PETS4辅导_第11讲

PETS4辅导_第11讲 第十一讲 Use of English Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each numbered blank. In recent times there have been several gold rushes. people heard stories of finding large_1_ of gold lying on the_2_. _3_ they heard could_4_ a fortune just by _5_ a little. Then all kinds of people rushed to the _6_ of the latest gold discovery. The California gold rush _7_ in 1849 brought hundreds of people into a wild, unknown area with very _8_ government control. Most of them were very _9_ and looking for adventure as well as riches. The gold rush on the Fraser River in British Columbia was different. The miners needed a _10_ from the Canadian government and were not _11_ to more around the area to look for gold. There were other gold rushes in Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. In 1886 gold was discovered in South Africa. However, the _12_ was different there. The miners needed complicated _13_ to take gold from the ground and separate it _14_ the other minerals. only large companies had the money to _15_ this. _16_ this reason, a few large mining companies _17_ the gold production in South Africa today. Gold lasts _18_. For centuries people have made gold coins and jewelry, later _19_ them into a liquid, and used the gold again. If you have some gold jewelry, it is possible that this same gold was a piece of jewelry for _20_ who lived thousands of years ago. And thousands of years from now, someone else may be wearing this same gold in another form. 1. A. bar B. sheets C. pieces D. quantity 2. A. earth B. soil C. ground D. field 3. A. otherwise B. or C. yet D. then 4. A. seek B. push C. earn D. take 5. A. drawing B. digging C. searching D. exploiting 6. A. condition B. location C. situation D. scene 7. A. setting B. dating C. originating D. starting 8. A. little B. strong C. few D. strict 9. A. dependent B. isolating C. confident D. independent 10. A. order B. promise C. approval D. license 11. A. freed B. free C. promised D. liberal 12. A. rush B. circumstance C. situation D. discovery 13. A. machinery B. machine C. mechanism D. engine 14. A. from B. out C. of D. off 15. A. buy B. do C. have D. make 16. A. at B. for C. with D. in 17. A. control B. limit C. promote D. run 18. A. finally B. lately C. forever D. eventually 19. A. melted B. formed C. combined D. made 20. A. someone B. anyone C. anybody D. nobody 第 1 页 共 60 页 解析: 1(C. 人们听说了能在地面上发现大块金子的事情。bar一条; sheet 薄片; piece一块; quantity数量. 2. C. on the ground在地面上;earth泥土，地球;soil 土壤;field田地，领域。 3. B. 或者他们也听说，只要稍稍挖掘，就能获得财富。这里是接着上面的一句话，意思是“人们听说„或者听说„” 4. C. 这里要表达“获得财富”只有earn the fortune的搭配是最适合的。 5. B. 这里需要一个动词，表示“挖掘”，其他的几个词搭配均不合适。 6. B. 许多人涌向发现金子的地方。这里人们蜂拥而至的是地点，或者说是位置。而不是条件，形式或场面。 7. D. 这句话的意思是:1849年开始的加利福尼亚的淘金热把成千上万的人带到了一个广阔的不为人所知的地区，这个地区很少受到政府的控制。这里是现在分词短语作 gold rush的定语，表示“1849年开始的”。Setting安置安装;dating约会，定日期;originating起源，创办。 8. A. 此句说这个地区是广阔的，不为人所知的，所以可以猜测出，这个地区很少受到政府控制。结合文章的后面即可得出正确的判断。 9. D. 这句话的意思是:他们中的大多数都很独立，寻求冒险，也在寻找宝藏。 10. D. 这句话的意思是:这里的采矿需要得到加拿大政府的执照。 11. B. 这句话的和前面的意思是相同的，既然需要得到政府的执照，则说明开矿受到一定的限制，可以判断:开矿者不能随意选择地点去开采金矿。Be free to可以随意作某事，相当于be allowed to do. 12. C. 这句话的意思是: 1886年，南非发现了金矿。然而那里的情况是完全不同的。circumstance情况，但是通常用复数形式。 13. A. 这句话的意思是: 开矿者需要复杂的机器，把金矿从地面下挖出来。这里的复杂的机器侧重于“开挖的复杂手段和方法”。 14. A. 这句话的意思是: 把金子从其他矿物里分离出来。Separate„from„:把„从„分离出来. 15. B. 这句话的意思是: 这样大公司才有钱去做这件事。这里所填的动词要包含的意思就是运用复杂机器手段发掘并分离金矿。只有do可以表达这一意思。 16. A. 这句话的意思是: 目前南非的黄金生产是被几家大的开采公司所控制。For this reason表示“由于这一原因”. 17. A. 这里讲的是，由于资金的原因，黄金生产被几家大的开采公司所垄断。 18. C. 黄金可以永远保存。 19. A. 这句话的意思是: 几个世纪以来，人们用金子铸造钱币和珠宝，然后再把它们熔化成液体再重复使用。melt„into„: 把„熔成„ 20. A. 这句话的意思是: 如果你有一些黄金珠宝，那么很有可能你的这块黄金属于几千年前的某个人。文章的最后一句的意思是:几千年后，某个人可能以另外一种形式戴着这块黄金。 Reading Comprehension Read the following two texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Easter Eggs Most English holidays have a religion origin. Easter is originally the day to commemorate the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. But now for most people, Easter is a secular spring holiday, when everyone hopes to enjoy fine weather, when the days are lengthening fast, when trees are already in bud and leaf, and spring flowers appear, the most welcome of the year-violets and primroses, daffodils and narcissi. For children, Easter means, more than anything else, Easter eggs or chocolate eggs. 第 2 页 共 60 页 Real, natural eggs do not belong to course to single season of the year. They are eaten all the year round (Duck eggs are a rarity in England, and the eggs of smaller birds are rarer still, a luxury for the very rich and privileged). Eggs are everyday food-inexpensive, nutritious, and especially good for breakfast. Their association with spring, when hens begin to lay after the winter, is older than the manufacture of chocolate eggs. In some places, real eggs are used in an Easter game called “egg rolling”. They are first hardboiled and then given to competitors to roll down a slope. The winner is the person whose egg gets to the bottom first. In some families, the breakfast eggs in Easter Sunday morning are boiled in several pans, each containing a different vegetable dye, so that when they are served the shells are no longer white or pale brown in color, but yellow or pink, blue or green. The dyes do not penetrate the shell of course. Most British children would be very disappointed if there were the only eggs they had at Easter. Chocolate Easter eggs are displayed in confectioners’ shops as soon as Christmas is over. The smallest and simplest are inexpensive enough for children to buy with pocket money. These are of two sorts. Very small ones, perhaps a little longer than an inch in length, are coated thinly with chocolate in the outside and filled with sweet, soft paste, called fondant. They are wrapped in colored foil in a variety of patterns. Slightly larger eggs, a little bigger, as a rule, than a duck’s egg, are hollow. There is nothing inside at all-just a wrapped chocolate shell. You break the shell and eat the jagged, irregular pieces. 1. Easter is originally the day to____. A. mark the beginning of the spring. B. remember the rebirth of Jesus Christ. C. sell chocolate eggs. D. be enjoyed only by British children. 2. You can not eat ___ all the year round. A. real natural eggs B. duck eggs C. the eggs of smaller birds D. both B&C 3. How do the Easter eggs become colorful? A. The eggs are boiled in several pans. B. put different vegetables into different pans. C. Use dyes which do not penetrate the shell. D. Both B&C 4. Confectionery begins to sell Easter sweets____. A. when Easter starts. B. as soon as Christmas is over C. in spring D. all the year round 5. What do the jagged pieces refer to? A. It refers to the chocolate shells of the eggs. B. It refers to the duck eggs. C. It refers to the sweet soft pastes. D. It refers to varieties of patterns. 第 3 页 共 60 页 解析: 1. B ,标志着春天的开始，并不是它的起源。而只是后来人们赋予它的一个特征。,卖巧克力蛋只是商家在这一天赚钱的途径， 最初这一天并不卖巧克力蛋。,小孩字们尽情地享受着复活节带给他们的快乐，但这同样不是复活节最初的功能。 2. D 第二段开头部分说，你一年到头都可以吃到普通的鸡蛋，但是在英国鸭蛋和小鸟蛋却是稀罕的东西。只有那些富人和享有 特权的人才可以吃得到，所以在一年当中，你吃不到的蛋就是鸭蛋和小鸟蛋。 3. D 复活节蛋怎么才能变得五颜六色呢,在文章的第二段末尾，作者告诉我们， 英国人在复活节这一天，把鸡蛋放在几个盘子 里煮，这些盘子里面都装有不同的 蔬菜颜料，取出后 就得到了彩色的复活节蛋。 4. B 文章第三段说，圣诞节一结束，糖果店就把巧克力作的复活节蛋摆了出来，也就是说圣诞节一过完，糖果店就开始卖复活节 彩蛋了。 5. A jagged的意思是“齿状的”。文章的最后一段说有一种巧克力蛋是中空的,比鸭蛋还大,吃的时候要把它打碎，然后就可以吃 那些齿状的，不规则的一片片蛋壳，所以 jagged pieces指的是巧克力蛋的壳。 Women’s Liberation one of the good things for men in women’s liberation is that men no longer have to pay women the old-fashioned courtesies. In an article on the new manners, Ms. Holmes says that a perfectly able to woman no longer has to act helplessly in public as if she were a model. For example, she doesn’t need getting in and out of cars. “Women get in and out of cars twenty times a day with babies and dogs. Surely they can get out by themselves at night just as easily.” She also says there is no reason why a man should walk on the outside of a woman on the sidewalk. “Historically, the man walked on the inside so he caught the garbage thrown out of a window. Today the man walked is supposed to walk on the outside. A man should walk where he wants to. So should a woman. If, out of love and respect, he actually wants to take the blows, he should walk on the inside- because that’s where attacks are all hiding these days. As far as manners are concerned, I suppose I have always been a supporter of women’s liberation. over the years, out of a sense of respect I imagine, I have refused to trouble women with outdated courtesies. It is usually easier to follow rules of social behavior than to depend on one’s own taste. But rules may be safely broken, of course, by those of us with the gift of natural grace. For example, when a man and woman are led to their table in a restaurant and the waiter pulls out a chair the woman is always expected to sit in the chair. That is according to Ms. Clark. I have always done it the other way according to my wife. It came up only the other night. I followed the hostess to the table, and when she pulled the chair out I sat on it quite naturally since it happened to be the chair I wanted to sit in. “Well”, said my wife when the hostess had gone. “You did it again.” “Did what?” I asked, utterly confused. “Took the chair.” Actually, since I’d walked through the restaurant ahead of my wife, it would have been awkward, I should think, not to have taken the chair. I had got there first after all. Also it has always been my custom to get in a car first and let the women get in by herself. This is a courtesy. 第 4 页 共 60 页 I insist on as the stronger sex, out of love and respect. In times like these, there might be attacks hidden about. It would be unsuitable to put a woman in a car and then shut the door on her, leaving her at the mercy of some bad fellow who might be hiding in the back seat. 1. It can be concluded from the passage that____. A. men should walk on the inside of sidewalk. B. women are becoming more capable than before. C. in women’s liberation men are also liberated. D. it’s safe to break rules of social behavior 2. The author was “utterly confused” because he ___. A. took the chair out of habit. B. was trying to be polite. C. was slow in understanding. D. had forgotten what he did.+ 3. He took the chair for all the following reasons EXCEpT that ____. A. he got to the chair first. B. he happened to like the seat. C. his wife ordered him to do so. D. he’d walked ahead of his wife. 4. The author always gets in a car before a woman because he ____. A. wants to protect her. B. doesn’t need to help her. C. chooses to be impolite to her. D. fears attacks on him. 5. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? A. Manners ought to be thrown away altogether. B. In manners one should follow his own judgment. C. Women no longer need to be helped in public. D. Men are not expected to be courteous to women. 解析: 本文主要讲述了妇女解放运动所引发的男性解放，以及作者在“什么是真正的礼貌”这一问题上的看法和处事方法。作者认为，每个人对于礼貌有自己的判断，只要按照自己的判断行事就可以了。 1(C A. 男人应该走在人行道的内侧。但是在第三段中说男人可以走任何一侧只有他喜欢。B. 从文中我们只能得出妇女解放运动使他们不再把以前的一些女士优先的行为看作使礼貌的表现。她们不想成为弱势群体，但并能判断她们的能力比以前提高了。C. 综观全文， 我们可以看到在妇女解放运动，也是对男性的一种解放。 D. 文中指出社会的行为准则是很容易推翻的，但是没有提到这样作的后果。 2(A 在文章的第六段，作者讲述了他很自然地坐了服务员小姐拉出的椅子，其实只是因为他习惯了坐那把椅子。 3(C 作者坐那把椅子是有原因的。在以下的三种情况他会抢坐那把椅子的:他先到了椅子旁;他碰巧很喜欢那把椅子;他走在妻 第 5 页 共 60 页 子前面。 4(A 文中最后一段，作者提到如果现把一个女士关在车里是很不安全的，有可能会遭到后座潜藏的歹徒的袭击。所以他自己现上 车，就可以避免这种事情的发生，从而保护女士的安全。 5(B A和D中讲人们不需要再讲礼貌了，这显然是有悖于文章的本意的。C女士再公共场合不再需要任何帮助。这是文章中没有 提到的。作者是发表了他本人对于“礼貌”的一些看法，和他自己的态度和做法。他认为这都是礼貌的表现，体现了对于女士 的尊重和爱护。而且我们也可以看出作者很欣赏依照自我判断来行事。 Translation: 1(There are some concessions to the reversed seasons, however, for Christmas down under comes in midsummer. (concession n.让步; ) 2. The big stores have a professional Santa Claus, white-bearded, red-mantled, black-booted, perspiringly presiding over a “Magic Cave” or a “Toyland”, and solemnly noting the Christmas Eve requirements of hundreds of exited children. 3. Christmas carol-singing has also been inherited from the old World, and in some towns on Christmas Eve. “Carol by Candlelight” are held in suitable settings outdoors. 4. perhaps the most popular and most regular carolers are members of the Salvation Army, whose melodious rendering of the well-loved old Christmas hymns wakens many New Zealanders to the Feast of the Nativity. 5. New Zealanders spend their Christmas Day with the friendly greetings, the gifts- and especially the toys for the children- and the sumptuous family dinner which is the center-piece of this day over the world. 1. 然而，由于“地球南半球”的圣诞节正逢仲夏，因此新西兰圣诞节的 庆祝活动具有夏季的 特点。 有着符合反季节的 庆祝 活动。 2. 每家大商场都安排有专职的圣诞老人。他们蓄着白胡须，身披红斗篷，脚踏黑靴，汗流浃背地主管着“魔洞”或“玩具天地”， 并郑重地记下许多兴奋不已地 孩子们在圣诞夜期望得到的东西。 3(圣诞节唱颂歌是从“旧世界”继承过来的，在一些城镇，人们于圣诞之夜在适当的露天场所进行“烛光下齐唱颂歌”的活动。 4( 最受欢迎和最正规的颂歌手大概要数“救世军”的成员们，他们把古老的圣诞赞美诗唱得又没动听，唤起新西兰人对耶稣 诞生的热情。 5(新西兰人在良好的祝愿礼物以及和为孩子们准备的大量玩具中欢度圣诞节。此外，还有丰盛的家宴，这是世界各地的人们在 这一节日的中心思想。 第十二讲 Listening part A. You will hear a passage. Listen and complete the sentences in questions 1-5 with the information you’ve heard. Write not more than 3 words in each numbered box. You hear the recording twice. The speaker makes the announcement before 1 You may be interested in 2 Smoking is prohibited in the toilet 3 第 6 页 共 60 页 Any questions from passengers will be dealt with 4 In preparation for take-off you must ensure that your seal belts 5 part B. You will hear a passage. Answer questions 6-10 while you listen. Use not more than 5 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. What is the woman planning to do? 1 Why can she fly to Northern Scotland tomorrow? 2 When is she watching the forecast? 3 What is the weather like in East Anglia during the daytime? 4 What can you infer from the announcement? 5 part C. You will hear three dialogues or monologues. Before listing to each one, read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear each piece once only. 1. What is the speaker? A. Journalist B. Specialist in travel C. Traveler D. Both B&C 2. What is the speaker supposed to do? A. Tell you about her job. B. Tell you about travel to Astoria. C. Tell you about New Zealand. D. Tell you about the Astoria Tourism Bureau. 3. What shape does Astoria have? A. Long & thin. B. Square C. rectangle D. both B&C 4. Why wouldn’t you even need a journey to stay warm on the island. A. Because it is summer time on the island. B. Because it is warmer than any other places in the world. C. Because the island is close to the Equator. D. Both B&C 5. Where do most of the islanders live? A. on the whole island. B. In the northern part of the island. C. In the southern half of the island. D. In the middle of the island. 6. When buying an used car, people are afraid of that ______. A. it will be a bad car. 第 7 页 共 60 页 B. It will be too expensive C. It will look bad. D They are buying a stolen car 7. What is the author’s advice about cars that have engine or transmission problems? A. Buy the car. B. Don’t buy the car. C. Tell the person selling the car that you will think about buying it. D. Walk away from the car and go talk to a mechanic. 