Part ?Cloze Test Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. They do not provide energy, 1 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 2 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 3 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 4 . Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 5 nitrogen. They are different 6 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 7 one or more specific functions in the body. 8 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 9 vitamins. Many people, 10 , believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. However, a wellbalanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs. 1.,A,either ,B,so ,C,nor ,D,never 2.,A,shifting ,B,transferring ,C,altering ,D,transforming 3.,A,any ,B,some ,C,anything ,D,something 4.,A,serious ,B,apparent ,C,severe ,D,fatal 5.,A,mostly ,B,partially ,C,sometimes ,D,rarely 6.,A,in that ,B,so that ,C,such that ,D,except that 7.,A,undertakes ,B,holds ,C,plays ,D,performs 8.,A,Supplying ,B,Getting ,C,Providing ,D,Furnishing 9.,A,exceptional ,B,exceeding ,C,excess ,D,external 10.,A,nevertheless ,B,therefore ,C,moreover ,D,meanwhile Part ?Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Tightlipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.” Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things. You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served. Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services. This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include 50 education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now. 11. What do the elders mean when they say, “It?s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”? ,A, You?ll certainly get what you want. ,B, It?s no use dreaming. ,C, You should be dissatisfied with what you have.,D, It?s essential to set a goal for yourself. 12. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as . ,A, an illustration of how to write an application for a job ,B, an indication of how to secure a good job ,C, a guideline for job description ,D, a principle for job evaluation 13. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because . ,A, that is the first step to please the employer ,B, that is the requirement of the employer ,C, it enables him to know when to sell his services ,D, it forces him to become clearly aware of himself 14. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something . ,A, definite to offer ,B, imaginary to provide ,C, practical to supply ,D, desirable to present Passage 2 With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation?s news coverage, as well as listen to it. And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ,83 per household. It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years — yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publiclyfunded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nationwide debate in Britain. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC — including ordinary listeners and viewers — to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC?s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes. Defenders of the Corporation — of whom there are many — are fond of quoting the 51 American slogan “If it ain?t broke, don?t fix it.” The BBC “ain?t broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word „broke?, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it? Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels —— ITV and Channel 4 —— were required by the Thatcher Government?s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers?subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term. 15. The world famous BBC now faces . ,A, the problem of news coverage ,B, an uncertain prospect ,C, inquiries by the general public ,D, shrinkage of audience 16. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue? ,A, Extension of its TV service to Far East. ,B, Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate. ,C, Potentials for further international co-operations. ,D, Its existence as a broadcasting organization. 17. The BBC?s “royal charter” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) stands for . ,A, the financial support from the royal family.,B, the privileges granted by the Queen. ,C, a contract with the Queen. ,D, a unique relationship with the royal family. 18. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than . ,A, the emergence of commercial TV channels. ,B, the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government. ,C, the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs. ,D, the challenge of new satellite channels. Passage 3 In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world?s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had 52 retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders? meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization. The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other?s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation. 19. It?s true of the old family firms that . ,A, they were spoiled by the younger generations ,B, they failed for lack of individual initiative ,C, they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies ,D, they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers 20. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in . ,A, the separation of capital from management,B, the ownership of capital by managers ,C, the emergence of capital and labour as two classes ,D, the participation of shareholders in municipal business 21. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that . ,A, the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers ,B, the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers ,C, the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly ,D, the trade unions seemed to play a positive role 22. The author is most critical of . ,A, family firm owners ,B, landowners ,C, managers ,D, shareholders Passage 4 What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America— breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine? Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country?s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological. Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled 53 workman.” A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives. In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process … The designer and the inventor … are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.” This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.” When all these shaping forces—schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking —interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence. 23. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to . ,A, elementary schools ,B, enthusiastic workers ,C, the attractive premium system ,D, a special way of thinking 24. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics . ,A, benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge. ,B, shed light on disciplined school management. ,C, was brought about by privileged home training. ,D, owed a lot to the technological development. 25. A technologist can be compared to an artist because . ,A, they are both winners of awards. ,B, they are both experts in spatial thinking. ,C, they both abandon verbal description ,D, they both use various instruments 26. The best title for this passage might be . ,A, Inventive Mind ,B, Effective Schooling ,C, Ways of Thinking ,D, Outpouring of Inventions Passage 5 Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher?s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific” creationism, which is 54 being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion. The first four chapters of Kitcher?s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior. Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapters on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does - and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. 27. “Creationism” in the passage refers to . ,A, evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe ,B, a notion of the creation of religion ,C, the scientific explanation of the earth formation ,D, the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe 28. Kitcher?s book is intended to . ,A, recommend the views of the evolutionists,B, expose the true features of creationists ,C, curse bitterly at his opponents ,D, launch a surprise attack on creationists 29. From the passage we can infer that . ,A, reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate ,B, creationists do not base their argument on reasoning ,C, evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists ,D, creationism is supported by scientific findings 30. This passage appears to be a digest of . ,A, a book review ,B, a scientific paper ,C, a magazine feature ,D, a newspaper editorial Part ?English—Chinese Translation The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 31)Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 32)This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 33)This seems 55 mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 34)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 35)New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. 1997年全真试题 Part ?Cloze Test Manpower Inc., with 560 000 workers, is the world?s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 1 into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day?s work for a day?s pay. One day at a time. 2 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 3 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming. 4 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part- timers and temporary workers. This “ 5 ” work force is the most important 6 in American business today, and it is 7 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 8 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 9 by employment rules, health care costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 10 that came from being a loyal employee. 1.,A, swarm ,B, stride ,C, separate ,D, slip 2.,A, For ,B, Because ,C, As ,D, Since 3.,A, from ,B, in ,C, on ,D, by 4.,A, Even though ,B, Now that ,C, If only ,D, Provided that 5.,A, durable ,B, disposable ,C, available ,D, transferable 6.,A, approach ,B, flow ,C, fashion ,D, trend 7.,A, instantly ,B, reversely ,C, fundamentally ,D, sufficiently 8.,A, but ,B, while ,C, and ,D, whereas 9.,A, imposed ,B, restricted ,C, illustrated ,D, confined 10.,A, excitement ,B, conviction ,C, enthusiasm ,D, importance Part ?Reading Comprehension Passage 1 It was 3: 45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia?s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in 56 Australia. It’s world history.” The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling. Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death—probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I?m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I?d go, because I?ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks, ” he says. 11. From the second paragraph we learn that . ,A, the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries ,B, physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia ,C, changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law ,D, it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage 12. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means . ,A, observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia ,B, similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries ,C, observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes ,D, the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop 13. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will . ,A, face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia ,B, experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient ,C, have an intense fear of terrible suffering ,D, undergo a cooling off period of seven days 14. The author?s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of . ,A, opposition ,B, suspicion ,C, approval ,D, indifference Passage 2 A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who 57 generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn?t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor?s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers. 15. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world ,. ,A, rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US ,B, small-minded officials deserve a serious comment ,C, Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors ,D, most Americans are ready to offer help 16. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that . ,A, culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship ,B, courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated ,C, various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends ,D, social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions 17. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers . ,A, to improve their hard life ,B, in view of their long-distance travel ,C, to add some flavor to their own daily life ,D, out of a charitable impulse 18. The tradition of hospitality to strangers . ,A, tends to be superficial and artificial ,B, is generally well kept up in the United States ,C, is always understood properly ,D, has something to do with the busy tourist trails Passage 3 Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don?t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many 58 physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine. We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifestation”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness. 19. “Substance abuse”(Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that . ,A, substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used ,B, “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drugtakers ,C, alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine ,D, many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous 20. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean . ,A, widespread ,B, overwhelming ,C, piercing ,D, fashionable 21. Physical dependence on certain substances results from . ,A, uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time ,B, exclusive use of them for social purposes ,C, quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases ,D, careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms 22. From the last paragraph we can infer that . ,A, stimulants function positively on the mind ,B, hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health ,C, depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances ,D, the three types of psychoactive substances were commonly used in groups Passage 4 No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line. 59 At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company?s mountainous debt, which will increase to $ 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently. The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society, ”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won?t retreat in the face of any threats.” Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society?s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited, ” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.” 23. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for . ,A, its raising of the corporate stock price,B, its self-examination of soul ,C, its neglect of social responsibility ,D, its emphasis on creative freedom 24. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? ,A, Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner. ,B, Gerald Levin is liable to compromise. ,C, Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate. ,D, Steve Ross is no longer alive 25. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman . ,A, stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression ,B, softened his tone and adopted some new policy ,C, changed his attitude and yielded to objection ,D, received more support from the 15-member board 26. The best title for this passage might be . ,A, A Company under Fire ,B, A Debate on Moral Decline ,C, A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture ,D, A Form of Creative Freedom Passage 5 Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens 60 the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel. Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s. It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America?s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America?s, have little productive slack. America?s capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment—the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past. Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation. 27. From the passage we learn that . ,A, there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates ,B, economy will always follow certain models ,C, the economic situation is better than expected ,D, economists had foreseen the present economic situation 28. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? ,A, Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car. ,B, An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation. ,C, A high unemployment rate will result from inflation. ,D, Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy. 29. The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that . ,A, the low inflation rate will last for some time ,B, the inflation rate will soon rise ,C, the inflation will disappear quickly ,D, there is no inflation at present 30. The passage shows that the author isthe present situation . ,A, critical of ,B, puzzled by,C, disappointed at ,D, amazed at Part ? English-Chinese Translation Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 31)Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.32)Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals 61 but also to some people—for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “ I don?t like this contract”? The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.33)It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all? Many deny it.34)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh other’s interests against one’s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.35)When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind?s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. 1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Cloze Test Until recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity. This view, 7 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. 1. ,A, admitted ,B, believed ,C, claimed ,D, predicted 2. ,A, plain ,B, average ,C, mean ,D, normal 3. ,A, momentary ,B, prompt ,C, instant ,D, immediate 4. ,A, bulk ,B, host ,C, gross ,D, magnitude 5. ,A, On ,B, With ,C, For ,D, By 6. ,A, broadly ,B, thoroughly ,C, generally ,D, completely 7. ,A, however ,B, meanwhile ,C, therefore ,D, moreover 8. ,A, at ,B, in ,C, about ,D, for 9. ,A, manifested ,B, approved ,C, shown ,D, speculated 10. ,A, noted ,B, impressed ,C, labeled ,D, marked Section ? Reading Comprehension Text 1 Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is 62 humankind?s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good. The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn?t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt?s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey?s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam. But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed. Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don?t need a dam to be saved. 11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________. [A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality [B] the blind could be happier than the sighted [C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things [D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight 12. In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________. [A] areas short of electricity [B] dams without power stations [C] poor countries around India [D] common people in the Narmada Dam area 13. What is the myth concerning giant dams? [A] They bring in more fertile soil. [B] They help defend the country. [C] They strengthen international ties. [D] They have universal control of the waters. 14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________. [A] “It?s no use crying over spilt milk” [B] “More haste, less speed” [C] “Look before you leap” [D] “He who laughs last laughs best” Text 2 Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat 63 faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose. Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO?s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance chasing.” 15. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________. [A] not as good as it seems [B] at its turning point [C] much better than it seems [D] near to complete recovery 16. The official statistics on productivity growth ________. [A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle [B] fall short of businessmen?s anticipation [C] meet the expectation of business people [D] fail to reflect the true state of economy 17. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________. [A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain” [B] he does not think the productivity revolution works [C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading [D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses 18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage? [A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity. [B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity. [C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability. [D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings. Text 3 Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo?s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake?s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century. Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its 64 critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo. Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science?s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest. The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term „anti-science? can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.” 19. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________. [A] confrontation [B] dissatisfaction [C] separation [D] contempt 20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________. [A] discuss the cause of the decline of science?s power [B] show the author?s sympathy with scientists [C] explain the way in which science develops [D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities 21. Which of the following is true according to the passage? [A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay. [B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science. [C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science. [D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable. 22. The author?s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________. [A] impartial [B] subjective [C] biased [D] puzzling Text 4 Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill. 65 This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America?s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation?s head counting. Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years. Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails. Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10. Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday?s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years. Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances— ?Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population. ?Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile. The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state. In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State. As a result, California?s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s? growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. 23. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________. [A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history [B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population [C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth [D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II 24. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________. [A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution [B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants 66 [C] it reveals the Americans? new pursuit of spacious living [D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday?s “baby boom” 25. We can see from the available statistics that ________. [A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US [B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West [C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration [D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population 26. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________. [A] people in favor of the trend of democracy [B] advocates of migration between states [C] scientists engaged in the study of population [D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life Text 5 Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world?s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth?s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates. That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth?s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years. The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy). 27. The author believes that ________. [A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth?s interior [B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true [C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions [D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart 28. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________. [A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions [B] they have been found to share certain geological features 67 [C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years [D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe 29. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________. [A] the structure of the African plates [B] the revival of dead volcanoes [C] the mobility of the continents [D] the formation of new oceans 30. The passage is mainly about ________. [A] the features of volcanic activities [B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates [C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies [D] the process of the formation of volcanoes Section IV English-Chinese Translation They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration?s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy). 32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans. Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn?t have long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon. 34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. 31. ________32. ________33. ________34. ________35. ________ 1999年年全真试题 Part ?Cloze Test Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 1 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 2 and active. When 68 the work is well done, a 3 of accidentfree operations is established 4 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may 5 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 6 rules or regulations. 7 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 8 . The fewer the injury 9 , the better the workman?s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 10 or at a loss. 1.,A, at ,B, in ,C, on ,D, with 2.,A, alive ,B, vivid ,C, mobile ,D, diverse 3.,A, regulation ,B, climate ,C, circumstance ,D, requirement 4.,A, where ,B, how ,C, what ,D, unless 5.,A, alter ,B, differ ,C, shift ,D, distinguish 6.,A, constituting ,B, aggravating ,C, observing ,D, justifying 7.,A, Some ,B, Many ,C, Even ,D, Still 8.,A, comes off ,B, turns up ,C, pays off ,D, holds up 9.,A, claims ,B, reports ,C, declarations ,D, proclamations 10.,A, an advantage ,B, a benefit ,C, an interest ,D, a profit Part ?Reading Comprehension Passage 1 It?s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers? misfortunes. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing everlonger warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might—surprise!—fall off. The label on a child?s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly”. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn?t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn?t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We?re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren?t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries, ” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete?s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can 69 get buried in a sea of trivialities, ” says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. 11. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened? ,A, Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits. ,B, Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system. ,C, Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings. ,D, Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised. 12. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to. ,A, satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products ,B, become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products ,C, make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability ,D, feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern 13. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that. ,A, some injury claims were no longer supported by law ,B, helmets were not designed to prevent injuries ,C, product labels would eventually be discarded ,D, some sports games might lose popularity with athletes 14. The author?s attitude towards the issue seems to be. ,A, biased ,B, indifferent ,C, puzzling ,D, objective Passage 2 In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such businesstobusiness sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company?s private intranet. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers? computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company?s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That?s a prospect that horrifies Net purists. 70 But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon .com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge. 15. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business. ,A, has been striving to expand its market ,B, intended to follow a fanciful fashion ,C, tried but in vain to control the market ,D, has been booming for one year or so 16. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that. ,A, the technology is popular with many Web users ,B, businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions ,C, there is a radical change in strategy ,D, it is accessible limitedly to established partners 17. In the view of Net purists, . ,A, there should be no marketing messages in online culture ,B, money making should be given priority to on the Web ,C, the Web should be able to function as the television set ,D, there should be no online commercial information without requests 18. We learn from the last paragraph that. ,A, pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce ,B, interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers ,C, leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago ,D, setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power Passage 3 An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students? career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone?s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computereducation advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement. There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. 71 Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since welldeveloped skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose. 19. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is. ,A,far reaching,B,dubiously oriented,C,self contradictory ,D,radically reformatory 20. The belief that education is indispensable to all children. ,A, is indicative of a pessimism in disguise ,B, came into being along with the arrival of computers ,C, is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates ,D, originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries 21. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author?s country the European model of professional training is. ,A, dependent upon the starting age of candidates ,B, worth trying in various social sections ,C, of little practical value ,D, attractive to every kind of professional 22. According to the author, basic computer skills should be. ,A, included as an auxiliary course in school ,B, highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications ,C, mastered through a lifelong course ,D, equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise Passage 4 When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group—the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)—has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a nearfinal draft of their recommendations. NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells—routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a 72 crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled. NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo?s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air”. 23. We can learn from the first paragraph that. ,A, federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans ,B, the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning ,C, NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique ,D, the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning 24. The panel agreed on all of the following except that. ,A, the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law ,B, the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control ,C, it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning ,D, it would be against ethical values to clone a human being 25. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because. ,A, embryo research is just a current development of cloning ,B, the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research ,C, an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research ,D, the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law 26. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that. ,A, some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely ,B, a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time ,C, privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal ,D, the issue of human cloning will soon be settled Passage 5 Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn?t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the 73 planets. How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don?t have unpredictable things, you don?t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I?ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said, “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team”. 27. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that. ,A, inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments ,B, science advances when fruitful researches are conducted ,C, scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research ,D, unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research 28. The author asserts that scientists. ,A, shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought ,B, shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things ,C, should write more concise reports for technical journals ,D, should be confident about their research findings 29. It seems that some young scientists. ,A, have a keen interest in prediction ,B, often speculate on the future ,C, think highly of creative thinking ,D, stick to “scientific method” 30. The author implies that the results of scientific research. ,A, may not be as profitable as they are expected,B, can be measured in dollars and cents ,C, rely on conformity to a standard pattern ,D, are mostly underestimated by management Part ?EnglishChinese Translation 31)While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of 74 historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian?s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process. 32)Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 33)During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 34) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technical fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 35)It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 2000年全真试题 Part ?Close Test If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. ,139 words, 1.,A, other than ,B, as well as ,C, instead of ,D, more than 2.,A, only if ,B, much as ,C, long before ,D, ever since 3.,A, for ,B, against ,C, of ,D, towards 4.,A, replace ,B, purchase ,C, supplement ,D, dispose 5.,A, enhance ,B, mix ,C, feed ,D, raise 6.,A, vessels ,B, routes ,C, paths ,D, channels 7.,A, self-confident ,B, self-sufficient ,C, self-satisfied ,D,self-restrained 8.,A, search ,B, save ,C, offer ,D, seek 9.,A, proportion ,B, percentage ,C, rate ,D, ratio 10.,A, genuinely ,B, obviously ,C, presumably ,D, frequently 75 Part ?Reading Comprehension Passage 1 ?A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. ?When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. ?Its scientists were the world s best; its workers the most skilled. ?