工厂化农业_新世纪中国农业的希望（Factory agriculture _ new century Chinese agriculture hope）

工厂化农业_新世纪中国农业的希望（Factory agriculture _ new century Chinese agriculture hope） 工厂化农业_新世纪中国农业的希望(Factory agriculture _ new century Chinese agriculture hope) The first 17 volumes of his "first Phase 1 Journal of nanjing agricultural university In 2001, march Vol117No. 1 journalofnanjingagriculturaltechnologycollege Mar., 2001 Article number : 100821895 (2001) 2001 Factory agriculture - the hope of agriculture in the new century X Wan fresh-from-stats-class Garden department of nanjing agricultural college , In this paper, : The use of the greenhouse. It is suggested that factory agriculture represents the development direction of agriculture in the new century Own special factory agriculture. This paper introduces the origin and development of factory agriculture Jiangsu nanjing 210038 The present situation and introduction of foreign factory agriculture are introduced It is pointed out that China should focus on development keywords Factory agriculture ; Facility agriculture ; greenhouse Intermediate number : S201, S62 document identification code B: Agriculture: Hope of Chinese Agriculture in the 21st Cen tury WAN Cheng2gang (N anjing A gricultural Technology College, N anj ing 210038, Ch ina) Abstract: The origin and development of industrialized agriculture are intorduced The present situation of the industrialzed agriculture in foreign countries and the application of the Introduced greenhouse in China are emphatically introduced. In the end, it is pointed out that The industrialized agriculture stands for the developing trend of agriculture in the new 21st Century, andChinashoulddevelop theindustrializedagriculturewithChinesecharacteristics. Key words: industrialized agriculture; Protected agriculture; greenhouse 0 the introduction China is a large and resource-constrained agricultural country The per capita appropriation of arable land is insufficient 01067 hm 2, just for the world average 1.3; Water shortage The average per capita amount is less than the world average 1.4. The resource shortage has become the restriction of our agriculture and the whole national economy development The bottleneck. Decades of relying on resources and extensive management of agricultural growth have resulted in ecological imbalances, environmental degradation and resource atrophy for In the populous China This kind of agricultural development has reached unsustainable levels. Facing the resource shortage, the population expansion is serious reality Facing the severe challenge of global economic integration in the new century and the fierce competition The Chinese nation should live, develop and enter the world The ranks of We must change the way agriculture is inefficient and expensive A way to replace resources with technology We will follow the path of agricultural industrialization [1]. As a Agriculture out of resources (arable land, water, climate, environment, etc The only way to limit it is to develop factory production -- Factory farming. Factory agriculture refers to the artificial control environment (temperature, light, moisture, gas, etc Under the condition of) Industrial production To realize Intensive, efficient and sustainable development mode of modern production. Factory farming infuses biotechnology, electronics, information and computer technology , it is High-tech production system ; It will be the focus and important agricultural production mode of the global agricultural science and technology revolution in the new century. Some developed countries X deadline : 2000210208; Date of repair : 2000212214 Author's brief introduction : wan fresh-from-stats-class (19452) man, the chongqing man Associate professor of horticulture department of nanjing agricultural college , mainly engaged in ornamental gardening research. ? the journal of the nanjing agricultural science and technology In 2001 the first Phase 1 The agricultural production of the home has reached a high degree of industrialization With the acceleration of market internationalization A market for low-tech agricultural products Competitiveness will be weaker Countries around the world are vying for high technology for agriculture For the market share of agricultural products All of them increased their work The technical input and construction investment of factory agriculture [1]. China's agriculture and agricultural products will have a huge impact in the future Agricultural enterprises in China There will be a serious threat. so To understand, learn and learn from the advanced experience of foreign factory farming Reduce the gap with developed countries as soon as possible In the future In the 21st century, we developed our own factory agriculture It is the task of Chinese agricultural science and technology workers. 