8. What does it mean when a deal is subject to professional inspection? A. The can must be registered. B. The owner is no longer responsible for anything that goes wrong with the car. C. If a mechanic finds something wrong with the car, you can buy the car for less money .or ask the previous owner pay for fixing the problem. D. The car only be sold to a mechanic. 9. When looking for a mechanic to inspect the car, what should you make sure of? A. The mechanic doesn’t like the car’s previous owner. B. The mechanic works for the car’s previous owner. C. The mechanic likes the car’s previous owner. D. The mechanic doesn’t work for the car’s previous owner. 10. The purpose of getting a written estimate of the repair costs form the mechanic or diagnostic center is ______. A. to buy a clunker B. to make sure that all parts are in food condition C. to make sure that all parts work D. to get a lower price or a free repair oral Test Leisure: 1. Do you have any hobbies? 2. How did you become interested in (whatever hobby the candidate enjoys)? I fell in love with„since„ I developed/began/started my love affair with„from 3. Which do you prefer, watching TV or going to the cinema? What sort of program/film do you like to watch? I prefer„ I like„better. I like serious/light kind of program, such as„ I like„ films. (comedy, tragedy, romantic film, horror film, historic film, newsreel, detective film , musicals , documentary film) 4. What kinds of sports are you interested in? Balls (basketball, football, volley ball, tennis, badminton, ping pang), swimming, bicycling, riding 5. What kind of music do you enjoy most? Why? popular music, blue music, classical music, light music, rock music, R&B 第 8 页 共 60 页 Relaxing, stimulating, exciting. 6. How do you usually spend your holidays? I usually stay at home for relaxation. I usually go out for a change. 7. Is there anywhere you would particularly like to visit? Why? Writing Write a composition of 160-200 words referring to the following information. Retirement It is a traditional custom in China that the average worker is obliged to retire at the age of 55 and the retired worker stay at home enjoying their old age. Do you think it is a good tradition for the retired worker of 55 to stay at home doing nothing? What suggestions can you give? Give reasons for your answer, and your arguments must be supported by relevant evidence. 本课的写作实际上也属于your opinion的作文。对这类文章写作的注意事项，我们要注意其写作方法: 首段明确表达你所赞同的具体观点;主题段落用具体的理由或事例支持你所提出的观点。结尾段重申首段观点。 1(你认为55岁退休这一传统好吗, 2.你有什么建议, 3.为什么要提出这样的建议，有何道理, 4(用相关的证据来证明你的观点。 这四点写作要求要明确反映在文章中，千万不能遗漏。整篇文章的写作应该在上述几个问题展开，不要漫无边际地写。只要 符合要求的文章才能获得理想的分数。 写作提纲 本文根据题目要求可以分为四个自然段来写: 首段:明确阐明自己的观点，即对中国普通工人要在55岁退休这一传统风俗的看法。本文的看法是，这种看法已经不合适宜， 应该废止了。 主题段落:分两段来写。 第一段具体论述为什么这一风俗已经不合适宜，指出具体的原因和表现。比如:决定是否让一个人退休，应该从他的业绩判 断，而不是单纯看他的年龄;年老的工人比年轻的工人有时侯技术更纯熟、工作经验更丰富。 第二段主要是针对这种情况提出自己的建议和解决办法，并且说明为什么要提出这样的建议。如:人如果失去工作，容易变 的孤独，不利于健康;再者，人的寿命在延长，所以工作年限也应该延长。具体建议是:只要一个人的健康状况允许并且能继 续胜任工作，就可以一直工作下去。 结尾段:对自己的观点进行简要的总结。提出退休的新标准，即衡量一个人是否仍然能做好工作，不是单纯地看一个人是不 是达到了某个年龄。得出结论，这一传统风俗应该废止了。 参考范文 Retirement Retirement age varies from country to country, perhaps a reflection of economics, population pressures or simply value systems. In China, there is a traditional custom for the workers to retire at the age of 55 and stay at home enjoying the life for the rest of their lives. In my opinion, this custom is no linger appropriate in our society. 第 9 页 共 60 页 I believe something should be done to change this situation. Nobody will deny that the age is not always a true indicator of real ability. While some sixty-year -olds may not perform as well as they did in the past, many workers at this age can still do as well or better than they used to. people’s suitability for a position should be a reflection of their performance in the job, rather than the number of wrinkles or grey hairs they have. Employers who are concerned about the age of their employees should notice their job records. The old who are doing poorly should be asked to retire, but those who are still qualified for the job should stay on. In fact, the company or organization will benefit from doing so, because they will save a lot of money and energy by retaining their older employees. otherwise, they have to spend both time and money on training new workers, who are not necessarily as skilled as the older workers. My suggestion is that as long as people are suitable for their positions they should be allowed to continue their work. The sense of responsibility plays an important role in the old people’s physical and mental health. Since life expectancies increase in china, people should remain in their jobs for as long as they are able. It makes great sense. As people live longer, they contribute more to society in the form of meaningful work. Meanwhile, some of them are still in great need of income to support their daily life. on the other hand, the old may feel sad and lonely without their job. It is obvious that a retirement of 55 for someone who is likely to live to 80 becomes increasingly difficult to justify. In a word, the workers who are still strong enough to do their work should not be asked to retire simply because they have reached a certain age. The traditional custom that obliges average workers to retire at 55 should be given up. ---------------------------------- 第十三讲 City 主要内容: 本课主要介绍城市出现的原因以及城市发展的过程以及人们对待城市的态度。通过本课的学习我们应该对城市的历史演变过 程有一个概括的了解，掌握城市形成的背景知识，并且能够读懂报纸杂志中相关文章，就有关城市的话题与外国人进行熟练的 交流与讨论。 本课主要讲述可美国城市的发展以及美国人对待城市的不同态度.有些美国人认为城市是美国文明的象征，另外一些人却不 这样认为，在他们眼中，城市是邪恶的源泉。虽然美国人不喜欢他们居住的城市, 但毕竟四分之三的美国人住在城市.美国人正 在为他们的错误态度付出代价。 Words, Expressions and Grammar Dialogue the Grand Canyon (美国) 大峡谷 the Nile River 尼罗河 the Calorado River 科罗拉多河 natural wonders 自然奇迹 distinct animals 灭绝动物 the subway system 地铁系统 rush hours ( 交通运输) 拥挤时间, 高峰时刻 How come? Why 为什么. What a view! 多美丽景色啊。 1. fantastic adj. Wonderful or superb 绝妙的，幻想的 第 10 页 共 60 页 e.g.They had a fantastic trip to Europe. 他们进行了一次美好的欧洲之旅。 He has given us a fantastic idea. 他给我们想出了一个绝妙的主意。 2. tributary n. A stream that flows into a larger stream or other body of water.;subsidiary current 3. mystery n. 谜，难懂的事情 e.g. Who had taken the book? It was a mystery. 谁取走了这本书，还是个谜 . Its a mystery to me. 我弄不明白 The mystery has been cleared up. 真相已经大白了。 The murder remained an unsolved mystery. 这件谋杀案还没有侦破。 4. bet v. 打赌 e.g.I bet it will rain soon! I bet they were surprised by the news. I bet our team will win. I dont bet on horses. 我从来不赌马。 He bet me , 1 that the school team would win. 他和我赌一美圆校队会赢。 5. seek v. (Sought, sought) 寻找，企图 e.g.seek shelter from rain寻找避雨的地方 seek fame /help求名/求助 I will seek my doctors advice. 我将征求医生的。 Water seeks its own level. 水往低处流。 I have never sought to hide my views. 我从不企图隐瞒自已的观点。 6. Cornerstone n. foundation; main factor 基石，基础 e.g.Hard work is the cornerstone of success. 努力工作是成功的基础。 7. feasibility n. possibility 可能性，可行性 e.g.You have to hand in a report on the feasibility of the project first. 你需要先递交一份工程的可行性报告。 8. wear away 磨损 e.g.The inscription on the stone had worn away. 石头上的碑文已经看不清楚了。 The footsteps of visitors had worn away the steps. 台阶已经被参观者的脚步磨损了。 9. date ( back) to ... 从就有了，追溯回 e.g.This statue dates back to 500 B.C. 这座碉像的历史可以追溯到公元前500年。 This statue can trace back to until 500 B.C. The temple on the top of the hill dates back to the Tang Dynasty. 10. count on. 期望，指望 e.g.So I count on you. 第 11 页 共 60 页 He is a person to count on. 11. depend on 依靠，由决定 e.g.A company cannot always depend on government. W hether we will visit the Great Wall tomorrow depends on weather. 12. end up结束 e.g.If you continue to steal, you ll end up in prison. 如果继续偷盗，你会坐牢的。 passage 1. trace back to 追溯 e.g.The custom traces to the time of the Warring States. 这个风俗战国时候就有了。 They are trying to trace the rumor to its source. 他们是努力到调查谣言的来源 2. on the face of it从表面判断,乍一看 3. flock vi. come together，cluster e.g.people in the town flocked to the theatre to see the new opera. people flocked to see the new hydraulic power station beside the dam. Birds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚。 4. urban adj.城市的, 市内的 suburban adj. 郊区的 5. nonetheless adv.虽然如此, 但是nevertheless; however. 6. suspect adj. open to or viewed with suspicion:可疑的，受到怀疑的: a suspect policy可疑的警察 suspect motives令人怀疑的动机 7. lack (1) vt. 缺乏;不足;没有 e.g.He lacks courage. 他缺乏勇气。 Their actions lack consistency; they say one thing and do another. 他们言行不一,说的是一回事,做的又是另一回事。 These photographs lack definition. Youd better have them taken again. 这些照片不够清晰,你最好得重拍。 (2) n.(常与of连用)缺乏;需要 e.g.There is no lack of vegetable. 蔬菜不缺。 owing to lack of time, we cannot do more than what we have done. 由于时间不够，我们只能做到这样。 It was lack of current capital that defeated their business. 因为缺少流动资本,他们的企业才告失败。 8. innocence n. 无罪; 清白率直, 天真无邪 innocent adj. 无罪的，清白的 9. antipathy n. 厌恶; 反感, 憎恶; 不相容(to, towards, against) e.g.Some people have an antipathy to cats. 有的人讨厌猫。 10. predate v. 在日期上早于 11. acquaintance n.相识, 熟人 第 12 页 共 60 页 12. impertinent adj.无关的, 鲁莽的 e.g.It is impertinent of a child to lecture a grownup. 小孩教训大人是不礼貌的 13. discourse n.演讲, 论述, 论文, 讲道, 谈话, 谈论 14. foppery n.纨绔习气 fop n. 纨绔子弟, 花花公子 15. but prep. 除…以外 e.g.No one but me knows the secret of the old house. 除我以外没别人知道这座老宅子的秘密。 No one but he has the access to the secret room. 只有他能进入那间秘密的房间。 16. without question 没问题, 毫无疑问 e.g.He will give me a hand without question when I’m in trouble. 在我有困难的时候，他毫无疑问是会帮忙的。 He is innocent without question. 他毫无疑问是清白的。 17. on the one hand… on the other hand 一方面另一方面 e.g. on one hand, industry has created wealth; on the other hand, it has also created serious pollution. 18. in a real sense 从真正意义上 in no sense决不是, 决非 a sense of honor名誉心 a sense of sight [hearing, smell, taste, touch]视觉[听觉, 嗅觉, 味觉, 触觉] a sense of humor幽默感 a sense of duty责任感 the sense of locality [direction]对方位[向]的识别力 a man of sense有理智的人 common sense常识[理] 19. injustice n.不公正;不公平 justice n. 公正 20. the point is that 问题是，关键是 e.g.The point is that we should take the situation under control. 问题是我们要控制住局势。 The point is that you should realize your fault first. 关键是你首先要意识到自己的错误。 21. go beyond 超过 e.g.The whole situation is going beyond our expectation. 事情现在超过了我们的预想。 22. ill feeling 不祥的感觉 23. priority 优先权,需优先考虑的事 e.g.The highest priority of governments has been given to the problem of heavy traffic. 政府已经优先考虑交通拥挤的问题。 You must give this matter priority. 你必须优先处理此事。 24. grant n. 补助金;助学金;赠款;津贴 e.g.The government gave us a grant to build another classroom. 政府给了我们一笔补助，用来盖另外一间教室。 25. by contrast (with) 和...成对照; 和...比起来 e.g.Black and white show a striking contrast. 黑和白形成明显的对比。 第 13 页 共 60 页 He is very kind to the poor; by contrast, his brother is cold-hearted. 他对穷人很有同情心，相比之下他哥哥很冷酷。 By contrast with New York, the small city here is much quieter. 和纽约相比，这里的小城市安静的多。 26. base on v.基于 e.g.our friendship bases on mutual trust. 我们的友谊建立在相互信任的基础上。 I base my hopes on the news I got yesterday. 我的希望是以我昨天得到的消息为依据的。 27. fend for oneself自己谋生,照料自己 e.g.Since his father passed away, he had to fend for himself. 自从他父亲去世后，他不得不自谋生路了。 Now he is old enough to fend for himself. 他现在到了照料自己的年龄了。 28. available adj. 可得到的;可利用的 e.g.Chinese commodities available for export are varied. 中国可供出口的商品种类繁多。 Im sorry, those overcoats are not available in your colour and size. 对不起,这种外套没有你要的颜色和尺码。 Attention, please. These tickets are available on (the) day of issue only. 请注意,这种车票仅在发售当天有效。 keep a fire extinguisher available at all times. 任何时候都要放置即时可用的灭火器 29. enable v. 使能够 e.g.A birds wings enable it to fly. 鸟的翅膀使鸟能飞。 This dictionary enables you to understand English words. 这本词典使你能理解英语词汇。 30. restrict vt. 限制; 约束; 制[禁]止 e.g.our work was restricted by time. 我们的工作受到了时间限制。 our behavior should be restricted by law. 我们的行为要受到法律的限制。 Discussion at the meeting is restricted to the agenda. 这次会上的讨论只限于议程上的项目。 31. desolate adj. 荒芜的，荒凉的 e.g.the rocky, desolate surface of the moon. 月球多石的、荒凉的表面 Streets which were usually so thronged now grown desolate. 过去拥挤的街道现在荒芜了 ----------------------------------------------- 第十四讲 Use of English Read the following text. Choose the best word marked A, B, C or D for each numbered blank. Everyone must have seen pictures at least of the great _1_ of poor people who live in New York. And it seems strange, in view of this, _2_ so many people come here seeking their fortune. But if _3_ about the city’s population is more impressive than the great number of 第 14 页 共 60 页 _4_ people, it’s the great number of rich people. There’s no need _5_ for buried treasure in New York. The great American dream is out in the open for everyone to see and to reach for. No one seems to resent the very _6_. It must be because even those people who can _7_ realistically believe they’ll get rich themselves can still dream about it. There’s a disregard for the past in New York that _8_ even a lot of New Yorkers. It’s sure that no one pays much attention to _9_. The immigrants who came for something _10_, and _11_ New York used to be be means nothing to them. old million-dollar _13_. In London, _14_, paris, much of the land _15_ only been built in once in all their long _16_. In _17_ New Yorkers in transit, they leave with the _18_ that the city is one great mindless rush to nowhere. They complain that it’s moving too fast, but they don’t notice that it’s getting there first. For better and for _19_, New York has been where the _20_ of the country is going. 1. A. amount B. number C. quantity D. plenty 2. A. that B. which C. it D. as 3. A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything 4. A. rich B. wealthy C. poor D. power 5. A. reaching B. reach C. to reach D. reached 6. A. rich B. poor C. success D. strange 7. A.ever B. never C. even D. neither 8. A. amuses B. pleases C. stimulates D. dismays 9. A. future B. antiquity C. medieval D. contemporary 10. A. strange B. more C. new D.available 11. A. that B. which C. whether D.what 12. A. turned B. broken C. torn D. knocked 13. A. ones B. buildings C. houses D. those 14. A. Italy B. Rome C. Germany D. Spain 15. A. have B. having C. had D. has 16. A. history B. time C. era D. experience 17. A. respectively B. correspondingly C. relatively D. generally 18. A. idea B. opinion C. expression D. impression 19. A. good B. bad C. worse D. change 20. A. one B. other C. most D. rest 解析: 1. B. a great number of 和a great deal of 都表示大量，其中a great number of只能用来修饰可数名词。 2. A. 这句话的意思是:看起来很奇怪，很多人都来这里寻找财富。it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句。引导主语从句要用that. 3. D. 这句话的意思是:如果这个城市还有任何事情能比大批穷人更能给人留下印象，那么就要数大批的富人了。Anything表示任何事情，经常用于疑问句和否定句中，当表示任何事情的时候也可用在肯定句中。 4. C. 这里那富人的数量和穷人的数量做了个对比。穷人很多，富人同样也很多。 5. C. 这句话的意思是:在纽约没有必要寻找埋藏的宝藏。no need to do表示没有必要做某事。 6. A. 这句话的意思是:看起来没有人怨恨富人。The+ adj 表示一类人。 7. B. 这句话的意思是:那些从来都不能在现实中相信自己会变得富有富人人仍然可以做他们的富人梦。ever曾经;never从来不;even甚至;neither两者中任何一个都不。 8. D. 这句话的意思是:对于纽约过去的忽略，很多纽约人感到沮丧。忽略过去并不是一件好事，使人沮丧，所以不能选择其他表示正面意思的选项。 9. B. 这句话的意思是:没有人重视过纽约的古旧。这句话和前一句是相呼应的。前面提到了纽约人遗忘了过去，接着谈到了纽约人对待过去的态度，那就是，没有人重视这座城市的古旧。Antiquity 古老，古旧，古代的遗物。 10. C. 这句话的意思是:这里的移民为了得到新的东西而来到了这里。承接上面提到的“古旧”，这里对比提出:移民并不重视他的古旧，而只是想得到新的东西。 