(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. ?It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. ? Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. ?By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. ?Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. ?By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. ?(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) ?(12)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. ?For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty. ?All of this caused a crisis of confidence. ?Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. ?They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. ?The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. ?Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas. ?How things have changed! ?In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. ?(14)Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. ?Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ?“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ?“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. ?And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”,429 words, 11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because. ,A, it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal ,B, its domestic market was eight times larger than before ,C, the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors ,D, the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy 12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American. ,A, TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market ,B, semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises ,C, machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions ,D, auto industry had lost part of its domestic market 76 13. What can be inferred from the passage? ,A, It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride. ,B, Intense competition may contribute to economic progress. ,C, The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation. ,D, A long history of success may pave the way for further development. 14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the. ,A, turning of the business cycle ,B, restructuring of industry ,C, improved business management ,D, success in education Passage 2 ?(15)Being a man has always been dangerous. ?There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. ?But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. ?Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. ?This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. ? More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. ?Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. ?Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone. ?There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. ?Few people are as fertile as in the past. ?Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. ?Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. ?Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. ?(16)Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. ?India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. ?The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes. For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. ?Strangely, it has involved little physical change. ?No other species fills so many places in nature. ?But in the past 100, 000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. ?(17)We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. ?Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”?No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.,406 words, 15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph? ,A, A lack of mates. ,B, A fierce competition. ,C, A lower survival rate. ,D, A defective gene. 16. What does the example of India illustrate? ,A, Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people. ,B, Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor. ,C, The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes. ,D, India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate. 77 17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because. ,A, life has been improved by technological advance ,B, the number of female babies has been declining ,C, our species has reached the highest stage of evolution ,D, the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing 18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? ,A, Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.,B, Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution. ,C, The Evolutionary Future of Nature. ,D, Human Evolution Going Nowhere. Passage 3 ?(20)When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. ?With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature. ?This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. ? Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. ? (21)This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. ?We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. ?We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. ? Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will. ?Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. ?But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.” ?(22)This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. ?All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. ?The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?,334 words, 19. This passage is mainly. ,A, a survey of new approaches to art ,B, a review of Futurist poetry ,C, about merits of the Futurist movement ,D, about laws and requirements of literature 20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to. ,A, determine its purposes ,B, ignore its flaws ,C, follow the new fashions ,D, accept the principles 21. Futurists claim that we must. ,A, increase the production of literature ,B, use poetry to relieve modern stress ,C, develop new modes of expression ,D, avoid using adjectives and verbs 22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is. ,A, based on reasonable principles ,B, new and acceptable to ordinary people ,C, indicative of a basic change in human nature ,D, more of a transient phenomenon than literature 78 Passage 4 ?(23)Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. ?But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. ?Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don?t know where they should go next. ?The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. ?In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. ?In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. ?While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ?(25)“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. ?“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” ?Last year Japan experienced 2，125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. ?Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. ?Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.” ?(26)But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. ?“In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” ?With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. ?Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. ?In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.,447 words, 23. In the Westerners? eyes, the postwar Japan was. ,A, under aimless development ,B, a positive example ,C, a rival to the West ,D, on the decline 24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society? ,A, Women’s participation in social activities is limited. ,B, More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs. ,C, Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics. ,D, The life-style has been influenced by Western values. 25. Which of the following is true according to the author? ,A, Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder. ,B, Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity. 79 ,C, More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity. ,D, Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking. 26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that. ,A, the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life ,B, the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S. ,C, the Japanese endure more than ever before ,D, the Japanese appreciate their present life Passage 5 ?(27)If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. ?If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. ? (28)In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. ?What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. ?There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them. ?Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. ? Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.?(29) What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. ?Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ?For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.” ?The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ?As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ?This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. ?Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ?Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. ,431 words, 27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if. ,A, its returns well compensate for the sacrifices ,B, it is rewarded with money, fame and power ,C, its goals are spiritual rather than material ,D, it is shared by the rich and the famous 28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is. ,A, customary of the educated to discard ambition in words 80 ,B, too late to check ambition once it has been let out ,C, dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal ,D, impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition 29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because. ,A, they think of it as immoral ,B, their pursuits are not fame or wealth ,C, ambition is not closely related to material benefit ,D, they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible 30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained. ,A, secretly and vigorously ,B, openly and enthusiastically ,C, easily and momentarily ,D, verbally and spiritually Part ?English-Chinese Translation Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31)Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds. 33)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. ,390 words, 81 1986年英语试题答案 1(A 2(D 3(B 4(C 5(B 6(D 7(B 8(A 9(A 10(C Passage 1 11. B 12. D 13.C 14. D 15.B Passage 2 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.A 20.C 21. 本题考核的知识点是:主从复合句、形式主语。 【翻译】如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程，我们就不难发现，对一个学生来说，要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。 22. 本题考核的知识点是:主从复合句、不定式结构。 【翻译】如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识，为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考，那么毫无疑问，进大学对他是有好处的。 23.本题考核的知识点是:固定结构、不定式结构、状语。 【翻译】学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束，气氛往往令人感到过于拘束，使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解。 24. 本题考核的知识点是:插入语，方式状语，主语补语 【翻译】我认为大多数学生，尤其是那些没有偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”，经过一年左右的时间对各门不同学科的钻研，将会从中获益。 25. 本题考核的知识点是:there be句型、后置定语 【翻译】当然，关于一个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间，还有另外一个方面。 26. 本题考核的知识点是:定语从句【翻译】某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。 27. 本题考核的知识点是:分词结构、名词转译为动词 【翻译】他一毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受，再花三、四年时间成为一名专家。结果他以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位，但对外界的一切却几乎一无所知。 28. 本题考核的知识点是:主语从句、条件状语从句 【翻译】因此，如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会，就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的的建议。这个问题显得越来越重要了。 1987年英语试题答案 1(C 2(C 3(A 4(D 5(B 6(A 7(D 8(B 9(C 10(A Passage 1 11. B 12. B 13.A 14. C 15.D Passage 2 16.C 17.A 18.A 19.C 20.B Passage 3 21.CB 22.C 23.C 24.B 25.A 26. 本题考核的知识点是:并列分句。【翻译】对我们来说，生活要是没有广大的城市地区 似乎是不可想象的，但实际上城市还是比较按期才发展起来的。 27. 本题考核的知识点是:定语从句。 【翻译】从历史上看，城市生活始终是文明的一个组成部分。 28. 本题考核的知识点是:形式主语，宾语从句。【翻译】如果没有城市的支持，简直难以想象会有大学，医院，大企业，甚至连科学技术也不会有。 29. 本题考核的知识点是:宾语从句、定语从句。 【翻译】可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题集中的地方。 30. 本题考核的知识点是:后置定语、宾语从句。 【翻译】但是，一个最主要的分歧意见是，像目前这样的城市是否还要保存下去。 31. 本题考核的知识点是:同位语从句、定语从句。 【翻译】同时也有人反对说，文化方面的进步，始终是以城市为中心而向外辐射的。 32. 本题考核的知识点是:。 【翻译】诚然，一个宏伟的重建也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。 82 33. 本题考核的知识点是:。【翻译】遗憾的是，过去我们在总目标方面意见是一致的，但涉及到各个具体目标时，意见就不一致，因而也就根本没有什么行动。 1988年英语试题答案 1(B 2(A 3(D 4(C 5(C 6(D 7(C 8(B 9(A 10(D Passage 1 11. B 12. A 13.B 14. C Passage 2 15.A 16.A 17.A Passage 3 18.B 19.D 20.C 21. 本题考核的知识点是:定语从句【翻译】显然，他是个对自己的仪表感到相当自豪的人。 22. 本题考核的知识点是:方式状语从句。【翻译】正像卡车司机和建筑工人再没必要都是男的一样，所有秘书和接待员再也不一定都是女的。 23. 本题考核的知识点是:并列分句，定语从句。 【翻译】这些变化正影响着长期存在的传统观念中关于男女各可以干哪几类工作的看法，但这对于进入原先以妇女为主的那些的男人来说，无疑也带来一些问题。 24. 本题考核的知识点是:定语从句【翻译】我还没听说过有任何使我感到满意的确切答案。 25. 本题考核的知识点是:宾语从句，时间状语从句。【翻译】他回忆说:“我觉得那种工作十分有趣，当我退役时，对我来说，去干某种医务工作，似乎是极其自然的。 26. 本题考核的知识点是:介词短语表原因，定语从句 【翻译】换句话说，男人干起了“女人干的”工作，其动机是同任何找工作干的人一样，既出于个人的兴趣，也出于经济上需要的考虑。 27. 本题考核的知识点是:并列分句。【翻译】选定这一类工作是会惹人笑话的。 28. 本题考核的知识点是:并列分句。【翻译】我们是否能预见到这么一天:那时当秘书的男女各占一半或有人提到某个男人当护士时，人们不会再感到吃惊, 1989年英语试题答案 1(A 2(A 3(C 4(B 5(D 6(B 7(A 8(D 9(A 10(C Passage 1 11.A 12. B 13.A Passage 2 14. C 15.D 16.A Passage 3 17.C 18.D 19.A 20.B 21. 本题考核的知识点是:并列结构 【翻译】她吃力地伏在显微镜上干活，手焊体积很小的电子计算机，每小时能焊好18个。 22. 本题考核的知识点是:宾语从句。【翻译】一家工厂的跟踪调查表明，被解雇的工人中一年后只有38%的人找到了与原工资相等或优于原工资的新工作。 23. 本题考核的知识点是:独立主格结构。 【翻译】虽然它(新技术的采用导致失业上升)一开始被全球性的经济衰退所引起的失业所掩盖，但到20世纪末，新技术所引起的失业问题可能会构成对社会经济的巨大挑战。 24. 本题考核的知识点是:并列句，强调句。【翻译】被一台机器抢走你的工作是很伤自尊心的，可又没法还击，但真正伤我心的是要费很大的劲去寻找新的工作。 25. 本题考核的知识点是:后置定语。【翻译】老工人由于处于技术掌握得很有限的困境，往往不能重新获得其原有的地位和就业机会。 26. 本题考核的知识点是:后置定语 【翻译】要付出的社会代价远远超过政府在福利与失业救济方面的开支。 27. 本题考核的知识点是:宾语从句, 定语从句。【翻译】但是未来学家海曼?西摩说，新技术所具有的惊人效率意味着所需要的劳力将出现一个绝对的和直接的净减数。 28. 本题考核的知识点是:并列句, 宾语从句 83 【翻译】为失业工人提供的由联邦政府资助的计划和免费重返学校学习的计划目前都在实施中，但很少有专家认为这些计划能跟得上新技术的发展步伐。 1990年英语试题答案 1(C 2(A 3(A 4(A 5(B 6(B 7(D 8(A 9(D 10(B Passage 1 11.D 12. B 13.C Passage 2 14. C 15.B 16.D 17.B Passage 3 18.B 19.A 20.C 21. 本题考核的知识点是:宾语从句。[翻译]在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。 23. 本题考核的知识点是:主语从句，插入语。[翻译]这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。 24. 本题考核的知识点是:宾语从句 [翻译]行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。 25. 本题考核的知识点是:宾语从句，后置定语。[翻译]支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。 26. 本题考核的知识点是:多重从句的嵌套 [翻译]行为主义者认为，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。 27. 本题考核的知识点是:简单句 [翻译]在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。 28. 本题考核的知识点是:宾语从句，同位语从句，定语从句。[翻译]相反，行为主义者认 为，成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利 条件。 1991年英语试题答案 1. B 2.A 3. D 4. D 5. C6. B 7. A 8.D 9. B10. C 11. A 12. D13.B 14.C 15.B Passage 1 16.B17.C18.A19.A20.D Passage 2 21.C22.A23.C24.C25.A Passage 3 26.D27.A28.C29.D30.B 31. [解析] 本题考核知识点:并列句的处理，短语、被动句的译法。