1. Development process of foreign factory farming Factory farming is gradually developed according to people's needs Plastic greenhouse, plastic greenhouse, glass greenhouse came into being, It began with vegetable soil cultivation. As early as during world war ii , the British State and American soldiers produce vegetables in uncultivated land on desert islands [2]. As people live in need of constant improvement and industry and economy The development of , Facility agriculture was developed This is the factory farming of the initial state ; The real factory farming is near Developed in 20 years. Due to the development of economy and science and technology New materials and new technologies applied in Agricultural facilities A large aluminum alloy glasshouse has emerged There is a single or even building A greenhouse can reach dozens of hectares ; Greenhouse cover Remove glass and plastic film And there it is PV C transparent board and polycarbonate hollow plate (PC board), its transmittance, thermal insulation, strength and Life expectancy has improved greatly. A large number of new and high technologies are applied to facility agriculture To make the agricultural production factory go up a new step Such as the soil cultivation technique perfecting There was deep flow cultivation (D FT), nutrient membrane cultivation (N FT), spray cultivation and solid matrix culture Type. There has also been a breakthrough in simplifying technology and reducing costs ; The application of computers revolutionized agriculture , 1 Computers can control hundreds of devices in a greenhouse (such as vent, heater, fan, hot water valve, irrigation valve, insulation screen, lighting, etc ). Computers are controlled by many parameters Such as indoor and outdoor temperature, humidity, external wind direction, wind speed, CO 2 concentration and day and night moment ; The computer system can collect all the sensor data Make a comprehensive evaluation of the situation And every device in the greenhouse is available at any time Give appropriate instructions To maintain ideal conditions within the controlled greenhouse area [3]. In addition CO 2 fertilizer technology, nutrition liquid deployment technology, It has been applied to bear bee pollination, matrix disinfection, mechanization and reprocessing technology. scientists The crop planting model is being studied Make computers make decisions for growers The artificial intelligence system appeared To make plant management change It's easy to do. Introduction to factory agriculture in developed countries Thanks to a series of high-tech support Factory farming has developed in some developed countries. In 1964, Austria began Experiment with a plant of cultivated plants (high 30 m, area 5, 000 m 2), a tomato plant in Austria Staff only 30 people, average day Tomato production 1317 t, production 1 kg of tomatoes consumes electricity 9 ~ 10 kw h, the cost is only the dew 60% [2]. In 1974, Japan built a plant for electronic computer control of flowers and vegetables The plant by 1 Layer 2 buildings (830 m 2) and two plants Mr Greenhouse (each 800 m 2) In the Two tulips and two irises in one year. A crop of tomatoes To make annual production. to 1998 Japan has been used for research, display and production of plant factories Forty, of which are factories 17 [2]. Israeli factory farming has reached a high level of production It USES desert wasteland to build plant factories Per hectare of greenhouse Season 1 Highest gain 3 million roses The annual output of tomatoes is the highest per hectare 500 t, greenhouse flowers and vegetables exported to Europe Countries [2]. Faitefem USES a completely computer-controlled plant to control the lettuce From planting to harvesting 26 d. Utah To plant wheat in plant factories It is not in full growth 2 months , 1 year can be 4 ~ 5 times. The United States has an agricultural biological intelligence machine Fully automatic factory farming facilities operated by the operator In less than 20 m 3 space A continuous cycle of food can feed a person [2]. The darekard facility agricultural engineering company has developed a method to plant fruit trees Success has now been achieved. This method doesn't work The fruit trees were planted in the soil Instead, insert the cuttings into a branch of a rubber pipe The synthetic nutrient solution is transported to various branches through rubber tubing , each A branch can blossom like a tree And the results and yields are very high 1 year can be harvested 3 - Five times, it can be manufactured for the whole year , Always the first 47 wan chenggang Factory farming -- The hope of agriculture in the new century Previous experiments with apple branches, pear branches and peach branches have been successful [2]. Us, Japan, Britain, the Netherlands and other factories have also developed the mushrooms , There are many mushroom factories More than 10,000 m2 , it can be planted every year - Mr Over 6 cycles , each periodic contract 20 d, mushrooms 25 ~ 27 kg ? m 2 [2]. These crops are generally needed from plant to harvest 50 - 60 d [4]. these The most advanced is the biosphere, which is based in Tucson, Arizona No. 2" It's a building area 112 hm 2 Special building 112 m Including wheat, potatoes, beans, vegetables and so on Its production is all closed, It simulates earth's oceans, rainforests, savannahs, desert regions, bushlands, temperate grasslands and works We have learned, Intensive farming areas Plant factories, Food production in the biosphere is higher than on earth The United States conducted experiments on space plants, The wheat is enough for one person, the maize plant is only 40 In addition, the crops such as mung beans, beans and potatoes have been tested successfully, and 2 is enough. 