11. D. 这句话的意思是:纽约过去是什么样子对于移民来说并不意味着什么。这个空要填一个主语从句的引导词，that, whether, what都可以引导主语从句，但是只有what能在从句中做表语。 12. C. 这句话的意思是:上百万元的旧楼不断的被推倒，取代的是价值五千万的新楼。这里用到一个过去分词，表示被推倒。 第 15 页 共 60 页 13. A. 当一个名词重复出现时，可以用one来代替。但如果时名词复数，旧要用 ones 来代替。ones在这里代替 buildings。 14. B. 这句话的意思是:在伦敦罗马和巴黎，在漫长的历史中，在很大地点都只修建过一次建筑物。这里给出的伦敦和巴黎都是历史悠久的城市，他们的历史都得到了良好的保存，所以要填一个和他们同类的城市，只有罗马符合条件。 15. D. 这里使用的是完成时态的助动词的单数，由于讲述的事实发生在过去，对现在有一定的影响，所以要用现在完成时。 16. A. 表示在悠久的历史中，要用 in the long history. 17. C. 这句话的意思是:在相对较新的纽约，很大地方都被修建了四次。这里用副词修饰形容词。respectively分别的; correspondingly相应的;relatively相对的;usually通常地。 18. D. 这句话的意思是:初到纽约的人对于纽约的印象是 19. C. 这句话的意思是:是好是坏，纽约都已经处在那个位置，这个国家的其他地方还在向那里进发。与better相对的词是worse，这里使用的better和worse分别是good和bad的比较级。 20. D. 纽约是这个国家的一部分，那么这个国家的另一部分就是剩余的那些城市或地区。The rest of剩下的，其余的;most of 大多数;one of „之一。 Reading Comprehension The motor vehicle has killed and disabled more people in its brief history than any bomb or weapon ever invented. Much of the flood on the street flows essentially from uncivil behavior of drivers who refuses to respect the legal and moral rights of others. So the massacre on the road may be regarded as a social problem. In fact, the enemies of society on wheels are rather harmless people just ordinary people acting carelessly, you might say. But it is a principle both of law and common morality that carelessness is no excuse then one’s actions could bring or damage to others. A minority of the killers go even beyond carelessness to total negligence. Researches have estimated that as many as 80 percent of all automobile accidents can be attributed to the psychological condition of the driver. Emotional upsets can distort drivers’ reactions, slow their judgment, and blind them to dangers that might otherwise be evident. The experts warn that it is vital for every driver to make a conscious effort to keep one’s emotions under control. Yet the irresponsibility that accounts for much of the problem is not confined to drivers. Street walkers regularly violate traffic regulations, they are at fault in most vehicle walker accidents; and many cyclists even believe that they are not subject to the basic rules of the road. Significant legal advances have been made towards safer driving in the past few years. Safety standards for vehicle have been raised both at the point of manufacture and through periodic road-worthiness inspection. In addition, speed limits have been lowered. Due to these measures, the accident rate has decreased. But the accident experts still worry because there has been little or no improvement in the way drivers behave. The only real and lasting solution, say the experts, is to convince people that driving is a skilled task requiring constant care and concentration. Those who fail to do all these things present a threat to those with whom they share the road. 1. What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage? A. To show that the motor vehicle is a very dangerous invention. B. To promote understanding between careless and street walkers. C. To discuss traffic problems and propose possible solutions. D. To warn drivers of the importance of safe driving. 2. According to the passage, traffic accidents may be regarded as a social problem because__. A. autos have become most destructive to mankind. B. people usually pay little attention to law and morality. C. civilization brings much harm to people. D. the lack of virtue is becoming more severe. 3. Why does the author mention the psychological condition of the driver in paragraph 3? A. To give an example of the various reasons for road accidents. B. To show how important it is for drivers to be emotionally healthy. C. To show some of the inaccurate estimations by researchers. D. To illustrate the hidden reason in the course of driving. 4. Who are NoTmentioned as being responsible for the road accidents? A. Careless bicycle-riders. B. Mindless people walking in the street. 第 16 页 共 60 页 C. Irresponsible drivers. D. Irresponsible manufactures of automobiles. 5. Which of the following best reflects the author’s attitude toward a future without traffic accident problems? A. Doubtful yet still longing for. B. Happy and rather confident. C. Surprised and very pleased. D. Disappointed and deeply worried. 解析: 1. C 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. A Sister City The sister city program is a worldwide activity. Cities may become paired in a number of ways—some simply because they are namesakes (have the same name), others because they have the same climate or population. Industrial cities sometimes pair with other industrial cities. Resort cities join with other resorts. Many get together because they have great numbers of relatives in each city who visit one another. one peculiar pair of sister cities—Miami and Bogotá, Colombia—resulted from the Miami and Bogota are different in every way, except in their need to communicate. Miami has another sister. As a resort city, it is also paired with the resort city of Fugisawa. Japan, which is like Miami in its strong attraction for tourists. Here are some sister cities that are paired for obvious reasons: phonix, Arizona has a climate similar to that of pengang, Malaya; Boulder, Colorado similar to that of Augsburg, Germany; San Diego, California has a seaport similar to Takayma, Japan. Colorado has a topography similar to that of Takayma; Montevideo, Minnesota and Montevideo, Uruguay have the same names. Sister cities learn much about each other’s customs through their relationship. Sometimes there is even a tendency to adopt each other’s customs and ways of life. Whoever heard of Santa Claus in Japan? on Christmas, gifts were given anonymously donated to the children of the Holy Angles orphanage of Moji, Japan by a business firm of Norfolk, Virginia, Moji’s sister city. The man who played Santa Claus and delivered clothing, cakes, a record player, and records was none other than the mayor of Moji himself. orange, Califonia has a namesake city. That city is orange, Australia, but little communication over the years except for the name. The city that has a god relationship with orange, Califonia is Queretaro, Mexico. Because of this, Queretaro has also been named as the sister city to orange. Many Mexican families have migrated to the orange community. They cooperate in student exchanges, and other social, cultural, and athletic activities. When the mayor of Queretaro, Mexico was to be married, he invited the Mexican-American mayor of orange, California to the ceremony and wedding party. Mayor perez of orange, California took a group of people to Queretaro for the occasion. Wedding guests who didn’t know the background of the two mayors’ families were surprised at how well the two wives seemed to get along. The mayors’ wives couldn’t resist talking about a certain coincidence: that they were actually sisters. From that moment the cities were a natural pair for sisterhood. 6. the program of sister cities ___. A. is a popular activity mainly in the west. B. refers only to the practice of pairing two cities in two different countries. C. is based on common interests. D. is mainly based on the similarities between two cities. 7. The key function of sister cities is ___. A. to communicate with each other. B. to adopt each other’s customs and ways of life. 第 17 页 共 60 页 C. to share experiences in business D. to entertain one another 8. We can infer from the passage that ____. A. the writer’s attitude towards sister cities is indifferent. B. the practice of sister cities is a modern phenomenon. C. the sister city program does not always have positive effects D. people all over the world are equally enthusiastic about finding a sister city. 9. The reason for one to pair with another is ____. A. nearly the same with all cities. B. different case to case C. to compete against each other in industry and trade D. to have relatives visiting each other 10. Which of the following statement is true according to the passage? A. The two cities, orange in California and orange in Australia, are sister cities. B. Usually a city only has one sister city. C. Japanese cities have more sister cities than other countries’ cities. D. There are more cooperative activities between sister cities than between non-sister cities. 解析: 6(D( A姊妹市这一项目是在全世界范围内进行的。而不局限于西方。B姐妹市是指两个不同的国家的两个不同的城市通过这种 方式结成一对，并不是简单地不附和任何条件就结成一对。C结交姐妹市不是建立在一般的兴趣上，而是建立在双方的相似点 之上。D两个城市结交姐妹市主要是看有没有相似之处。 7(A( 文章第二段„Sister cities „are different in every way, except in their need to communicate. 姐妹市的主要功能就是两个城市的人们更多的增进了解，增加交流。 其他选项所提到的功能不具有共性。 8(B( A作者对此持正面态度，而不是漠然。B 结交姐妹市是一个全新的现代现象，这一点我们从文章中大量的例子中可以的出 结论。C 文章并没有提出任何姐妹市的负面影响。D 文章没有提到全世界的人们都在热衷于寻找姐妹市。 9(B( 文章第一段就提到了Cities may become paired in a number of ways， 比如名字相同，气候相似等。 10(D( A 虽然orange in California and orange in Australia 名字相同，却很少交流，也不是姐妹市。B 一个城市并不一定就只有一 个姐妹市，象Miami就有两个姐妹市。 C 日本城市的姐妹市要比其他国家多，这一点没有提到。 D 姐妹市之间有很多共同 点而且关系也很密切，这个从文章结尾段的例子中就可以看的出。基于此，姐妹市之间的 合作也会多一些，文章中提到的学生 交换以及社会文化和体育方面都有交流。 Translation: 1.To give only one example of almost visible acceleration, Athens today grows by three dwelling and 100 square meters of road every hour. (提示:acceleration n.加速度; dwelling n.住处) 2. As technology gradually swallows up all forms of work, industrial and agricultural, the rural areas are going to shrink. (提示:shrink v.收缩, (使)皱缩, 缩短) 3. This enormous increase will go ahead whatever we do, and we have to remember that the new cities devour space. (提示:devour vt.吞吃, 狼吞虎咽,吞没) 4. There is a greater density of household goods; they demand more services such as sewage and drainage. (提示:sewage n.下水道, 污水;drainage n.排水,排水装置) 5. people go further and further away to reach open air and countryside which continuously recedes from them. 第 18 页 共 60 页 解析: 1.只举一个显而易见的快速发展的例子;今天雅典每小时修建3座住宅以及100平方米的道路。 2.随着科学技术逐渐吞没各种形式的劳动—工业的和农业的，农村区域将会萎缩。 3.不管我们做什么都阻止不了城市的迅速扩张，但我们不要忘了新建的城镇也会大量的吞食土地。 4.家用商品的数量更大了，他们还要求诸如污水排放这样更多的服务设施。 5.人们越走越远，旨在接近旷野和农村，但是旷野和农村却渐渐的远去了。 ------------------------ 第十五讲 Listening part A. You will hear a passage. Listen and complete the sentences in questions 1-5 with the information you’ve heard. Write not more than 3 words in each numbered box. Youll hear the recording twice. In the fifth or sixth century A.D., daring polynesian voyagers in outrigger canoes sailed to 1 Hawaii’s total land area is about 2 Before Hawaii became an organized territory of the United States, it was a 3 Hawaii’s climate is comfortable because of 4 Hawaii’s temperature usually remains close to the annual average of 5 解析: 1. Hawaii 2. 16,700 square kilometers 3. kingdom / former kingdom 4. the ocean currents 5. 24 degrees centigrade part B. You will hear a passage. Answer questions 6-10 while you listen. Use not more than 5 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. What kind of special traditional activity has London managed to retain now? 6 What are the infrequent royal elaborate events? 7 How many regiments does Foot Guards consist of? 8 What is the most popular daily ceremony at Buckingham palace and St. James palace? 9 第 19 页 共 60 页 In what month is the Queen’s official birthday? 10 解析: 6. traditional ceremonies 7. royal weddings and coronations 8. five (regimes) 9. guard-mounting/changing of the mounted guards 10. in June part C. You will hear two monologues. Before listening to each one, read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear each piece once only. 11. Which of the following doesn’t contribute to Toronto’s healthy economy? A. a large local market B. tremendous opportunities for manufacturing and development C. the diversified industrial base D. abundant capital 12. We can learn from the monologue that____. A. the top 50 corporations in Canada are based in Toronto. B. Toronto is the financial center of Canada. C. Toronto is headquarters for moat of the foreign banks in the world. D. the Toronto Stock Exchange is the largest in North America. 13. The industries in the Toronto metropolitan area includes___. A. computer industries B. information-related enterprises C. arts and culture industries D. travel service 14. Many films for cinema and television are financed by____. A. Chicago companies B. New York companies C. United States companies D. Seattle companies 15. According to this monologue, which of the following is one of the fastest growing industries in Toronto? A. The Toronto Stock Exchange B. The film industry. C. The Eaton Center. D. port-related industry. 解析: 11. D Because of its diversified industrial base, with adequate land and substantial opportunities for manufacturing and development, Toronto boasts a healthy economy. 12. B As the center of Canada’s financial and corporate community, Toronto is the headquarters for its largest banks and for most of the foreign banks in the country as well. 13. C There are also high-tech firms, port-related enterprises, arts and cultural industries, and numerous business and consumer services. 第 20 页 共 60 页 14. C Each year, more than 50 full-length films for cinemas and television are produced. Many of which are financed be the United States companies… for example, Chicago, New York, or Seattle. 15. B 最后一段的开头部分，the film industry,„is the fastest growing parts of Toronto’s economy. 16. How long is the Golden Gate Bridge? A. Eighteen miles. B. More than one mile. C. 938 feet. D. Between five and six miles. 17. According to the tour guide, what happened in 1848? A. Gold was discovered. B. The transcontinental Railway was completed. C. The Golden Gate Bridge was constructed. D. Telegraph communications were established with the East. 18. What was the settlement called before it was renamed San Francisco? A. Golden Gate. B. Military post Seventy-six. C. San Francisco de Asis Mission. D. Yerba Buena. 19. What is the population of San Francisco today? A. Two million. B. Five million. C. Almost three million. D. Six million. 20. How much did it cost to complete construction of the Golden Gate Bridge? A. 19 million dollars. B 37 million dollars. C. 32 million dollars. D. 42 million dollars. 解析: 16. B 此题没有按照一般的规律，它的答案出现在此段听力材料的最后一部分。The bridge, which is more than one mile long,„ 17. A 此题的答案很明显。But in 1848, with the discovery of gold, the population grew„ 18. D That same year, the name was changed from Yerba Buena to San Fransico. 19. C Today San Francisco has a population grew to of almost three million. 20. C 答案就在材料的末尾. It was completed in 1937 at a cost of thirty-two million dollars. Writing Write a composition of 160-200 words by referring to the following information. China’s Reduction of poverty 第 21 页 共 60 页 Year Infant Mortality Life Expectancy Children School Enrollment Adult Literacy Below the poverty line 1949 20% 35 10% 1950s 80% 1978 260 million 1995 4.2% 69 99.7% 19% 65 million 写作建议 在本书中的第二课中，我们就图表的写作进行了详细的讲解。本课的写作任务又是一个图表作文。 1(在写关于曲线图，示意图，表格的文章时，文章的一开头，文章的第一句话通常是说明图表主要反映的内容，相当于对于 图表的一个高度概括。