[翻译]石油供应可能随时会被切断;不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。 32. [解析]本题考核知识点:嵌套式定语从句、嵌套式并列结构的译法[翻译]:必须找到新的能源，这需要时间;而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不可能再出现了。 33.[解析]本题考核知识点:非限制性定语从句的译法。[翻译]:食品供应的增加将赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。 34. [解析] 本题考核知识点:状语从句中嵌套定语从句的翻译处理。 [翻译]:这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去了，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。 35. [解析] 本题考核知识点:时间状语从句、定语从句的译法。 [翻译]:(除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度:使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。 1992年英语试题答案 1.D2. A 3.B4. B 5.C6. C 7. A 8.D 9.D10. A 11.C 12.A13.B 14.B 15.C 84 Passage 1 16.C17.D18.A19.B20.B Passage 2 21.D22.D23.D24.A25.D Passage 3 26.C27.B28.A29.C30.A 31. [解析] 本题考核知识点:比较句、过去分词做后置定语的译法。[翻译]:人们对智力这个词所指的各种表现意见比较一致，而对这些表现的解释或分类则有不同的看法。 32.[解析] 本题考核知识点:代词的指代、类比句和不定式做主语的译法。 [翻译]:批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。 33. [解析]本题考核知识点:原因状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句的译法。 [翻译]:既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供有效的或公平的比较。 34. [解析] 本题考核知识点:被动句、条件状语从句、定语从句的翻译。[翻译]:如果从智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有的被比较者来说，前两个因素必须是一样的。 35. [解析] 本题考核知识点:被动句、条件状语从句、定语从句、the same as 形成的对比句的译法。[翻译]:总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定把握的，但前提是必须两个假定成立:这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比较的孩子对测试的态度相同;他没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。 1993年英语试题答案 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. D6. C 7. A 8.C 9. B10. D 11. A 12. B13.D 14.C 15.B Passage 1 16.B17.C18.D19.B20.A Passage 2 21.C22.D23.D24.C25.B Passage 3 26.D27.C28.B29.A30.A 31.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:含否定词的肯定表示方法，被动句译成主动句 [翻译]:科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。 32.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文理解 [翻译]:这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平的构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确。 33([解析] 本题考核的知识点是:猜测词义，词语搭配。[翻译]:你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。 34([解析] 本题考核的知识点是:固定句型的译法，代词指代 [翻译]:许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能管理。 35.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:长句的翻译，双重否定，常见词的生僻意思 [翻译]:在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。 1994年英语试题答案 1. A2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. A7. B 8.C 9. D10. D Passage 1 11. D 12. D 13.A 14. C Passage 2 15.B16.C17.B18.B Passage 3 19.A20.C21.D22.A 85 Passage 4 23.D24.D25.B26.C Passage 5 27.A28.C29.B30.B 31.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:not so much…的译法。 [翻译]:他们(新学派科学家们)说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。 32. [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:定语从句先行词的判断和翻译时的前置和后置。 [翻译]:“简言之”，新学派的一位领袖人物主张:“我们所称的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和应用使科学向各个方向发展发展。” 33. [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:as的用法和被动语态。[翻译]:工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被史学家和哲学家忽视了。 34. [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:抽象名词、目的状语从句和rather than的译法。 [翻译]:伽利略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，旨在证实行星围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转。 35. [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:at the expense of 和whether… or…的含义。 [翻译]:政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入而增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看做是驱动力量。 1995年英语试题答案 1. B 2. C3. C4. B 5.D 6. C 7. A 8.D 9. A 10. B Passage 1 11.D 12.D13.D 14. C Passage 2 15.A 16.C17.A18.D Passage 3 19.B20.C21.A22.D Passage 4 23.C24.B25.B26.C Passage 5 27.D28.B29.A30.B 31.[解析] 本题考核的知识点:名词译为动词和介词语短的译法。 [翻译]:把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者未考虑其弊病是来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。 32. [解析] 本题考核的知识点:句子理解，代词指代[翻译]:这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现证实，这取决于被采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。 33. [解析] 本题考核的知识点:抽象名词的意译和代词指代。 [翻译]:因此，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是在某一特定情况下两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和现有条件等因素。 34. [解析] 本题考核的知识点:状语从句的翻译和句子间的对比。 [翻译]:一般地说，当被测定的特征能够被很准确的界定时，测试最为有效;而当被测定或被预测的东西不能够被明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。 35. [解析] 本题考核的知识点:虚拟语气，推测词义 [翻译]:例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长，会有多大才干。 1996年英语试题答案 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. D 8.B 9. C 10. A Passage 1 11. B 12. A 13.D 14. A Passage 2 15.B 16.C 17.C 18.D Passage 3 19.C 20.A 21.C 22.D 86 Passage 4 23.D 24.A 25.B 26.A Passage 5 27.D 28.B 29.B 30.A 31.在这些原因中，有些纯属社会需求;另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。 32.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向其科研机构提出具体的要求通常是无法详尽预见的。 33.给某些与当前目标无关而将来则可能产生影响的科研予以支持，看来能够有效地解决这个问题。 34.然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。35.同过去一样，将来必然出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。 1997年英语试题答案 1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. C 8.B 9. A 10. D Passage 1 11. D 12. B 13.A 14. C Passage 2 15.D 16.A 17.C 18.B Passage 3 19.D 20.A 21.A 22.B Passage 4 23.C 24.D 25.B 26.A Passage 5 27.C 28.B 29.A 30.D 31.事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的，而这种共识并不存在。 32.有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权益交换的一部分。 33.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。 34.这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。 35.这种反应并不是错误，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励，而不应该遭到嘲笑。 1998年英语试题答案 1. A 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. D 6. D 7. A 8.B 9. C 10. D Passage 1 11. C 12. D 13.D 14. C Passage 2 15.A 16.B 17.B 18.A Passage 3 19.C 20.D 21.A 22.A Passage 4 23.B 24.C 25.D 26.C Passage 5 27.B 28.B 29.C 30.C 31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。 32.巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位不可缺少的。 33.天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器和球载仪器，正在越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。 34.假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一种科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。 35.宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但是它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论产生的在科学上看来似乎可信的结论。许多天体物理学家近十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。 87 1999年英语试题答案 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8.C 9. A 10. D Passage 1 11. B 12. C 13.A 14. D Passage 2 15.A 16.C17.D18.B Passage 3 19.B20.D21.C22.A Passage 4 23.B24.C25.D26.A Passage 5 27.A28.B29.D30.A 31.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但是现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。 32.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。 33.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。 34.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。 35.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派;前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者则认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。 2000年英语试题答案 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B 8.D 9. C 10. D Passage 1 11. C 12. D 13.B 14. A Passage 2 15.C 16.B 17.A 18.D Passage 3 19.B 20.A 21.C 22.D Passage 4 23.B 24.D 25.C 26.A Passage 5 27.A 28.C 29.D 30.B 31.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。 32.再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。 33.大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想。由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。 34.在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。 35.由于人口的猛增或人口的大量流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。 88 89