16 times [4], people living in the ring for seven years produce food and self-sufficiency , Initial success. To survive in space for the long term The latest technology makes it small Wheat growing 10000 strains, M - 2, 2 - 50 cm will be ripe Tomatoes per square meter Kind of 100 - 120 strains; Currently supported One man lives and eats in space The things , We will strictly implement a comprehensive and effective control environment Adopt advanced plant engineering technology , The whole process of production from sowing to harvesting is continuous and highly automated and streamlined To achieve continuous production throughout the year It's completely out of the way Limitations of natural conditions. The rise of Chinese facilities agriculture China has a long history of facilities cultivation But modern facilities start late Since the reform and opening up, facility cultivation has developed rapidly First of all It is good for governments at all levels to attach importance to the "vegetable basket project". To build a series of greenhouse and greenhouse. Since the 90s The comparative effect of flowers Profit is very high , so a set of facilities to cultivate flower heat , fresh cut flowers every year It's increasing at 35 percent All over the world to build solar greenhouses or from the state Cut flowers out of the greenhouse. nearly In the past 20 years, the garden has developed rapidly in our country to 1997 includes big, middle and small booths , The national facility cultivation area has been reached 1 million Hm 2, the total area is the largest in the world The cultivation area of vegetable and flower facilities 86.17 million Hm 2; Large and medium small sheds account for a larger proportion of cultivation facilities Because of the low production rate of the small shed , the homework is inconvenient And the intensity of labor So it's going down year by year Falling trend And conventional solar greenhouses and energy-saving solar greenhouses are soaring , 1984 - In 1997, general solar greenhouses 01.37 million Hm 2 increase to 71.82 million Hm 2, growth More than 20 times ; Energy-saving sunlight greenhouse by 01.03 million Hm 2 expands to 141.13 million Hm 2, growth More than 470 times [5]. Common daylight greenhouse and energy-saving solar greenhouse are the products of Chinese characteristics For decades, it has been continuously improving the construction structure and environmental regulation Technology and cultivation techniques In the northern latitudes 40 ? ~ More than 41 ? cold region In the case of no artificial heating or only a small amount of heating , In the winter season, fruits and vegetables and flowers are produced And went public on New Year's day , out of a factory agriculture with Chinese characteristics Exhibition road [3] was praised by its foreign peers. But we should be soberly aware that our country is still very poor in this respect with foreign advanced level China's facility agriculture has developed rapidly in recent years It has played an important role in raising farmers' incomes and getting rich out of poverty. Single from statistically China has a large agricultural area , the total area of the world 50 percent, but in many ways we are not able to go abroad Compared with shi , our country farmer's simple big shed, steel tube big shed There are only a few yuan and dozens of yuan per square meter It's just a few dozen solar greenhouses Yuan to For 100 yuan, cheaper Israeli modern plastic greenhouse requires investment per square meter 500 yuan; And the U.S. greenhouse is just a cover A hard plastic sheet of carbonate Per square meter 190 yuan [6]. Therefore, our agricultural facilities are not the same as the advanced agricultural facilities in foreign countries Language. The solar greenhouse in China has the advantage of energy saving But the disadvantages are also obvious Compared with modern greenhouse, environmental control level and productivity water Ping is also lower Land use is also low It is only suitable for the current level of rural economic development in China Therefore in equipment, technology, management and Industrialization should catch up with the advanced level of developed countries We still have a long way to go. 4. The beginning and exploration of factory agriculture in China To learn and learn from the advanced technology of industrial agriculture in developed countries From the Netherlands, the United States, Israel, France, Japan and so on 11 A large number of greenhouses have been introduced in a country The introduction of heat The world's major producer houses are available in China. In 1994 the national Modern large-scale greenhouse area 50 hm 2. 1995 - The modern greenhouse was introduced in 1999 200 hm 2, and there's a lot of it ? 28 ? nanjing agricultural and technical journal In 2001 the first Phase 1 Introduction plan to be implemented. At present, the large greenhouse area of national modernization is about 400 hm 2, 5 years of modern large-scale greenhouse area growth Eight times [5]. Such as In 1995, the forestry system introduced seedling greenhouse from Holland 3 840 m 2, built in fujian fuqing, sanming and longyan city [7]. 