现在我们在这里列出此类作文的常用句型: 1).The table/chart/ diagram/ graph shows (that) … 第 22 页 共 60 页 The figure/ statistics shows (that) … 2).The diagram shows/ describes/ illustrates how… 3).According to the table/ chart /diagram/ graph/ figures… As (is) shown in the table/ chart /diagram/ graph/ figures… As can be seen from the table/ chart /diagram/ graph/ figures… It can be seen from the table/ chart /diagram/ graph/ figures (that)… We can see from the table/ chart /diagram/ graph/ figures (that)… 4).It is clear/ apparent from the diagram/ figures (that)… 2.本课的图表作文更多的涉及到了一些数据方面的比较，以及趋势变化的描写。接下来，我们列出一些图表作文中常用到的表示数据的句型。 There were more males than females (55% and 45% respective). 男的比女的多(比例分别是55%和45%) China and the United States both had 12% 中国和美国各占12% The monthly profit increased by 10% from 10% to 20% 月利润从10%增加到20%，增加了10%。 China had the largest percentage/ number of students. 中国的学生比例最大/人数最多。 Chinese employees accounted for 39% of the workers. 中国的雇员占了总数的39%。 Company A’s profit percentage rose steadily, whereas that of Company B fell slightly. 公司A的利润稳步增长，而B的利润有所下降。 3(在表示不太明显的变化趋势时，我们还可以用如下的句型。 The number of children enrollment remained steady/ stable from…to…(between …and…) The number of children enrollment stayed the same… There was little/hardly/no any change in the number of children enrolled from…to… 写作提纲: 首段:说明该图表所反映的内容。该图表通过五项经济指标说明中国正在消除贫困。 主体段落分为两个自然段。 1.概括说明该图反映的趋势，即随着时间的推移，中国人的生活水平大幅度提高，各项指标都有了很大的变化。 2.具体针对每一指标，分析从1949年到1995年人们生活质量所发生的变化。如:婴儿死亡率下降，寿命延长，儿童入学率提高，成人文盲数减少，生活在贫困线以下的人数减少。 结尾段:通过五项指标的纵向变化，可以得出结论:中国正在消除贫困，人民的生活质量已经得到了根本的提高。 Chinas Reduction of poverty The table uses five broad economic indicators to show china’s reduction of poverty from the year 1949 to 1995. The five main indicators are: infant mortality, life expectancy, children school enrollment, adult illiteracy and people below the poverty line. According to this table, we can see that in 1949, when the new nation was founded for the first year, Chinese had by far the lowest quality of life in all the five indicators. When it came to the year 1995, the situation changed a lot. China is eliminating its poverty year by year. It’s amazing to see that infant mortality fell by about 16% from 20% to 4.2% between the year 1949 and 1995. In 1949, Chinese life expectancy was only 35 years, but 40 years later, 1995 saw a longer life expectancy of 69 years. In those years, when our nation was first established, only 10% of children had the chance to go to school. The percentage had experienced a great change since then. In 1995, the rate of children school enrollment reached 99.7%. Adult illiteracy decreased dramatically by 61% from 1950s to 1995. There were altogether 260 million people who were living below the poverty line in 1978. By 1995, the number had dropped rapidly to 65 million, almost one fourth of the former amount. In conclusion, it can be seen from the economic indicators that China, a developing country developed a lot in people’s life quality. It was reducing its poverty. 第 23 页 共 60 页 ------------------------------------- 第十六讲 Unit 6 Higher Education Main contents: 本课主要介绍了有关高等教育的情况，并重点介绍了如何提高自己的阅读技巧，如何能够更快， 更好，更容易的进行阅读。学完本课后，我们应该理解课文所讲的一天可以读四本书的阅读方法，并 把这一方法应用到日常的学习中去。另外还应该能用英语就学校，课程及考试方面的信息和看法进行 交流，熟练地以与外国人交流对教育的看法。 本课的课文介绍了一场学习革命。作者认为只要学会了正确的读书方法，每个人每天都可以读完 四本书，并掌握其中的要点，这是一种全新的读书理念。它的核心方法就是找到读书的窍门，用略读 的方法找到需要找到的信息，然后再做上标记进行精读。Don’t read “slowly and deliberately”. Learn to skim for the points you want„, if you know specifically what you are looking for. Words, Expressions and Grammar Dialogue Sophomore n.大学二年级生, 有二年经验的人(freshman, junior,senior) intensive reading 精读 extensive reading 泛读 1. Would you like to elaborate on it? 可以详细说说吗, elaborate on v.详细说明 e.g. I’d like you to elaborate on your plan of our project. Would you mind elaborating on the news you got yesterday? 2. There are different views on it. 对这件事有不同的看法。 view n. 观点, 见解, 意见 e.g. What’s your view on this political issue? 对于这个政治事件，你有何看法, What are your views on the subject? 你对这一题目有何高见? What is your view on school punishments? 你对学校的处罚有什么看法, 3. But the teacher may also make use of Chinese on occasions when we have difficulties in understanding. make (full/good)use of (充分)利用 e.g. We should make use of the library to broaden our mind. His experience is that he always makes full use of time during classes. our country should make good use of foreign investment for our development. on occasions 有时; 有必要时 on several occasions屡次, 好几次 e.g. He always turns up on occasions when we are in trouble. 第 24 页 共 60 页 他总是在我们有难的时候出现。 on another occasion, he landed in a deserted car park. 有一次,他在一个废弃的停车场着陆。 I have met the old professor on several occasions. 我曾经见过那个老教授几次。 have difficulty in doing sth 做某事很困难 e.g. He has much difficulty in learning French. 他学法语有很大的困难。 I have no difficulty in understanding his body language. 我能好不困难的读懂他的肢体语言。 They had great difficulty in finding the house in the forest. 他们费了好大劲才找到森林里的房子。 4. Long time no see. 好久不见了。 5. I’ve intended to call you for a long time. 6. But as it turned out, I changed my mind. turn out(to be) 结果是，原来是 e.g. We had thought it would be a cloudy weekend, but it turned out to be sunny and lovely. He turned out to be a thief. 他原来竟是小偷。 He lost his heart to a pretty girl who turned out to be the daughter of his enemy. 他爱上了一个美丽的女孩，后来才知道她竟是他敌人的女儿。 7. But if my memory serves me right, you were determined to go. 如果我没有记错的话，你当时是一定要去的。 be determined to do sth 决心做某事，一定做某事 e.g. He was determined to go abroad for a better job. 他决心出国找一份更好的工作。 Are you determined to get married with her despite your parents’ objection? 你是不是已经决心不顾父母的反对和她结婚, 8. „ doctors are badly needed in China. So I decided to go to medical school instead. badly adv. 很严重地，迫切地 e.g. Even now some universities are badly off for English teachers. 即使现在有些大学英语教师也很缺。 I am quite badly off recently.最近我经济上很拮据。 The trucks are badly in need of repair.这些卡车急需修理。 instead adv替代;更换 e.g. If you cannot go, let him go instead. 如果你不能去，让他替你去。 I didnt have a pen, so I used a pencil instead. 我没有钢笔，因此我就用铅笔了。 (与of连用) instead of 代替 e.g. Well have tea in the garden instead of in the house. 我们将改在花园喝茶，而不在屋里喝。 第 25 页 共 60 页 I will go instead of you. 我代你去。 9. I don’t quite see the point of your doing that. point要点;含义;论点;寓意 e.g. I dont see your point. 我不懂你的意思。 I dont see the point of waiting for her, she is probably not coming. 我不知道等她有什么意义，她可能不来了。 What is the point of discussing this issue further? 这件事再讨论下去有什么意义呢? 10. I believe it’ll play an important part in the realization of China’s modernization program. 11. I’ll say. You know we should try to stay in touch. stay/ keep in touch 保持联系 get in touch(with sb) 取得联系 lose touch (with sb) 失去联系 e.g. Have you got in touch with your friend that you met in New York? I always keep in touch with my friends by e-mail. We had stayed in touch these years, but we lost touch since he moved to America last year. 12. I have every intention of doing that. every adj.一切可能的 e.g. She made every attempt. 她尽一切努力。 There is every appearance of snow. 看来是一定要下雪了。 He was given every chance to get the post. 他得到一切可能的机会去获得这个职位。 intention n.意图, 目的 e.g. What is his intention do you think when he told us about the secret of his family? His intention is very apparent. Do you have the intention to attend the meeting next month? passage: reading techniques 阅读技巧 the sports pages 体育专栏 the business pages 商业专栏 summary 摘要，概要 headline 大字标题 subheading 幅标题 introduction 导言，序论 chapter n.(书籍)章 classified ads 分类广告 第 26 页 共 60 页 caption 说明，字幕 quote 引用 nonfiction n.非小说的散文文学 recipe book 食谱 speed-reading 速读 skim-reading 浏览，略读 selective reading 选择性阅读 memory vault 记忆库 light receiver 感光器 index finger 食指 (thumb, middle finger, ring finger, little finger) 1. start with e.g. The teacher often starts his lecture with humorous stories. He started his speech with a touching story. 2. equivalent adj.相等的, 相当的n.等价物, 相等物 e.g. equivalent weight当量 He changed his pounds for the equivalent amount of dollars. 他把英镑换成了等值的美元。 Some American words have no British equivalent. 美国英语的一些用法在英国英语中没有对等的词。 3. equal adj. 平等的，均等的 e.g. Humans are born equal. 人生而平等。 We now share equal rights and opportunities. 我们现在享有相同的权利和机会。 We should get equal pay for equal work. 同样的工作，同样的报酬。 The two boys are equal in ability. 这两个孩子能力相当。 be equal to What you have learned by yourself is equal to the level of sophomore. 你自学的程度已经相当于大三的水平了。 4. devour v. 吞吃，狼吞虎咽 e.g. The lion devoured the deer. 狮子狼吞虎咽地把鹿吃了下去。 The hungry boy was devouring his dinner. 那饥饿的孩子狼吞虎咽地吃饭。 The fire devoured the forest. 大火烧毁了森林。 I am devoured with anxiety. 我忧愁极了。 The boy devoured the books he could get about the author in the kitchen. (喻) 这个小伙子在厨房里如饥似渴地读着他能弄到的关于这个作者的一切书。 5. alphabetical adj. 字母的 alphabet n.字母表 in alphabetical order按字母顺序 6. amplify v.引申，发挥，详述;详细解释: e.g. Let me amplify so that you will understand the overall problem. 第 27 页 共 60 页 让我来详细解释一下，这样你就会理解整个问题了 He amplified (on) his new findings with drawings and figures. 他用图表和数字进一步阐明他新近的发现。 7. highlight vt.加亮, 使显著, 以强光照射, 突出 8. glean v. to collect bit by bit收集，点点滴滴地收集，获得: e.g. Historians glean their knowledge from records. 历史学家们从记录资料中收集信息 He is gleaning information for his paper in the library. 他正在图书馆为论文收集材料。 9. visual adj. 视觉的，形象的 e.g. visual field视野 visual nerve视神经 visual sensation视觉 visual pollution视觉污染 10. flag one’s attention: bring attention to sth; arouse one’s attention e.g. The ad design flags people’s attention by bright colors. 这则广告用鲜艳的颜色吸引人们的注意力。 flag v.枯萎; 失去吸引力 e.g. After doing the same thing for a long time, ones interest flags. 很长时间干同样的活儿, 人的兴趣就会减退。 Some plants flag in dry weather. 有些植物在干旱的天气中会枯萎 n. 国旗 the national flag 国旗 11. refresh v.(使)精神振作, (使)精力恢复, 更新 e.g. A cool drink refreshed me after my long walk. 走了很长的一段路之后，一杯冷饮使我恢复了精神。 He usually refreshes himself with a cup of tea 喝杯茶提神 The old picture refreshed his memory of the history in those day. 这张老照片唤起了他对那段时光的记忆。 refresh a ship with water给船上补给水 refresh a fire使火再旺 The host refreshed our teacups. 主人又为我们斟茶。 12. key points 关键 e.g. I usually draw a line under key points in the textbook with a highlighter. 我经常把书上的重点用英光笔画出来。 The key point of the case is the evidence of the waiter. 这个案件的关键是服务生的证词。 13. in brief:in short 简言之 brief adj. 简单的; 短暂的; 简洁的; 简短的 e.g. a cold and brief welcome冷淡而简短的欢迎 make a brief visit作短暂的访问 第 28 页 共 60 页 In brief, we cant accept such harsh terms.简单说,我们不能接受这样苛刻的条件。 In brief he says No 他简短地说了一个不字。 In brief, I hold the opposite opinion on this issue. 简言之，对这件事我持相反态度。 14. reflect on 思考，反省 e.g. After the incident, he took a long time to reflect on his failure. You should calm down to reflect on your own errors and draw some experiences. 你该静下心来好好反省你自己的错误，从而总结经验。 15. for different reasons 由于种种原因 for this/that reason 由于这个/那个原因 for no reason 没有任何理由 for some reason 由于某种原因 16. take in 接受，吸收，理解 e.g. He read all kinds of books and take in as much useful information as possible. He finds hard to take in the knowledge this way. We need more time to take in the situation. 我们需要更多的时间研究目前的局势。 They listened to the lecture, but how much have they taken in, I wonder? 他们听了讲座，但我不知道他们听懂了多少。 17. dynamic adj. 动力的,有活力的 e.g. a dynamic market. 有活力的市场 He is really a dynamic man. 他是个非常有活力的人。 18. embed in adj. 使镶入，使嵌入 e.g. That terrible day will be embedded in the childrens memory. (喻) 那可怕的一天将深深印在孩子们的记忆中。 He suffered much from the bullet embedded in the bone. 嵌进骨中的子弹使他疼痛难忍。 These facts lie embedded in his mind.这些事实牢牢铭记在他的心中。 19. the sense of touch 触觉 the sense of sight 视觉 20. retrieve v. 重新得到，找回 e.g. retrieve a lost piece of luggage找回一件遗失的行李 retrieve ones spirits恢复精神 retrieve ones character/honor恢复名誉 retrieve an error /a loss补救错误/损失 21. need needn’t +have+过去分词:表示本来不必做而世纪已经做了的行为。相当于don’t need to do. e.g. You needn’t have worried about her study.你不必担心她的学习。 You needn’t have done that by yourself.你本来不必自己做那件事情。 need doing sth=need to be done表被动。 e.g. The house needs painting. = The house needs to be painted.这房子需要粉刷。 The lock needs fixing. = The lock needs to be fixed. 这把锁需要修理。 第 29 页 共 60 页 另外，在want, require, worth 等词后接doing也表示被动意义。 e.g. The story is worth reading.这个故事值得一读。 The place is worth visiting.这个地方值得参观。 15(crack the code 解码 the genetic code.遗传密码 第十七讲 Use of English Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each numbered blank. Today the official language of the United States and _1_ of Canada is English. However, French _2_ became the official language _3_ a war. The French and Indian War _4_ between 1754 and 1763. The name of this war is not _5_ because the war was actually _6_ England and France. The Indians fought _7_ of the French. France and England were trying to _8_ control of North America. France _9_ Canada, and England held part of _10_ is now the United States. However, France tried to _11_ its land _12_ southward into New York, pennsylvania, ohio, and Virginia. When the French built a fort _13_ the ohio River, the residents in Virginia sent George Washington to attack the fort in 1745. _14_, the French defeated Washington. The French, _15_ by the Indians, outsmarted the English and won many early battles. _16_, the British began to do well _17_ the French. In the battle in Quebec, Canada, General Wolfe of England _18_ General Montcalm from France. _19_ generals died in this battle, but the English outlasted the French and won the battle. _20_, most of North America today has the English culture and language. 1. A. most B. majority C. plenty D. lot 2. A. largely B. already C. almost D. mostly 3. A. by means of B. because of C. according to D. through 4. A. fought B. was fighting C. has fought D. was fought 5. A. accurate B. indefinable C. serious D. indefinite 6. A. among B. within C. between D. inside 7. A. for the side B. on the side C. for the part D. on the part 8. A. gain B. demand C. request D. remain 9. A. earned B. held C. mastered D. kept 10. A. which B. that C. where D. what 11. A. stretch B. widen C. expand D. lengthen 12. A. moved B. to move C. move D. moving 13. A. on B. in C. above D. among 14. A. therefore B. however C. although D. hence 第 30 页 共 60 页 15. A. to be aided B. aided C. was aiding D. aiding 16. A. later B. lately C. lastly D. late 17. A. opposite B. towards C. against D. over 18. A. faced B. facing C. was faced D. to face 19. A. either B. both C. all D. two 20. A. yet B. though C. but D. thus 解析: 1.A. 这句话的意思是:今天美国和加拿大大部分地区的官方语言都是英语。Most of大多数，大部分;majority 大多数，但前面要加定冠词; lot不能单独of和连用; plenty of大量的. 2. C. 这句话的意思是:由于一场战争法语差不多变成了官方语言。almost几乎，差不多。这里讲的是法语差一点成为官方语言，但是并没有真正成为官方语言，所以不能用already。 3. B. By means of 通过„方法;because of 由于，原因是;according to 根据，随„而做更改;through通过，穿过。 4. D. 这句话的意思是:印法战争发生再1754,1763之间。这里表示进行战争，所以要用被动语态。 5. A. 这句话的意思是:这场战争的名称并不准确，因为实际上战争是再英国和法国之间进行的。上面提到战争是印法战争，但实际交战双方是法国和英国，所以它的名字是不准确的。indefinable不确定的;serious严肃的，严重的;indefinite模糊的，不确定的。 6. C. 这里指英法之间进行战争。二者之间要用between;三者或三者以上用among. 7. B. 这句话的意思是:印度人站在法国人这边战斗。on the side of 站在„的立场上，站在„的一边，赞助。 8. A. 这句话的意思是:法国和英国试图获得对北美的控制。gain获得;demand要求;request请求;remain保持。gain the control获得控制，得到控制权。 9. B. 这句话的意思是:法国控制着加拿大，英国控制着今天美国的部分地区。从and前后的两个句子对比可以推断出，这个空要填的词和后面已经出现的那个动词是相同的。Hold 的本意是“抓住，握住”，这里表示一个国家对另外一个国家的控制。 10. D. 这里要用一个引导词来引导一个宾语从句，做介词of 的宾语。引导词在宾语从句中做主语。 11. C. 这句话的意思是:法国试图扩张它的领土，向南扩张直到纽约。扩张领土常用的搭配是expand the land. widen 扩大，不能反映出法国的侵略性行为。 12. D. 这里是现在分词短语做状语，表示“向南移动”，其他动词形式不能做状语。 13. A. 这句话的意思是:当法国人在河上建起了一座堡垒时，表示 “在河上” 用介词on. In the river 表示在河里。 14. B. 这句话的意思是:然而，法国人击败了华盛顿。这是对于上一句的转折。although 尽管，虽然;therefore因此，所以;however然而，但是;hence从此，因此。 15. B. 这句话的意思是:在印度人的帮助下，法国人以机智击败了英国人，赢得了早期很多战争。前面已经讲到了印度人是站在法国人这边的。很明显，这里使用了过去分词短语做the French 的定语，四个选项中，只有aided是过去分词形式。 16. A. 这句话的意思是:后来，英国人在对抗法国人的战斗中打的很顺手。上一句提到了法国在早期的战斗中处于 第 31 页 共 60 页 优势地位，紧接着，这里有讲英国人在后来的战争中处于上峰。Later 后来;lately 最近;lastly 最后，终于; late adj. 迟到的，不能用在此做状语 17. C. 这里要表达的意思是“反抗，对抗”，而且根据句子的结构可以判断此处应用的是介词。所以只有against可 以用在这里。opposite (位置)在„的对面;towards 朝，向;over 在„的上方. 18. A. 这句话的意思是:在决战中，英国的Wolfer 将军遇到了法国的Montcalm将军。这里表达的是“与碰面，遇 到”，所以表主动，而非被动。与全文叙述的时态保持一致，这里也要使用一般过去时。 19. B. 这句话的意思是:两个将军在这场战役中都死了。这里所修饰的名词general是复数，而且表示 “两者都” 而不是“两者都不”。 20. D. 这句话的意思是:因此，今天的北美大部分地区都拥有英国的文化和语言。这里是对文章的内容的总结。既 然英国在战争中取得了胜利，那么它肯定获得了对北美的控制，因此北美到处都有英国文化的影子也就不足 为奇了。Yet 然而;though 尽管;thus 因此。 Reading Comprehension Read the following texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. American Education System The American educational system is based on the idea that as many people as possible should have access to as much education as possible. This fact alone distinguishes the US system from the most others, since in most others the objective is as much to screen people out as it is to keep them in. the US system has no standardized examinations whose results systematically prevent students from going to higher levels of study, as the British and many other systems do. Through secondary school and sometimes in post-secondary institutions as well, the American system tries to accommodate students even if their academic aspirations and aptitude are not high, even if they are physically ( and in some cases mentally) handicapped, and even if their native language is not English. The idea that as many as people should have as much education as possible, of course, an outcome of the Americans’ assumptions about equality among people. These assumptions do not mean that everyone has an equal opportunity to enter Harvard, Stanford, or other highly competitive post-secondary institutions. Admission to such institutions is generally restricted to the most academically able. The less able can usually matriculate in a post-secondary institutions, as the Malaysians observed, but one of lower quality. As of March 1982, only 3 percent of all Americans aged 25 or more had completed less than five years of elementary school. Seventy-one percent of those 25 or more had completed four years of high school or gone beyond that, and 17.7 percent had completed four or more years of post-secondary education. The median number of school years completed was 12.6. The number of tertiary (that is post-secondary) students per 100,000 inhabitants was 5,355. some contrast: the number of tertiary students per 100,000 in the population was 4,006 in Canada. In no other country, according to UNESCo data, was the number of post-secondary students above 2,700 per 100,000. Korea had 2,696 tertiary students per 100,000 inhabitants; Japan, 2030; the USSR, 1,890; Hong Kong, 1353; Malaysia, 472; and Ethiopia, 48. Naturally, an educational system that retains as many as the American system does likely to enroll a broader range of students than a system that seeks to educate only the few who seem especially suited for academic work. In the American system, academic rigor tends to come later than it does in most other systems. In many instances, American students do not face truly demanding educational requirements until they seek a graduate (that is, a post-baccalaureate) degree. Many other systems place heavy demands on students as early as their primary years-though college may be far less demanding, as is the case in Japan. 1. According to the passage, the US is different from most other countries in ___. A. culture. B. economy C. history 第 32 页 共 60 页 D. educational system. 2. The idea based in by the American educational system is that ____. A. the result of the examination systematically prevent the students from going to a higher levels of study. B. the US tries as much to screen people out as it is to keep them in. C. as many people as possible should have as much education as possible. D. The US should have standardized ecamination. 3. The american’s assumptions about equality among people result in ___. A. standardized examination. B. academic aspirations. C. the idea of more people and more education. D. Educational development. 4. In which countries was the number of tertiary students above 2,700 per 100,000? A. In US and USSR B. In Canada and Malaysia. C. In Argentina and Canada. D. In Canada and US. 5. The American educational system places heavy educational demands on students ___. A. as early as their primary years. B. before they seek a graduation degree. C. after they begin to seek a graduate degree. D. before they seek a bachelor degree. 解析: 1(D 文章的第一段的第二句话提到，单是这一教育体系的不同，就可以时美国和其他国家很容易地区分开来。所 以说，美国与其他国家在教育体系上是不同的。 2(C 文章的第一句话就明确地指出美国的教育体系的基础是使尽可能多的人接受尽可能多的教育这一理念。 3(C 从第二段的第一句话可以看出，使尽可能多的人接受尽可能多的教育是美国人关于人人平等这一假设的结果。 也就是说，美国提出的人人平等的假设导致了教育理念的产生。 4(D 文章的第三段指出，在加拿大，每10万人中接受高等教育的人数是4，006;而在美国每10万人中有5，355 人接受了高等教育。所以每10万人中接受高等教育的人数在700人以上的只有美国和加拿大。 5(C 文章最后一段指出，美国的教育体系对成绩的要求比其他国家晚。只有当学生想要获得硕士学位时，成绩才 会被摆到一个重要的位置上来。只有在这个阶段，美国的教育体系才会对学生提出较高的要求。 Does a bee know what is going on in its mid when it navigates its way to distant food sources and back to the hive, using polarized sunlight and the tiny magnet it carries as a navigational aids? or is the bee just a machine, unable to do its mathematics and dance its language in any order way? To use Donald Griffin’s term, does a bee have “awareness”, or to use a phrase I like better, can a bee think or imagine? There is an experiment for this, or at least an observation, made long ago by Karl Von Fisch and more recently confirmed by James Gould princeton. Biologists who wish to study such things as bee navigation, language, and behavior in general have to train their bees to fly from the hive one or another special place. To do this, they begin by placing a sugar very close to the hive so that the bees (considered by their trainers to be very dumb beasts) can learn what the game is about. Then, at regular internal, the dish or whatever is moved progressively farther and farther from the hive, in increments of about 25 percent at each move. Eventually, the largest is being moved 100 feet or more at a jump, very far away from the hive. Sooner or later, while this process is going on, the next position had 第 33 页 共 60 页 been planned. This is an uncomfortable observation to make. 1. The best title for the passage is ___. A. Teaching the Bees to Navigate. B. Testing the Awareness of Bees C. Navigational Techniques of Bees. D. Behaviorists versus Biologists: A Zoological Debate. 2. The word “awareness” appears in paragraph 1 in quotation marks in order to___. A. how the author’ preference for the term. B. indicate that it is being used humorously. C. acknowledge Donald Griffin’s previous use of the term. D. point out that it was used differently earlier in the passage. 3. According to the author, sugar was used in the study____. A. to reward the bees for performing the experiment correctly. B. to retain the bees to travel to a particular place. C. To ensure that the bees knew where the hive was. D. To ensure that the bees would obey the orders. 4. The result of the experiment explained in the passage seems to indicate that____. A. research using bees is too dangerous to be conducted successfully. B. bees are unable to navigate beyond 100 feet their hive. C. scientist can teach bees to navigate. D. bees are able to perform limited reasoning tasks. 解析: 1(B 答案的信息我们可以从第一段中的问句中获取，而且可以在第二段的开头得到确认wish to study such things as bee navigation, language, and behavior in general，就是要研究蜜蜂的飞行，语言和行为，看蜜蜂是否是有意识 的。 2(D 这不是作者喜欢的名词，也没有幽默的用法，前面也没有提到过该词。 3(C 在蜂巢附近放糖是为了使蜜蜂找到巢，然后测试他们的意识。 4(A 我们可以找到推断的线索，This is an uncomfortable observation to make. Translation: 1.In the mid-fifties, we demanded that our schools create a harmony among races that existed nowhere else in American life. 2. In the mid-sixties, when our young were engaged in a rebellion that seemed to threaten virtually every ideal we embraced as a nation, we insisted that the school restore social order and preserve the status quo. In the mid- seventies, we instructed our schools to go one step further. 3. Clearly, this prolonged and ill-advised effort to make the educational system the principle tool for social reform has contributed to such problems as the sharply increased incidents of functional illiteracy. 4. We are insisting both that the schools improve the way they teach English, so that language is removed as a barrier to learning and that they increase the number of courses taught in students’ native tongues, so that the pace of learning begun in their homelands continues uninterrupted. 5. once we stop asking the schools to do too much they can get on with solving the more problem of performing their basic task-that of education-more effectively. 第 34 页 共 60 页 1. 50年代中期，我们曾要求学校创造一种种族和谐的气氛，那是在美国的生活中还没有这种气氛。 2(60年代中期，当我们的年轻一代 参与了一场造反运动而这场造反运动似乎会危及到我们作为一个国家所 信奉的全部理想时，我们又坚持要学校恢复社会秩序并保持现状。 3(很明显，为把教育变成社会变革的主要手段而进行的旷日持久的，不明智的努力已经引发了诸如半文 盲的激增等一系列的问题。 4(我们不但主张各学校改进英语教学的方法以使语言不再构成对学习的障碍;同时还主张增加用学生们的母 语教授课程的数目，以使学生们在他们的祖国开始的学习进度得以继续，不被中断。 5(一旦我们不再对学校提出过分的要求，它们就能继续有效的解决教育--这一事关它们根本任务的敏感问题。 ------------------------ 第十八讲 Listening part A You will hear a passage. Listen and complete the sentences in questions 1----5 with the information you’ve heard. Write not more than 3 words each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. Many people think of schools as 1 Thus, the school must offer the training that is practical and that will help students 2 Courses in proprietary schools not only include training in business and technical skills, but also in 3 Teachers in proprietary schools generally work longer hours for less pay than 4 Generally most of them do, and this can be a 5 解析: 1(buildings, teachers and students 这个问题很简单，答案就在第一句话。但要注意名词的复数。 2(get a job 学校需要提供使用课程使学生能够找到工作。我们听到的是help students get a paying job.但是答案只能在三个词之内， 所以只能填get a job. 3(self-improvement 当时的私立学校不仅教授商业知识和技术，还包括提高自身休养的课程，如绘画，手工艺，演讲和体育锻炼。 4(public schools 私立学校的老师总是比公立学校的老师工作时间长而报酬却要少。 5(success in education 单独的这句话的意思不是很完整。前一句话是The students are, of course, interested in result; really get a good job. 所以这里的do指的是get a job. 不过这句话的理解不是至关重要的，因为只要听清了就可以了，并不涉及到理解和判断。 part B You will hear a monologue. Answer questions 6----10 while you listen. Use not more than 5 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. 第 35 页 共 60 页 How old is this public university in the US? 6 When did the university start? 7 Why had the school been closed? 8 How long had the school been closed? 9 What are they looking forward to? 10 解析: 6(over 200 years 这里并没有明确提出这所大学有多长时间的历史。需要我们来判断，the school started in 1792„, 所以我们可以判断它有211年的历史了。 7(in 1792 8(because of the Civil War 这所公立学校自从建校以来一直运营正常。但是中间有一段时间关闭了两年，是因为so many young men left to fight in the Civil War. 9(for two years 10(more students attend the university 校方期望学校有一个光明的未来，有更多来自不同背景的学生来这里上学。所以这里填a bright future也是可以的。 part C You will hear three dialogues or monologues. Before listening to each one, read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear each piece once only. 11. What topic does the passage mainly discuss? A. educational policy in the US. B. four levels of American education. C. the purposes of the four levels of education in the US. D. the subject offered at different levels of education. 12. Is school attendance required in the US? A. Yes, it is required in the whole country。 B. Yes, but only in some states. C. Yes, it is required in most states of the country. D. Yes, but not until children reach the age of 16. 13. At what levels are programs of technical vocational courses offered? A. the 1st and 2cd levels. B. the 2ch and 3rd levels. C. the 3rd and 4th levels D. the 4th level only. 解析: 11(B 本段介绍了美国的教育制度。第一句话就提到了美国教育共分了四个阶段。然后分别简单加以介绍。但不是每一阶段都提到了设置的课程。 12(A 第 36 页 共 60 页 在本段的开头部分总体介绍中提到，在整个国家的各个州都要求学生上学，甚至在大多数州还规定要上到16岁。 13(C 在中等教育中，也就是第三个阶段，提供职业教育培训。在很多高等教育中，也会提供在电子，工程，商业和其他行业方面的培训。 14. How long does the paper have to be? A. 1 to 2 pages. B. 10 to 12 pages. C. 19 to 20 pages. D. No limit was mentioned. 15. By when must the students discuss a potential topic with their teaching assistants? A. During the first week of school. B. By the middle of the term. C. Sometime before the last week of school. D. At anytime during the term. 16. Why are first-year advised to write a rough draft? A. Because they are more likely to have problems writing the paper. B. Because the teaching assistant prefers to work with first-year students. C. Because it is the policy of the university. D. Because the professor wants them to have more work. 解析: 14(B 文章的答案就在一开头，很简单。 15(B 这个问题的答案也很明显，在学期的中间，学生应该和助教谈谈要写的题目。 16(A 一年级的学生在写论文之前，要写草稿。原因没有直接提到，但这不是学校的规定，也不是助教的爱好，也不是教授布置的更多作业。合理的答案只剩下A, 那就是一年级的学生可能会在写论文方面有一些困难。 17. What is the main topic id this conversation? A. Lunch. B. An exam. C. A class. D. A trip. 18. What topic did the essay question cover? A. Rainforest tribes in Brazil. B. Mountain tribes in China. C. Incas in peru. D. Cities of Columbia. 19. What is the woman upset about? 第 37 页 共 60 页 A. Her paper due the next week. B. Her most recent exam grade. C. The material on the exam. D. Not being able to get lunch. 20. Where is the man going after they finish talking? A. To take a nap. B. To study. C. To play football. D. To eat lunch. 解析: 17(B 这段对话是两个考生在考试之后的关于考试题目的讨论。 18(A 谈话者谈到他做的最遭的部分是essay question，原因是他没有准备关于巴西热带雨林里的部落的问题，所以这肯定恰恰是考试的题目。 19(B 她问的问题是这次考试的分数占总分的多少，当对方告诉她占30,的时候，她很沮丧oh no, I’m in deep trouble now. 所 以令她焦急的是考试的成绩。 20(D 这个问题很简单。I think I’ll go to get some lunch.但是要看清题目要求，不要张冠李戴了。 oral Test part B. 题目要求: 口试教师首先介绍本节口试的目的和要求，然后一边把考生用卷(图片一张)放在两个考生前，一边介绍口试任务的北京，需要考生解决和讨论的问题，最后告诉考生完成任务的时间，并请考生开始他们的讨论。考生在进行讨论时，口试教师不到方不得已的情况下时不会介入考生之间的讨论的。需要提醒注意的是，此节是考察考生之间进行讨论并解决问题的能力，必须是一种讨论的形式。考生之间必须有积极的交流，而不是简单机械的一问一答或者你说一大段我说一大段的形式。如果有一个考生始终无法进入讨论的境界，另外一个考生应该尽量将他引入讨论当中。如果对方的实力很强也不用担心。因为在这一环节，重要的是交流和协助解决问题的能力，所以要对自己充满信心。另外，在C节还有更多的机会展示你的口语水平。 应试要点: 1(图片主要反映现实生活中的热点话题，比如，公共道德，人际关系，生活习惯，爱情友谊，家庭，旅游，子女教育，环境污染，人口增长以及能源危机等等。考生在短时间内要尽可能充分挖掘图片信息。其中包括:1) 主题。2)人物动作，表情，衣着，姿势，神态，以及图片中可以反映出来的性格特征。3)图片中情景实物与主题的关系。4)内涵与图片有关的符合逻辑的联想。5) 提出合情合理的希望与建议。 2(在表达自己的观点的同时，注意交换看法，兼顾对方的意见，并且对于对方的观点及时的做出积极反应。 3(交流的态度要积极，善于在适当的时候插话，切勿唐突。 4(针对对方的观点表达自己的意见，如果对方很紧张或者不善于言辞的话，要积极地引导对方进行讨论，体现积极的交流态度 第 38 页 共 60 页 和互动交际的敏感性。 5(内容完整。所用词汇和句法符合规范，注意准确性。 6( 交谈的语气和表达习惯符合交际常规，必要使可以使用功能性意念表达方式。比如没听清对方的意思，请求重复或解释;纠正或解释自己的观点;表达同意或不同意;以及询问对方的观点和意见。 A(请求对方解释或重复: Excuse me, could you say it again? Excuse me, would you mind repeating it? I’m sorry, but I didn’t catch/follow/understand you. pardon me. I beg your pardon. B. 纠正和解释自己的观点: I mean„ What I’m trying to say is that„ What I meant was„ Let me put it this way. C. 