1996 Shanghai citation In the Netherlands, Israel, French greenhouse total area is 150000 m 2, the largest set in Shanghai huixin modern horticulture field , covers an area of 100000 m 2; In 1996, Ricky corporation of France built a greenhouse in our country 1119 million m 2, distributed in Shanghai, Beijing, kunming and other places [7]. In 1998, south agriculture was introduced Fat dragon greenhouse 5, 000 m 2 for the teaching, scientific research and production management of potted plants, fresh cut flowers and foliage plants. These are the introduction of greenhouse technologies High amount of Make it reach the average greenhouse of 10 The introduction of greenhouse has been developed for many years abroad. In mechanized operations, Temperature is easy to control, Can regulate the environment The application of computer management, high production efficiency Construction area of 1,320 m Using computer to control greenhouse temperature, ventilation, lighting and nutrient components, etc. ~ 20 times, nissan vegetables 5t Technically sophisticated, , such as In 1997, shenzhen and Canada formed a joint venture of green and long vegetable Greenhouse, which USES Canada's "deep. It is. Total investment Us $5.6 million The first phase of the project Us $2.6 million 2, Pond floatation vegetable technology" , High quality, high Speed up the production of vegetables , [7] Compare with the sunlight greenhouse in our country Because of the large space , Labor productivity more than doubled The utilization of land has been improved More than 40% , daylighting is good Indoor shadows are low And the temperature points Cloth evenly The crops grow neatly Big production potential [2]. But look everywhere There are also many questions about the introduction of greenhouse First, the problem of greenhouse design The Dutch greenhouse is suitable for Dutch climate Holland is in northern Europe The latitude is very high , but Influenced by the Gulf Stream Winter and warm summer cool ; The disadvantage is that the winter sun is short , minimum daily 2 h, the sun is weak So Dutch temperature The room is designed to have a good, closed and tight glass greenhouse The summer production of the sunshine is the largest in the whole year While winter is leisure [8]. Dutch greenhouses introduce east China High temperature and humidity in summer are not easy to solve In winter, the glass surface is hot, insulated and energy intensive And the shadow Sound use benefits. Like the Israeli greenhouses Israel is located on the east side of the Mediterranean Climate drought Great difference in temperature, Hot resources are good Season, The change is not obvious Therefore, the Israeli greenhouse does not need to use the top window to get wet It's ok to have the plastic membrane Use side Windows and fans at home The cooling effect is very good ; But Israeli greenhouses are used in eastern China Because of the difficulty of getting wet , plus the top film is easily dripping water Room, The moisture in the interior is falling The crops are susceptible to disease [8], the greenhouse is too shallow It's easy to overspill when it rains It is also far less profitable than Israel. For the above reasons and many other factors The vast majority of greenhouse gas emissions are operating at a loss. Take Shanghai for example Introduced in the 1990s The greenhouse Only two of the five bases have a small surplus in the east China sea and sun bridge And the rest 3 big losses [9], and the above calculation does not include facilities depreciation charges. Therefore, it is simply introduced to realize industrial agriculture For a big agricultural country like China, it is totally undesirable For the current citation The heat should be cooled down In particular, blind introduction should be avoided reintroduction ; It should be introduced, digested and absorbed Set up the right fit for me The modern greenhouse system of national conditions To cultivate our own agricultural facilities production enterprises In order to develop China's factory agriculture The foundation of reality. It is gratifying that the state attaches great importance to the development of factory agriculture In 1997, approved by the state science and technology commission, "factory is efficient and efficient The project has been launched and implemented by Beijing, Shanghai, liaoning, zhejiang and guangdong provinces , after Three years of Force, Some have achieved periodic results. Such as the national factory, efficient agricultural demonstration project guangdong yuwang company The first stage of investment 1 2.57 million yuan , The greenhouse, canopy and production base have been established Due to the abnormal operation of the mechanism ; In 1998, the operation mechanism was solved well The company has developed rapidly There are no pollution-free vegetable bases 6617 hm 2, drive the farmers 100; Radiation base 200 hm 2. Drive the farmers 300 households, greenhouse 88 seats 6167 hm 2. Recently, the company has established a modern agricultural fruit and vegetable garden , an increase of 0167 Hm 2 production and production of large shed 1 800 m 2 sightseeing and popular science education show booths And from all over the world, hundreds of strange ideas have been introduced Look for fruits and vegetables For stereo production To be a base of education, leisure agriculture and tourism ; It was produced in 1999 Value $2.406 million Foreign exchange earning, Us $630000 Profits, 111.14 million yuan [10]. It's a good example. After several years of hard work And in the The research and development of the main intellectual property rights facilities, the combination selection and breeding of high-quality varieties of horticulture, cultivation methods and techniques, post-mining processing and