询问对方的观点: What do you say that? Why not? What’s your view on „ How do you feel about „ May I have your idea about „ Writing Nearly every student whose native language is not English has some problems in learning English at college. Now tell your experience in learning according to the following outline. Your composition should be within 160-200 words. Learning English at College 1. I had troubles adjusting to the way English taught at college at the beginning. 2. Now, I have found the way to learn English. 3. I know there is a long way to go to learn English well. 写作策略: 本课的写作题目是提纲作文。在pets4的作文类型中，甚至是四六级和研究生英语入学考试的作文中，提纲式的作文也是很常见的。相对而言，这类作文比较容易应对。因为题目中虽然提供了粗略的而且通常是中文表达的提纲，但是毕竟可以从中得到一些写作内容上的知道，这样才不会感觉无从写起，不会无话可说，因为题目所给的提纲已经指明了写作的大致方向。有了提纲，只要对其进行适当的扩充就可以了。提纲对于审清题意组织段落很有帮助。 众所周知，无论是平时练习短文写作还是在应试时写作，仔细审题都是写作的第一步。审题时，如果在只有题目的情况下，一切就只能靠仔细揣摩题目的意思了。而提纲式作文除题目外，还给出了文章各段落应该覆盖的主要内容，从而更利于我们了解和把握短文写作的主旨大意，以及围绕着什么样的中心来写。这样，也就可以保证写作不偏题，不跑题，并能较快入题。 写作提纲 首段:起初，我对大学生的英语教学方法有点不适应。这表现在老师每堂课的内容太多，没有办法记下来;课本生词太多。一篇文章中有很多词都不认识。 第 39 页 共 60 页 主题段落:现在我发现了 学习英语的好方法。比如:课前积极预习，课后认真复习。不要指望老师像中学时那样领着大家 复习。扩大自己的阅读范围，不把英语学习仅仅局限于课本。听，说，读，写综合同步提高，通过练习听说，增强了自己的语 感。 结尾段:我知道，要学好英语，还有很长一段路要走。英语学习没有捷径，我必须坚持不懈。 参考范文: Learning English at College When I was in the high school, I was very good at English. But when I entered the college, I realized that it was not as easy as I thought. In the first several weeks, I found that I couldn’t fuuly understand what my English teacher taught in the class. There were a lot of new words in the text which had affected my understanding of the whole article. The teacher always threw many questions every class. I knew that I had big troubles adjusting to the way English was taught at college. In the following weeks, I tried to find effective ways to improve my English. First, I analyzed the reason why I can’t keep up with the lessons. In the past, when I was in the high school, we had English courses almost everyday, including the morning reading. The teacher gave review lessons regularly. So it was easier for us to grasp the knowledge. Furthermore, compared with college English, high school English was relatively easy to learn, with few new words and short sentences. We were provided by the teacher with lots of exercises to practice what we have learned. But now in the college, the situation was completely different. Having found the reason, I began to make the plan. I decided I would put it into action. I got up very early every morning, reading English aloud and memorizing the new words. Every noon and evening, I listened to the English broadcast China Radio International, which brought me much fun. I also borrowed many English reference books as well as reading materials and read them carefully. Writing an English essay was also a good way to practice English. In order to better understand the class, I persisted in preparing lessons before class. By doing for the whole term, I was so excited that I got the highest score in the final English exam. I think I have found the proper way to learn English. However, this is only a good beginning. There is a long way to go to learn English well. For instance, even though I can get high score in the written exam, I still can’t use it to communicate with foreigners. In addition, I have difficulty in understanding English broadcast. English is practice, practice and practice. If you don’t use it, you’ll lose it. --------------------- 第十九讲 Unit 7 Literature and Art Main Contents: 本课主要介绍了文学欣赏，文学评论以及如何检验一本好书。学完了本课后，我们应该能够掌握一些文 学和艺术方面的知识背景，如国外一些伟大的作家和艺术家以及他们的作品，并且能够用英语就文学与艺术 这一话题与外国人进行交流。 本课的课文介绍如何检验一本好书。检验一本好书的标准使要看是否只想把书读一遍还是多于一遍。对 任何伟大的书，读第二遍的渴望超过读第一遍的渴望。伟大的作品能使人们在不同的时期又不同的感受，使 人们从书中得到他们所需要的东西。 Words, Expressions and Grammar 第 40 页 共 60 页 Dialogue: That’s incredible. 真是难以置信. Sorry to interrupt, „ 对不起,我插句话„, 对不起,打扰了„. May I ask a question? 我能问个问题吗? What did you think of it? 你认为怎么样. What do you think of the performance? 你觉得表演怎么样. But, in my opinion, „ 在我看来„ Could you explain that to me? 你能说的具体一点么? The acting was simply superb, if you ask me. 让我说/ 在我看来, 表演只是很华丽而已. Well, you’ve got a point there. 这一点你说对了. 1. moving adj. = touching 令人感动的 e.g. this is a moving story, and I was deeply moved. 2. latest adj. (late的最高级形式) 最近的,最新的 e.g. Have you heard the latest news? 你听到最新消息了吗, This toy robot is the latest craze all over the world. 这种玩具机器人最近风靡全世界。 3. come upon 来临，袭击 e.g. The disaster come upon the quiet village. 灾难降临在这个宁静的小村庄。 When the bad luck came upon her, she showed her composure. 当遇到不幸的时候，她表现得很镇静。 4. dictate v.口述, 口授, 指令, 指示 dictation n. e.g. When the visitor came, he was dictating a letter to a secretary 当有人来访时他正在向秘书口授信稿。 The French teacher dictates to the class every other week. 法语教师每隔一周给这班学生做一次听写。 5. set n. 布景，道具 e.g. Everyone must be on the set ready to begin filming at 10 oclock. 每个人都必须到达布景地准备10点钟开拍电影。 v. 为„布景 e.g. The story is set in the early days of World War 此故事是以第二次世界大战初期为背景的 v. 1) 致, 使; 使处于某种状态, 使(某人)做某事 e.g. A spark set the woods on fire.星星之火使整个森林燃烧起来。 I must set my affairs in order.我必须使我的事情搞得井井有条。 Why didnt you set the boy right,你为什么不纠正那孩子的错误呢, A good nights rest will set you right.酣睡一夜将使你的精神得到恢复。 My jokes set the whole table laughing.我说的笑话使全桌人大笑起来。 2) 指定, 规定(日期, 价格, 限度等); 制定(规则等) set a price on sth.定价格 set a date for a meeting确定会议日期 set the targets of production定生产指标 set a rule制定规则 set a limit定限度 set a distance定距离 adj. 惯用的; 固定的，已经确定的 a set phrase 陈腔, 俗套; 固定词组 a set date/agenda/policy 已定日期/既定日程/既定政策 第 41 页 共 60 页 6. garish adj.炫耀的, 过分装饰的, (色彩、装饰、打扮等)俗气的 e.g. She doesn’t like garish clothes. 她不喜欢过于艳丽的衣服。 7. plot n. 情节，结构 e.g. The plot of the detective story is really attracting.这部小说的情节引人入胜。 The plot has too many twist, so its credibility is low. 这个情节中有太多的波折，不太可信。 8. gloomy adj.黑暗的, 阴沉的, 令人沮丧的, 阴郁的 e.g. Many people take a gloomy view of the economic situation in that area. 很多人对该地区的经济形势持悲观态度。 a damp, gloomy day. 湿而阴郁的天 gloomy faces.忧郁的脸 gloomy news.令人悲伤的消息 gloomy predictions. 悲观的预测 9. drawback n. a disadvantage or inconvenience.障碍，缺陷 10. twist n. 拐弯;弯曲;曲折;癖性 e.g. a twist in ones nature怪癖, 拗脾气 His answer showed a mental twist. 他的回答显示了心智失常。 She is acquainted with all the twists that make for efficient cooking. 她熟知所有高效率烹调的妙诀。 11. credibility n.可信性,可靠性, 确实性 credible adj.可信的, 可靠的 e.g. credibility gap信用差距(指政府官员等言论与事实的不符) It is a story beyond credibility.一个超出我们信任程度的故事 12. similar adj 相像的，相似的;近似的 e.g. My new dress is similar to the one you have. 我的新衣服和你的那件相似。 All big cities are quite similar. 所有的大城市差不多大同小异 The boy is similar to his brother in interests. 这个男孩在爱好上和他哥哥很相似。 13. overdo vt.做得过分, 过度 vi.过火 e.g. She overdid the diet and became malnourished. 她过分节食变得营养不良 Dont overdo the salt in your cooking. 做菜时别放太多的盐。 The beef is overdone.牛肉煮得太老。 We always overdo at Christmas.我们庆祝圣诞节时总是做得很过火 The joke is overdone.玩笑开得过火。 passage 1. taste n.味道, 味觉 have/take a taste of 尝„ e.g. please take a taste of cake made by mother. 请尝一点我妈妈做的糕饼。 Would you like to have a taste of tea? 请品一品茶。 the bitter taste of life人生的辛酸 n. 体验，鉴赏力 e.g. He is a man of taste. 颇有生活鉴赏力的人, 风雅的人 He has a good taste for music.他对音乐很有鉴赏力。 He has a taste for folk songs.他喜欢民歌。 A sick man has not much taste for food. 病人吃东西没有味道。 v. 品尝 e.g. The soup tastes delicious. 这汤尝起来很不错。 It tastes bitter. 这东西吃起来很苦。 The rice tastes burnt. 米饭尝起来有焦味。 第 42 页 共 60 页 2. worth adj.值钱的, 值的看中的 e.g. What is it worth? (或How much is it worth?)这值多少钱? It is worth,500. 它值五百镑。 Its not worth the paper its printed on. 它(文章等)的价值抵不上用来印它的纸张。 The rarer it is, the more it is worth.物以稀为贵。 be worth doing 值得 e.g. The movie is worth seeing.这部电影值得一看. This matter is worth notice.这件事值得注意 The matter is worth the trouble. 这件事值得费点事。 3. go on v.继续下去, 发生,进行 e.g. Let’s go on with our discussion. I don’t know what’s going on in the classroom.我不知道教室里发生了什么事情。 I watch TV everyday to keep myself informed of what is going on in the world. 我每天看电视，这样能够了解世界上发生的事情。 4. regarding prep. in reference to; with respect to; concerning.关于 e.g. I wrote a letter regarding my daughters school examinations. 我写了一封关于我女儿学校考试的信。 The chairman is making a speech regarding the future of reform 主席正在做一个关于改革的前途的演讲。 5. genius n.天才, 天赋, 天才人物 e.g. Einstein was a genius. 爱因斯坦是一个天才。 Hes a genius at mathematics.他是个数学天才。 The girl has a genius for mathematics.这个女孩和有数学的天分 genius，gift，talent 意思都是“天赋”、“才能”。 genius 在这组同义词中程度最高, 指“最全面的天才”, 也可指“有天才的人”, 如: e.g. Li Bai was a great genius.李白是个伟大的天才。 gift侧重“天赋”, 如: e.g. She has a gift for music.她有音乐天赋。 talent侧重“才能”, 如: e.g. He showed great talent in language.他显示出语言才能。 6. bring about引起; 致使; 造成; 达成 7. be apt to adj.易于...的, 有...倾向的,倾向是 e.g. This shoe is apt to slip. 这种鞋容易滑倒。 Food is apt to deteriorate in summer. 食物在夏天容易变质。 Iron is apt to rust. 铁易生锈。 She is apt to take offense easily. 她易于发怒. 8. endure v. 忍耐，忍受, 支持;保持活力, 持续 e.g. I cant endure loud music. 我不能忍受音量大的音乐声。 I cant endure her endless complaint noise a moment longer. 我一刻也忍受不了她那没完没了的抱怨。 I cant endure talking to those scoundrels.与那些无赖们交谈,我真受不了。 His fame will endure for ever. 他的名望永存。 They can not endure much longer. 他们再也支持不了多久了。 9. at times adv.有时, 不时 10. in regard to= with regard to 关于 e.g. In regard to the future, he takes an optimistic view. 对于未来，他很乐观。 In regard to our study of English, the teacher had a lot to say. 11. be composed of e.g. Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. 水是由氢与氧化合而成的。 *compose, consist of, comprise, constitute这组动词的一般含义为“组成”或“构成”。 第 43 页 共 60 页 compose 在表示“由„„材料构成”时，见于被动语态;在用于主动语态时，一般它所表示的“构成”或“组成”总包含着融合为一，而且主语或者是复数名词或者是集体名词。 e.g. Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. 混凝土由水泥、砂、石子与水掺和而构成。 England, Scotland and Wales compose the island of Great Britain. 英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士构成大不列颠岛。 Mere facts, badly stated, do not compose a good book. 仅仅有资料，如果陈述得很糟糕，并不能组成一本好书; consist of 的含义与被动语态的 compose 相同 e.g. Though the costume consists only of a sheet, it was very effective. 虽然那件化装服装仅由一条床单组成，但效果很好。 comprise 在表示“构成”时，其内涵是“包括”或“覆盖” e.g. These houses do not comprises all his property. 这些房产并没有构成他的全部财产。 The committee comprises men of widely different views. 这个委员会由见解甚为悬殊的人组成。 constitute 的主语可以是复数名词也可以是单数名词，所“构成”的事物在属性和特征亦或在组织上，与组成成分是一致的 e.g. This growing poverty in the midst of growing poverty constitutes a permanent menace to peace. 在这种不断增长的贫困中正在增长着的贫困，构成了对和平的永久的威胁。 Seven days constitutes a week. 七天构成一个星期。 12. immortal adj.不朽的 e.g. Nobody is immortal. 人都要死的。 The heroes of the people are immortal.人民英雄永垂不朽。 13. superficial adj.表面的, 肤浅的, 浅薄的 e.g. a superficial wound. 表皮伤 a superficial knowledge 肤浅的知识 14. charm n. 魅力;诱惑力 e.g. This town, clean and quiet, has a charm you couldnt find in a big city. 这个城镇既干净又安静自有大城市里找不到的那种魅力。 He had great charm, everyone liked him. 他极有魅力，人人都喜欢他。 Her charm of manner made her very popular. 她风度优雅, 备受大家欢迎。 15. estimate n. 估计 e.g. My estimate of his abilities was wrong. 我对他的能力估计错了。 Now Ive realized that my estimate of her character was one-sided. 现在我认识到我对她品格的是片面的。 overestimate过高估计; underestimate 低估 16. perceive v. 觉察; 理解 e.g. Dogs can perceive by the nose.狗能够用鼻嗅。 I perceived that I could not make her change her mind. 我发觉我不能使她改变她的主意。 17. in proportion to 成比例, 均衡 e.g. We do not always find visible happiness in proportion to visible virtue. 我们会发现可见的幸福不一定与可见的美德成比例 This door is narrow in proportion to its height. 这扇门就其高度的比例而言窄了些。 Grammar: We should read only the books that we want to read more than once, nor should we buy any others, unless we have some special reason for so investing money. 第 44 页 共 60 页 Neither/nor 可以用在倒装句中，句子需要部分倒装。 e.g. Mike has never gone to Rome, neither has Mary. Jack has no interest in music, neither does his wife.. You can’t afford the luxury house, neither can I. He doesn’t like swimming, neither does he ever tried it. So+助词+主语，和neither 的意思正好相反。 e.g. Mike has been to Rome for several times, so has his wife. Jack has great interest in music, so does his wife. So+主语+助词，表示肯定前面的看法和主张。 e.g. He is a great man in history. - So he is. Kate and Mike had a good time in the weekend. -So they did ----------------------------------- 第二十讲 Use of English Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each numbered blank. on the night of the play, Albert was the hall early and he was already made-up long before the end of the first act. He certainly looked the part all night, he thought as he _1_ himself _2_ the mirror. He even _3_ if he should go out into the street to see what _4_ he made on people out there. Just for a _5_, of course. Then he was seized with a sudden attack of stage fright. How could he _6_ all those people _7_ the audience? He put his head in his hands and tries to _8_ his lines. He had only a very small part, but his mind was a complete _9_. A _10_ on the door made him _11_. He felt really alarmed. He was due to go to stage in the second act. Had he missed his entrance and _12_ the play for everybody? But it was only the producer, who noticed what a state he was in, she __13__he should go and stand near the stage where he could watch the play and follow in his script at the same time. I t was a good way of getting __14__ his nervousness, she said. She was right. It seemed to __15__. In fact, the more he watched the play, the more he became involved in it, so that he began to __16__himself part of it. At last the moment came for him to go on stage. But suddenly the producer was by his__17__again.This time she looked worried as she placed a hand on his arm to restrain him __18_ . I’m afraid you’re going __19__. She said. They’ve jumped three pages of the script and have __20__your part out completely. 1(A. admired B. flattered C. gazed D. showed 2(A. on B. with C. at D. in 3(A. thought B. wondered C. hoped D. felt 4(A. force B. image C. impression D. reaction 5(A. fun B. game C. joke D. play 6(A. appear B. face C. meet D. see 7(A. between B. of C. with D. in 8(A. learn B. refresh C. remember D. remind 9(A. blank B. gap C. omission D. space 10(A. bump B. crash C. knock D. noise 11(A. to look up B. to look up C. looking up D. looked up 12(A. delayed B. ended C. ruined D. lengthened 13(A. ordered B. reminded C. suggested D. told 14(A. at B. over C. away D. through 15(A. do B. manage C. win D. work 16(A. push B. feel C. realize D. anticipate 17(A. shoulder B. side C. back D. place 18(A. on B. off C. out D. back 19(A. to disappoint B. to have disappointed C. to be disappointed D. have disappointed 第 45 页 共 60 页 20(A. forgotten B. lost C. missed D. omitted 解析: 1. A. 这句话的意思是:他赞美着镜子中的自己。爱波特第一次登台前，在镜子前照了又照，含有自我欣赏的意味。flatter奉承，阿谀She only flatters you so you will help her. 她只是奉承你，以便你能帮助她;gaze vi.后面接名词的时候和at连用;show 展示。只有admire 表示欣赏，可以用于别人，也可以用于自身。 2. D. 照镜子的时候人的影子在“镜子里”，用介词in. on 表示在表面，是相互之间有接触的。 3. B. 这句话的意思是:他甚至想知道是不是应该走在大街上，看看人们对他的印象是如何的。 wonder后面常常跟由if或whether引导的从句。 4. C. “给某人留下印象”make impression on sb. 5. C. 这句话的意思是:当然只是开个玩笑。表示“开玩笑”，通常用joke或kid。我们也可以说:Just joking/ just kidding. 6. B. 这句话的意思是:他该怎样面对观众呢, 7. D. 这里是说“观众群中的人们”，台下坐的人们应该属于观众这一群体的，所以他们之间是一种包含或者从属的关系，表示这种关系用介词in。 8. C. 这位远远初次登台演出，最初的兴奋早已烟消云散，随之而来的是紧张和恐惧，使他都想不起台词了。Remember 想起，记起，回忆;refresh 使精力恢复;remind 提醒(sb of sth) 9. A. 这句话的意思是:他仅有很少的一部分，但是他的脑袋一片空白。我们通常用blank表示“毫无思绪，头脑空白”。His memory is a blank. 他什么也记不起来。a blank mind空虚的心灵 10. C. 这句话的意思是:一阵敲门声使他抬头往上看了看。Knock这个词兼有名词和动词的词性。后面经常和介词at连用。这里用作名词。 11. B. 这位演员正在想问题，所以把头埋在手中，当听到敲门声后，他抬头看了看。在使役动词make后做宾语补足语的动词不定式要省略to，即make sb do sth。 12. C. 这句话的意思是:他本来应该在第二幕上场。他已经错过了出场并毁掉这部戏吗,他觉得自己好像错过立刻出场，由于自己的失误而毁掉了整个演出。选项A.B.C.的意思分别是“延误”，“结束”， “延长”，均不符合题意。 13. C. 这句话的意思是:制片人建议他站在舞台旁边，在那里他可以观看演出同时也能跟上剧本。Suggest表示建议，后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气，即should，do的形式。order表示命令，用在这里语气太强。 14. B. 这句话的意思是:她说:“这是一个克服紧张的好办法”。Get at “到达，够到，了解”意味着“指责，含沙射影的攻击”;get over 克服，熬过，恢复;get away 逃脱，离开;get through到达，做完，通过。此处表示“克服紧张”，用get over。 15. D. 这句话的意思是:这个方法看起来很奏效。Work可以表示，起作用，奏效，正常工作，正常运转。如:I gave him some advice, but it didn’t work. Can you help me, --My radio doesn’t work. 16. B. 这句话的意思是:事实上，他看戏看得越多，他就越能融入其中，以至于他感觉到他是戏剧演出的一部分。这里要表示演员的内心感受的转变，而不是思想意识的转变，所以要用feel，不能用recognize。 第 46 页 共 60 页 17. B. 这句话的意思是:但是突然，制片人又一次站在了他的旁边。Side表示人身体的侧面，所以by one’s side表 示“在侧面，在旁边”。 18. D. 这句话的意思是:这一次，当制片人把手放在他的臂上想要把他拉回原地时，显得有些担心。制片人 担心的不是下文所讲的剧本中有三页被跳过了，而时因为演员因此无法出场了，她不知道该如何向这个演员 解释。她本能地把演员往回拉了一点。Retrain 的本意时“限制，约束”，要表示往回拉，必须用介词back。 19. C. 这句话的意思是:她说“我恐怕你要感到失望了”。disappoint vt 需要宾语;disappointed 是形容词形式。 20. C. 这句话的意思是:他们跳过了三页，把你的那一部分遗漏了。Forget 忘记;lose 丢失; miss=fail to say or include 错过，遗漏;omit 省略。 Reading comprehension Read the following two texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. The Globe Theater-Shakespeare’s Theater The original globe was built in 1599 by a group of actors. Among them was Shakespeare himself and over the next few years his major plays, including the four great tragedies Hamlet , King Lear, Macbeth and othello, were staged there. But during a performance of Henry Vlll, in 1613, a spark from cannon set the thatched roof on fire and the theatre burned down. Although rebuilt, it lasted only until 1644. And that might have been the end of the story, except that another spark then entered the mind of the late American actor and film director Sam Wanamaker 40 years ago, when he came to London and set off to look for the Globe’s original site. He was interviewed last year, shortly before his death: Nobody really knew where it was. But anyway, I did finally get to it. It was marked by a black plaque, which is still there, on the side of a brewery wall, which said, in effect, this is the site of the world’s greatest theatre. It was erected by the Shakespeare Society of Britain and India and of al places. And I thought, well, why don’t the British do something about this? I mean, this is terrible. There are imitation globes in several countries around the world - Japan .Germany, the United States ---But all make extensive use of modern technology. Wanamaker wanted to build something that was, as far as possible, an exact reconstruction of Shakespeare’s theatre. It’s this that’s now taking shape by the River Thames, a few hundred yards from the original site. When complete, performances will take place with no artificial lighting, no heating, no recorded music, no modern costume. No amplification, no cuts in the texts; and since the theatre is open air it’s certain that there’ll occasionally be wind and rain. All this is as it would have been in Shakespeare’s day, but actors in the new Glove will also have to compete with the 20th -century sounds like airplanes and police sirens, Sir Anthony Hopkins, one of the country’s best-known Shakespearean actors, was asked how gre4at the problems would be: I don’t know. I haven’t acted here yet, I guess they’ll meet those problems when they come to it. But I think they’ve taken that on board. Audiences seem to accept it -they’ll accept rain ,snow, hurricane, planes-they’ll accept anything, I suppose. The new Globe will also be faithful to the original one in its design. Wanamaker explained: It’s a circular building, which is not round -it’s a polygon, consisting of 20 sections, modular sections. These sections represent three galleries-the Glove had three seating galleries, which were covered and protected form the weather. It had back wall, equally protecting it form the weather, and in the center of this circle. And the people who couldn’t afford to pay more than a penny would stand around the stage and the people who would pay a little more could sit in the galleries. These galleries rise like sheer walls round the stage. Giving it an enclosed, almost claustrophobic feel behind the project is a belief, which was passionately held by Wanamaker, that in recent years productions of Shakespeare have become far too dependent on special technical effects of sound and lighting. Wanamaker with supporters like Bill Bryden, one of Britain’s leading theatre directors argued that with new Glove they would be forced to avoid 第 47 页 共 60 页 illusion, and would have to put much more emphasis on the language of the plays. The Globe project is still short of funds: It’s received little official help form within retain, but a lot of indifference. one reason is the undoubted prejudice against open-air theatre. A prejudice is due mainly to the vagaries of the weather. More seriously, some members of the theatrical establishment believe that, in the end, the reconstruction amounts to no result. We’re not trying to create museum theatre3 or do it the way they did it in Shakespeare’s time, not at all, we’re simply saying here is a platform here is a circle, and here is the performance without all the illusionist things that we employ to do plays today. It’s wholly different kind of theatre. It goes back to the original forms of theatre. And it was without all this silly business-which is fine for the modern play, but it’s not fine for an Elizabethan play… Every year Shakespeare’s birth is celebrated with special events at the Globe. And next April next April should be a particularly momentous occasion, since, funds permitting, the theatre is due to celebrate its official opening. 1. Who is the first to want to build the new Globe Theater? A. British. B. An American. C. A Japanese. D. A German. 2. The Globe Theater in British is different from the Globes in other countries in____. A. shape. B. structure. C. size. D. modern technology. 3. The belief held by Wanamaker passionately that____. A. in recent years plays of Shakespeare depend on modern technology. B. in recent years plays of Shakespeare don’t depend on modern technology. C. in recent years plays of Shakespeare shouldn’t too much depend on modern technology. D. in recent years plays of Shakespeare are not dependent on modern technology. 4. Wanamaker doesn’t stand for the view that plays of Shakespeare far too depend on modern technology and emphasizes____. A. the modern technology for performance. B. special effect of sound and light. C. the language and the plays. D. record music. 5. The Globe project received little official help from within Britain because____. A. the British have the prejudice against open-theater. B. some people in the theatrical field think the reconstruction is no more than meaningless historical performance. C. the British think the reconstruction of the Globe Theater is meaningless in modern times. D. both A&B. 解析: 1(B. 结合全文的内容，我们知道，Sam Wanamaker 筹划并重建了Globe剧院。文章的第一段的倒数第二句话告诉 我们:Sam Wanamaker是美国的演员和电影导演。 2(D. 文章的第三段第一句话:日本德国和美国等国家模仿和重建了Globe剧院，但是他们都广泛采用了现代技术。 本段还告诉我们Sam Wanamaker要重建的剧院将不使用现代技术，重建后的剧院将与莎士比亚时期的剧院一 样，没有人造的灯光，没有录好的音乐，没有现代的戏服等等。所以在英国重建的剧院和其他国家的剧院的 不同在于是否采用了现代技术进行表演。 3(C. 在第六段中有这样一句话:a belief, which was passionately held by Wanamaker, that in recent years productions of Shakespeare have become far too dependent on special technical effects of sound and lighting. 这句话明确告诉我 第 48 页 共 60 页 们Sam Wanamaker认为近些年来莎士比亚戏剧的演出过多的依靠了技术型的声效和灯光，而他认为戏剧演出 不应该过多依赖现代技术。 4(C. 文章第六段告诉我们Sam Wanamaker和他的支持者们将把重点放在戏剧的语言上。 5(A. 文章的第七段告诉我们:Globe的工程在英国得到极少的官方资助，主要有两个原因。其一就是:英国人对 开放式的剧院心存偏见。另外一点就是:一些剧院建设成员认为剧院的重建会无果而终。重建剧院是否有意 义，并不是剧院重建受到很少官方资助的原因。 More and more, the operations of our business, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his own purpose can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment. It’s easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may away not only unpunished but with a glowing recommendation from his former employees. of course, we have no statistics in crimes that go undetected. But it’s disturbing to note how many of the crimes we don’t know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck. For example, a certain keypunch operator complained of having ti stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards he was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off the company that was being robbed. Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too often, their demands have been met. Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court how he jugged the most confidential records right under the noses if the company’s executive, accounts, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere. 1. It can be concluded from the passage that ____. A. it is still impossible to detect computer crimes today. B. computer crimes are the most serous problem in the operation of financial institution. C. computer criminals can escape punishment because they can’t be detected. D. people commit computer crimes at the request of their company. 2. It is implied in the third paragraph that____. A. many more computer crimes go undetected than are discovered. B. the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problem. C. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimes. D. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their bad luck. 3. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? A. A strict law against computer crimes must be enforced. B. companies need to impose restrictions in confidential information. C. companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their reputation. D. companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes. 4. What may happen to computer criminals once they are caught? A. with a bad reputation they can hardly find another job. B. they will be denied access to confidential information. C. they may walk away and easily find another job. 第 49 页 共 60 页 D. they must leave the country or go to jail. 5. The passage in mainly about___. A. why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematical inspection. B. why computer criminals are often able to escape punishment. C. why computer criminals manage to get good recommendation from their former employers. D. why computer crimes can’t be eliminated. 解析: 1(C. 在文章的第二段开头和结尾部分我们可以找到答案: It’s easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck. 电脑犯罪是很容易的，而那些被抓住的也仅仅是因为他们运气不佳而已。所以说， 很多电脑犯罪者可以逃之夭夭而不受惩罚是因为他们没有被发现。 2，A. 我们可以从第二段中找到答案:But it’s disturbing to note how many of the crimes we don’t know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. 我们不知道有多少电脑犯罪事件还没有被发现。令我们头疼的是，已知的电脑犯罪是有多少是被偶然发现的， 而不是通过系统检查或安全监控。 3(D. Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. 公司的管理人员认为对于电脑犯罪事件的公开对他们自己也是一种颜面扫地的事 情。所以也不愿意公开这样的事情。 4(C. 文章的最后一句话暗示了电脑犯罪者的前途:带着满意的介绍信，离开这家公司又可以再寻另外的地方继续 犯罪。也就是说他很容易再找到另外一份工作。 5(B. 考察文章主旨。文章主要介绍了电脑犯罪现在很难通过程序来控制，而且犯了罪的人可以轻易逃脱，而不影 响日后再另谋工作。 翻译 1. The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind: it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. (nothing but只不过， by which,by the mode ) 2. It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. (not „but 不是而是，虽然相隔很远，但是句子的主干。) 3. You have all heard it repeatedly that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. (分辨句子的主干: You have all heard it that men work, that they manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, that they build up their theories ) 4. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. (it is imagined by many在翻译为汉语的时候，注意其主语。) 5. probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena. (as that which 分析这几个词所指，这是句子的关键) 第 50 页 共 60 页 解析: 1. 科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动地必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。 2. 这并比意味着面包师和卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理和工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种精确的多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。 3. 你们都多次听说，科学家是通过归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这种方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们自己的理论。 4. 许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。 5. 大概这里不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学 家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。 ----------------------------------------------- 第二十一讲 Listening part A. You will hear a passage. Listen and complete the sentences in questions 1-5 with the information you’ve heard. Write not more than 3 words in each numbered box. You’ll hear the recording twice. The romance and marriage of Elizabeth Barrett to Robert Browning inspired some of the greatest love poems written in 1 By 1843, she was so widely recognized that her name was suggested to replace the late poet Laureate as the official national 2 Nevertheless, she lost the competition to 3 Sonnets from the portuguese was named because her husband often called her 4 Aurora Leigh, her longest work, appeared in 1856, only five years before her death in 5 解析: 1(the English language Elizabeth Barrett 和Robert Browning 的浪漫婚姻使Robert Browning用英语写了许多的情诗。 2(poet of England 英国诗人最高的荣誉是“桂冠诗人”的成为，有人建议用Elizabeth Barrett的名字来代替。 3(William Wordworth 最后她还是输给了William Wordworth. 4(his “portuguese” 这个作品的名字源自她丈夫对她的称呼his “portuguese”,虽然这个词有一些难度，但是问题当中就有了很明显的提示。 5(Italy in 1861 答案就在文章的最后，她于1861年在意大利逝世。 part B You will hear a monologue. Answer questions 6-10 while you listen. Use not more than 5 words for each 第 51 页 共 60 页 answer. You will hear the recording twice. In which century was Transcendentalism developed in New England? 6 According to the lecture, what did the puritans emphasize? 7 What is the title of one of Emerson’s essays mentioned in the discussion? 8 What is Walden? 9 Why did Thoreau go to jail? 10 解析: 6(in the nineteenth century 答案很直接，就在文章的开头部分。 7((the importance of) society 在先验论和清教徒论的比较中提到，清教徒更加强调社会，而不是个人。 8(Self-reliance Emerson最著名的作品是Self-Reliance。 9(a book by Thoreau 这个问题也是一样，我们可能会遇到生词的麻烦，但是稍稍留心我们就会发现它的提示在第十题中。 10(He refused to pay taxes. 答案没有直接提到，需要一点分析。He preferred to go to jail rather than to pay taxes. part C You will hear three dialogues or monologues. Before listening to each one, read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. you will hear each piece only once. 11. What field study are these two speakers more likely teaching? A. American history. B. American literature. C. English literature. D. Chemistry. 12. Why is the woman going to Washington next week? A. To visit relatives. B. To give a lecture. C. To meet her publisher. D. To see museum exhibits. 13. What favor does the man ask of the woman? A. To speak to his class. B. To deliver a message for him. C. To review an article for him. D. To lend him five dollars. 