supporting facilities A number of scientific research achievements have been made in technical research. The related science and technology industry has also developed rapidly Around the world, there have been greenhouse equipment manufacturing, Multi-functional longevity film production, factory production of production facilities, irrigation equipment manufacturing and other production enterprises. Some of them are in line with the ecology of our country The greenhouse and supporting facilities with independent intellectual property rights have been gradually popularized and applied Our country designs intelligentized large building greenhouse already Close to the level of similar products abroad. All this suggests that factory farming has taken a welcome step forward in our country. The prospect of factory agriculture in the new century The reform and opening up has made our economy develop rapidly The national strength has been enhanced The economically developed coastal areas of the east have been well off And, Always the first 47 wan chenggang Factory farming -- The hope of agriculture in the new century The process of realizing agricultural modernization has been speeded up. As one of the hallmarks of agricultural modernization - Factory farming has been taken from central to local Governments at all levels attach great importance to it. A new form of organization has emerged in the quickening of the pace of agricultural modernization This is the agricultural science park or Modern agricultural science and technology demonstration garden. With the support of governments at all levels A large number of agricultural science and technology demonstration gardens have been set up The preliminary statistics have been issued Show to 4 more than 000 The agricultural science and technology park above the city level has also been reached More than 500. Jiangsu, hubei and other provinces The cities and counties are required to be built Demonstration garden The momentum is strong Through the display, demonstration and technical training of the park The traction of the market will bring the rapid development of factory agriculture. So that farmers can see agriculture high The result of new technology and application prospect , and imitated the application. The emergence of agricultural science park For the promotion of new agricultural technologies and agricultural facilities It has found an effective way [11]. In addition, cities are planning to develop urban agriculture and foreign exchange agriculture To join W TO our country The entry of horticultural products into the international market has created a good opportunity Strategic decision making for big development, The area of the exhibition is the dry and semi-arid region [12] , And a rapidly growing factory The agricultural and agricultural facilities industry will inject new vitality into China's economic development Become a new growth point of our economy. The party central government carried out the west It is bound to plant the wings for factory farming. According to Israeli agricultural experts The most suitable for agricultural hair ; In the new century The vast area of western China Some desert areas will be developed The important bases of agricultural production and factory agriculture in our country. Modern agriculture will blossom in all parts of the country The development of high technology will make Our agriculture is out of the earth Go to space The bright future of the new century is encouraging us to keep forging ahead. reference : [1] liu yanhua , etc. Factory - Exploration and practice of agricultural innovation in China [A]. National science and technology department 1999. The cover page, . [2] Ma Chengwei Development status and trend of domestic and foreign factory agriculture [A] [C]. Science and technology . 1999. 24239. [3] M erle, h. Jensen. Food production in greenhouse [A] [C]. Ministry of science and technology . 1999. 216. [4] guang-hua zheng American facilities agriculture development overview [A] [C]. Ministry of science and technology 1999, 1999. [5] wei-jie jiang The development trend and sustainable development of facilities in China [J]. Chinese agriculture bulletin , 2000, (3) : 61263. [6] China agricultural mechanization research institute The present situation and development of domestic and foreign facilities agriculture [A] [C], ministry of science and technology . 1999. 55259. [7] wang , etc. China's introduction of greenhouse [A] [C]. Ministry of science and technology . 1999. 1062108. [8] Soviet Technical and economic analysis of factory agriculture in Shanghai [A] The ministry of science and technology . 1999. 91293. [9] PangLian The present situation and development prospect of Shanghai vegetable greenhouse [A] The ministry of science and technology [C]. 1999. 1062108. [10] Chen zhiqiang , etc., etc : the key to the success of industrialization project [A]. Dunnan Workshop on sustainable development of industrial agriculture [C]. Beijing: Press. , 2000. 91292. [11] Yang chang The present situation and development trend of agricultural science and technology park in China [A]. Dunnan Workshop on sustainable development of industrial agriculture [C]. Beijing press , 2000. 107. [12] wan chenggang Examine and think about Israeli agriculture [J]. Journal of nanjing agricultural science and technology , 1999, (1) : 1999.