解析: 11. B 第 52 页 共 60 页 两个人在谈话中都提到了poems，以及poetry and prose，American literature class。 12. C 这个答案很明显，the woman speaker 下周要去会见她的出版商。 13. A 很显然，两个人都是教师，the man speaker很客气的提出邀请 if you were not so busy with going to Washington and all, I’d love to have you come and discuss poe with my American literature class. 14. What general subject is this lecture most likely a part of? A. American natural history. B. English children’s literature. C. Zoos in the western world. D. Bears of North American. 15. Who is Miline? A. A child. B. A bear. C. An author. D. A pig. 16. Where did the author the idea for the main character of his book? A. In the woods. B. At the zoo. C. At a school. D. In a garden. 解析: 14. B 这段主要介绍了一个很有趣的童话故事，童话主人公名字的来历以及童话故事的作者和他的儿子的一些背景 故事。 15. C Miline 就是这个童话故事的作者。 16. B Miline和他的儿子总是区动物园去看北极熊，并且和管理员的关系很不错，他们可以进去看小熊Winnie，因 为儿子极其喜爱这只小熊，所以父亲就以它的名字做故事的主人公。 17. Which of the following most accurately expresses the meaning of the first sentence? A. Mickey is the name of a mouse that is generally well-liked. B. Most people don’t like mice but there is one mouse that millions love; his name is Mickey. C. A mouse like Mickey was certain to win the hearts of millions of, from small children to important generals. D. All the above. 18. Which of the following occurred during the early part of Disney’s career? A. Disneyland was built in California. B. Walt Disney World was built in Florida. C. Disney experimented with making cartoons move. D. Sound was added to Disney’s cartoons. 19. Which of the following statements about Mickey Mouse is true according to this dialogue? A. Mickey was invented before pluto and Donald Duck. B. Mickey was Disney’s second successful creation. C. people like Mickey because he seemed like a real mouse, “an unclean creature in his natural state”. D. people like it when Disney made Mickey do stupid things. 20. Disney has been criticized by some adults for one of the following. 第 53 页 共 60 页 A. paying low wages to his workers. B. Building a powerful “empire”. C. presenting an idealized and untrue view of reality. D. Making movies only children love to see, but their parents don’t enjoy them. 解析: 17. B 第一句话是these days Chinese children are crazy about Mickey Mouse. 18. C Disney早期致力于创造动画电影。此后才有了其他选项中所提到的迪斯尼乐园，以及配音动画。 19. A Mickey是第一个成功的创造，pluto and Donald Duck是在米老鼠之后创造出来的，之所以创作后来的卡通形象是因为如果Mickey做了不好的事情，就会有观众写来指责的信，所以做坏事的角色只能让其他的形象来完成。 20. C 答案在最后一个问题的回答中。大人们指责Disney给孩子们呈现是一个不真实的世界。 oral Test 功能性意念表达: 4(表示同意对方的观点: You are right./ You are totally right.你是对的。 I couldn’t agree with you more.太同意了。 It is reasonable.很合理。 I fully/totally agree with you.我完全同意。 That’s sure.那是一定的。 What you’ve proposed makes sense.你说的很有道理。 That’s just what I want to say.这也正是我要说的。 Me，too.我也是。 So do I.我也是。 Neither do I. 我也不。 It is a good point.这一点很对。 5. 表示不同意对方的观点: I’m afraid I can’t agree.恐怕我不能同意。 I’m afraid that is not what I mean.我不是那个意思。 I don’t think you have touched the point.我觉得你没有说到点子上。 probably you are right, but the fact is that„也许你是对的，但事实是... Maybe that’s where we differ.这就是我们不同的地方。 It depends.看情况而定吧。 That’s not the way I see it.我不这么看。 If I were you, I would„如果我是你，我会...... If I were in your shoes, I would„ 站在你的立场上，我会...... Writing Write a composition of 160-200 words by referring to the following information. The Relationship Between An Artist and Society Some people think that a true artist is a toiler of a unique talent that differentiates him from the rest of the society. 第 54 页 共 60 页 others believe that the artist is a part of the society. There is a discussion on newspaper in these two viewpoints.Write an essay to the magazine and justify your stand. Your essay should be based on the following outline. 1. The artist is a product of the society in which… 2. It is society that imposes a structure on the artist, and the successful artist. 3. The artist is also greatly affected by the physical resources of his society. 4. Finally, the artist must reflect the value,… 写作策略: 本课的写作题目考察的是段首句作文的写作.段首句作文,顾名思义,指的是给出段首句,要求考生据此补充 扩展,使之成为一个完整的段落。这是目前很流行的一种命题形式,因此它即能测试学生的写作能力,又基本规 定了思路,便于阅卷评分. 首先看清题目要求.这类作文一般分为三或四段, 有些题目要求每段字数大体一致,平均使用笔墨;有些没有 这种要求,则三段的长短可以不一致,可根据主题来发挥，只要总数字符合要求即可. 在写作之前存在审题的问题. 给出段首句的文章仍然有个文章的总标题, 这个标题就应该是文章的中心思 想; 不同只处在于, 一般的命题作文, 由于作者的观点,立场,的不同或者阐述角度的差异,文章的内容可能十分 不同或者截然相反,而给出的段首句的文章已基本规定了阐述角度和思路,因此这类作文的审题就应该将作文 标题和段首句结合起来考虑.各个段首句就像是一个框架,一个提纲,考生要做的,就是在标题的指导下,按照所 给的框架来完成具体部分.要注意段首句并非是主题句,有时只是短语或其他变化形式,但万变不离其宗,我们掌 握了总的方法,这类题目写起来就不困难了. 段首句作文主要有如下三种类型: 1.平行式. 每一段的段首句都表达了一个观点或一种思想,这些观点或思想并没有先后主次之分, 无递进关系, 也无因果关系,属并列型. 2.递进式. 递进式既是各个段首句表达了一种递进的关系,层层深入,由浅入深. 3.对照式. 这种形式与平行式很相似,只不过他具有很明显的对照特点. 写作提纲 第一段: 先提出问题. 艺术家是社会的产物, 有一些人认为艺术家具有的天赋使他从社会中被分离出来,而 另一些人认为艺术家是社会的一部分.我赞同后一种观点. 第二段: 社会生活和经历给艺术家的创作提供了源泉.成功的艺术家都善于观察和感受生活. 第三段: 艺术家的创作也受到社会生活的影响.不同的生活经历, 不同的生活时期, 同一个艺术家创作出 内容不同,风格迥异的艺术作品. 第四段: 艺术家的创作要反映生活, 反映价值. 脱离了这一点, 就不能创作出优秀的作品.所以说,艺术来源 于生活,生活改造了艺术,艺术家确实是社会的一部分. 参考范文: the Relationship between an Artist and Society An artist is a product of the society in which art works are very popular among the people. He or she is required to provide people with more and more, better and better art works. Some people think that a true artist is a tailor of a unique talent that differentiates him from the rest of society. others believe that the artist is a part of the society. personally, I share the latter point of view. It is society that imposes a structure on the artist, and a successful artist does well in observing the society and experiencing the life. It always seems to us that an artist, with advanced skills in many fields, can create the art works independently. However, the role of real social life and experience in an artist’s work cannot be underestimated. An artist is more eager to feel and touch the society than anyone else. It is obvious that all the source material an artist uses comes from life. Without it, an artist can do nothing. An artist is also greatly affected by the physical resources of his society. Many great artists all over the world created different art works in different periods of their lives, with different focus and style. Nobody can deny that this is the result of the social life and experience. For instance, Ernest Hemingway, one of the 20th century’s most 第 55 页 共 60 页 important writers, has abundant life experience as a reporter, a soldier, a sportsman and etc. His writing has been influenced a lot by what he did throughout his life. Finally, an artist must reflect the values, demonstrating both good and evil sides of the society. Without recognizing this point, an artist can never produce a great art work. Even though he can win the popularity among the people, he can never win the success. Art comes from life and life throws influence on art. To sum up, the artist is definitely a part of the society who depends on the society so much. ------------------------- 第二十二讲 Unit 8 Main Contents: 本课主要介绍了英语语言的发展和演变以及现代化通讯的飞速发展。学完本课以后，应了解英语语言在不断的发展和变化着，而且要了解语言的发展演变，要在日后把这些有关英语的知识运用到学习当中。 在本课的对话1中我们要了解为什么说英语是一种全球通用的语言;对话2中提到了我们国家的国粹—京剧，除了了解有关京剧的词汇以外，我们还可以增加一些基本的常识。 本课的课文向我们介绍了一个流行词的诞生。“全球化”这个词从被创造出来到现在还不到十年，但是现在它已经在国际经济中得到了广泛的使用。同时，课文还详细介绍了全球的概念，全球境的功能等有关的知识。 Words, Expressions and Grammar: Dialogue 1.native language 母语 2.mandarin Chinese 普通话 3.peking opera 京剧 4.orchestra 管弦乐队 5.costume 装束，服装，戏服 6.acrobat 杂技演员 7.tragic 悲剧的 tragedy n.悲剧, 惨案, 悲惨, 灾难 8.comical 喜剧的 comedy n.喜剧, 喜剧性的事情 9.periodical 期刊，杂志 10.mask 面具 gas mask防毒面具 fire/smoke/dust mask 防火/防烟/防尘面具 e.g.The robbers were wearing masks. 抢劫犯戴着面罩。 The nurses wore masks and close-fitting white caps. 护士们戴着口罩和紧紧扣住头发的白帽子。 The jokes were a mask to hide his sadness. 玩笑是掩盖他内心悲伤的方式。 11.last but not the least 最后的但是同样重要的 e.g. And last but not the least there is the problem of funding. 最后同样主要的是要有足够的资金的问题。 12.chance n. 可能性，很可能 e.g. Chances are that we will win easily.我们很可能会轻易取胜。 The chances are ten to one that the guest team will win.十之八九客队会获胜。 There is a chance that I will see him these days. 这几天我有可能见到他。 This is a chance that I will be chosen for the team. 有可能我被选拔到队里。 The ox doesnt seem to have any chance of winning the league basketball matches. 看来公牛队没有打赢这次篮球联赛胜的可能了。 第 56 页 共 60 页 The chances are a hundred to one against you. 你只有百分之一成功的可能。 13.on the way /on ones way 在来、去或旅行的过程中: e.g.I met him on the way to town. 我在去镇子的路上遇到他 Winter is on the way. 冬天就要来到了 She is on her way out the door. 她往户外走。 He is on the way to success. 他正在通往成功的路上。 14.or so 大约, 左右, 将近 e.g.He is twenty years old or so. The temple dates back as far as two hundred years ago or so. 15.semiofficial adj.半官方的 seminatural adj.半自然的 semimonthly semimilitary semiglobe 16.conduct v.处理; 经营;引导;实施 e.g.My aunt conducts her business very successfully.我的婶婶把企业经营得很成功。 It is a good idea to conduct the lecture in English. The agency is to conduct both domestic and foreign affairs for government. 这代理处为政府处理国内外事务。 My brother is in the lab conducting an experiment. 我哥哥在实验室做实验。 How long do you need to conduct your private affair? 你需要多长时间处理私事, 17.status n.身份, 地位, 情形, 状况 social status社会地位 status quo现状, 维持现状 Her status is that of a guest.她是客人身份 His known status is a teacher. 他的公开身份是教师。 18.potential adj.潜在的, 可能的, 势的, 位的 n.潜能, 潜力 a potential problem.潜在的问题 e.g.Every seed is a potential plant. 每粒种子都可能长成植物。 He hasn’t realized his full potential yet. 她还没有完全意识到自己的潜能。 I believe he has the potential to make a good dancer. 我相信他有可以成为一个舞蹈家的潜能。 19.cover涵盖，包括;处理;对待: e.g.His studies covered a wide field.他的知识渊博。 Lies cannot cover up facts.谎言掩盖不住事实。 The book covers the feminist movement.这本书探讨女权主义运动 This is the balance to cover the check. 这是准备用来交付支票的存款余额。 20.replace v. 取代，代替 e.g.We have to replace defective tubes. 我们更换有毛病的管子。 Can anything replace a mothers love and care? 有什么东西能取代母亲的爱和关怀吗? The village has replaced coal by /with gas. 用煤气代替煤作燃料 21.overwhelming overwhelming joy压倒一切的欢乐 an overwhelming majority 一个压倒的优势 an overwhelming victory势如破竹的胜利 overwhelm v.淹没;吞没，席卷: 第 57 页 共 60 页 e.g.Your kindness quite overwhelms me.你的好意使我感激难言。 be overwhelmed by grief伤心已极 The boat was overwhelmed by the waves.船被浪打翻了。 22.symbolic adj.象征性的，有象征意义的 symbolic art 象征主义艺术 symbol n.符号, 记号, 象征symbolize v. 23.stylize v. 使风格化,.符合特定(或传统)程式 style n. 风格 in style/ out of style e.g.Mini-skirt was out of style in the last fews years, but now it is in style again. 24.prominence 著名;杰出;显著;重要 a person of some prominence 颇有知名度的人 prominent adj.卓越的, 显著的, 突出的 a prominent nose 大鼻子 e.g.His father is a prominent professor. 他父亲是很有名的教授。 passage 1.globality n.全球性 2.buzzword n.强意词 buzz n. v. 嗡嗡声;嘤嘤声 e.g.The bee buzzed its wings.蜜蜂振翅发出嗡嗡的响声。 The plane is buzzing the town.飞机低空飞行掠过这个城市。 3.decade n. 十年 millennium n. 一千年 e.g.They went to the famous city several times in the first decade of the 20th century. 在二十世纪最初的十年他们去了那个著名的城市好几次。 United Nations Development Decade -联合国十年发展 4.limit n.界限, 限度, 限制 beyond the danger limit超过危险线 the city limits市区范围 e.g.They have reached the limit of their resource. 黔驴技穷，山穷水尽 It is illegal to go beyond the limit of ones powers. 做超过权限的事情使不合法的。 He has reached the limit of his patience. 他已经到了达到了忍无可忍的地步 There is a limit to everything.凡事都有限度。 5.convey v. 通知;通报;传达 e.g.I will convey the information to him. 我将把这消息通知他。 I cant convey my feelings in words.我的情感难以言表。 The ambassador personally conveyed the presidents message to the premier. 大使亲自向总理转达了总统的问候。 6.encompass v. 包括，包含; 包围;围绕 e.g.The course will encompass physics, chemistry and biology. 课程将包括物理、化学和生物学。 Here is a reservoir encompassed by mountains. 这是一个群山环绕的水库。 7.epicenter n.震中, 中心 e.g.The country stood at the epicenter of the international crisis. 该国处于国际危机的中心。 China happened to be the epicenter of the SARS breakout this year. 中国恰巧是今年非典的中心。 第 58 页 共 60 页 8.talkathon n.冗长的讨论, 冗长的演说 marathon马拉松 walkathon (尤指为特定事业筹款而进行的) 步行马拉松 9.dimension n.尺寸, 尺度, 维(数), 度(数), 元 e.g.A line has one dimension and a square has two. 线是一度空间，平面是两度空间。 Time is sometimes called the fourth dimension. 时间有时被称为第四度空间。 There is another dimension to this problem which you havent mentioned. (喻) 这个问题还有一个方面你没提到。 of one dimension一维的, 线性的 of three dimensions三维的, 立体的 of two dimensions二维的, 平面的 10.hyperactive adj.活动过度的, 极度活跃的,活动亢进的 hyperacid adj.酸过多的, 胃酸过多的 11.sleep-deprived 缺乏睡眠的 deprive vt.剥夺, 使丧失 deprive sb. of... 剥夺某人的..., 使某人丧失...; 免去某人(职务) e.g.The court ruling deprived us of any share in the inheritance. 法庭裁决剥夺了我们全部的继承权. Sickness deprived me of the pleasure of meeting you. 疾病使得我未能和你经常欢聚。 They were deprived of a normal childhood by the war. 由于战争，他们失去了一个正常的童年时代 She was deprived of schooling at ten. 她10岁时就失学了。 12.on a global basis: globally e.g.The protection of rare animals is a problem concerned on a global basis. 保护稀有动物是全世界关注的问题。 13.deregulation n.违反规定, 反常 derecognize vt. 撤消承认 derealize v. 使不现实 14.spur n.马剌, 刺激 v.鞭策, 刺激, 疾驰, 驱策 e.g.This book is a spur to the childs imagination. 这本书能促进孩子的想象力。 pride spurred the man to fight.自尊心刺激他去决斗 。 Business tax cut is needed to spur industrial investment? 需要用减少商业税的办法刺激工业投资 15.brand n. 商标;牌子 brand mark商标 e.g.What brand of soap do you like? 你喜欢什么牌子的肥皂, Do you like this brand of tea? 你喜欢这种茶吗? 16.beat out v.敲, 扑灭 e.g.The dry grass caught fire, but we beat it out. She beat out a tune on a tin can. 她在洋铁罐上敲出一首曲子。 17.relentless adj.无情的 18.fashion n. 时髦，时尚 the latest fashions (服装等的)最新式样 e.g.Loose trousers are the latest fashion. 宽大的裤子是最新的时髦服装。 Is it the fashion to wear short skirts? Yes, short skirts are in fashion. 第 59 页 共 60 页 现在是不是时兴穿短裙,是的，短裙很流行。 This hair style is out of fashion now. 19.blur vt, vi使模糊;使看不清 e.g.Tears blur my eyes. 泪水模糊了我的眼睛。 His eyes were blurred with tears.泪水使他的眼睛一片模糊。 20.identity身份;本身;一致 the identity of interests 利益的一致 an identity card身分证 e.g.They finally reached an identity of views through heated discussion. 他们经过激烈的讨论最终取得了一致看法。 The police are still uncertain of the murderers identity. 警察尚未证实杀人犯的身份。 He had lost his identity card and was being questioned by the police. 他遗失了身份证,正在被警察查问。 21.unappealing adj.无吸引力的, 不能打动人的 appealing 吸引力的, 打动人的 22.justice n 公平;合理;公正 injustice n.不公平, 不讲道义 e.g.Everyone should be treated with justice. 每个人都应受到公正的对待。 The justice of these remarks was clear to everyone. 人人都明白这些话是公正的。 23.welfare n 福利 welfare fund 福利基金 welfare work 福利事业 social welfare 社会福利 on welfare 接受社会救济 e.g.Many European countries have well-developed social welfare system. 很多欧洲国家拥有先进的社会福利系统。 You can apply to the welfare funds for grant to get through your college. 你可以向社会福利基金申请助学金来完成你的大学教育。 The poor family has to live on welfare. 这个可怜的家庭只能靠救济生活。 24.generate vt.产生, 发生 generation n.产生, 发生, 一代, 一代人 e.g.When coal burns, it generates heat. 煤燃烧时，产生热量。 a generating station 发电厂，发电站 25. go for v.去找, 努力获取 e.g.Shall I go for a doctor? 我去找个医生吧。 Dont worry, hes going for the best doctor in the town. 别着急，他去找镇里最好的医生去了。 He is now going all for his master degree. 他正在全力以赴争取硕士学位。 26.show up v.揭露, 露出, 露面 e.g.He is clear about how dangerous it will be to show up the fraud. 他明白揭穿这个骗局对他来说有多么危险。 Her winkles show up in the strong sunlight. 她的皱纹在强烈的阳光下很明显。 only three of the people who are invited to the party didn’t show up. 只有三个受邀来参加聚会的人没有来参加。 第 60 页 共 60 页