考研英语完形填空讲义

考研英语完形填空讲义 阅阅第一部分,短文阅阅阅阅第一部分 阅原阅体 一、大阅考阅要求 ,年大阅阅短文阅阅阅型的要求108 阅言技能,考生阅能阅阅自各阅阅籍和阅刊的不同阅型的文字;生阅量不超阅所阅材料阅阅阅懂 量的,～阅阅能阅本人阅或工作有阅的文阅料、技阅阅明和阅品介阅等。阅所阅材料～考生阅懂与学献3% 能, ,理解主旨要阅～1 ,理解文中的具信息～体2 ,理解文中的念性含阅～概3 ,阅行有阅的判、推理和引申～断4 ,根据上下文推阅生阅的阅阅～5 ,理解文章的阅阅阅以及上下文之阅的阅系～体构6 ,理解作者的意阅、阅点或阅度～7 ,分阅点和阅据。区8 阅阅要点,理解主旨要阅、具信息、念性含阅～阅行有阅的判、推理和引申～根据上下体概断 文推阅生阅的阅阅等 大阅基本有大阅化～只有没年的“第,理解文章的阅阅阅以及阅句之阅、段落之阅的阅体构076 系”～改阅年的“理解文章的阅阅阅以及上下文之阅的阅系”。短文阅阅仍然是考阅考生理解体构08 主旨要阅、具信息、念性含阅～阅行有阅的判、推理和引申～根据上下文推阅生阅的阅阅等能力体概断。要求考生根据所提供的篇阅阅度阅阅阅文章的容～每阅所阅出的内从个阅阅中阅出最佳答4(1600)4案 从几来会体从体近年的大阅阅比看～今年的阅阅更阅注文章整性的考阅～也就是要整角度去理解整篇文章。同阅也要可能考阅具的阅阅～句句之阅～段段之阅的各阅阅系都要留意。因大阅体与与 阅化不大～因此今年的阅目阅置仍以,事阅阅阅阅～,推理判阅～　断,猜阅阅～,中心思想阅～1234,情感阅度阅～,阅阅文的作方式阅阅主。写56 考英阅阅阅的文章最多涉及到的仍然是英阅家尤其是美的社研国国会法律、阅理、阅阅、科技()网阅、阅阅生、生物、育、文化等方面的阅史或阅。医教状() ,阅年考阅主阅阅阅2 第1篇第2篇第3篇第4篇 2007 2006 民族同化阅阅社生活与会阅保与海洋生物快阅阅阅与消阅阅极2005人阅物阅性比阅与阅保吸烟与梦与阅控制阅准英阅的衰落2004 阅阅就阅网与字母排序阅与歧阅阅前景状况与教与育知阅2003阅阅工作网与科道德学与交通阅阅阅阅运与医学与健康2002 阅言交阅与人工智能阅算机与能源阅阅与法律与医学2001科知阅学与网与阅阅阅阅阅媒价阅阅与阅阅阅阅与2000 阅阅形阅与人口阅化阅与文阅阅学与阅阅社道德与会第二部分 阅剖析真 ,阅阅价体1 年考阅阅前年相比阅度加大～以主旨阅、事阅阅阅阅推理阅占多阅～但考生在阅一研与几与数2007 部分的成阅仍然是主要得分阅。 ,文章源来2 第一篇,本文阅自年月号的《阅阅阅阅》～原文阅阅是。New York Times 200657A Star is Made 1 第二篇,本文阅自《科美人》阅志～原文阅阅是学国。Scientific American Intelligence Considered第三篇,本文阅自年月的《哈佛阅志》～原文阅阅是Harvard Magazine 20061The Middle Class 。on the Precipice 第四篇,本文阅自年月日的《阅阅家》～原文阅阅是学。Economist 2005623Information Security ,命阅思路3 ,阅阅阅型1 年考阅阅涉及的阅型比研年少～只考阅了事阅阅阅阅、主旨阅、推理阅、阅阅阅作者阅度阅等与20072006 阅型～例阅阅、判阅、句子理解阅、指代阅;一般少考,等阅型未出阅～使得事阅阅阅阅占阅阅阅阅的阅断很并 大多。数 ,考阅重点2 年考阅阅的阅阅强阅定位原文。主旨阅强阅阅文章首段作方法的把握～如第一篇文章研写2007 的第一阅第四篇文章的第四阅～阅阅阅强阅在上下文同阅阅阅～如第一篇文章的第二阅。与找 ,阅阅考阅4 除了第二篇文章的生阅阅多外～其他文章的生阅量阅度都于正常范阅。阅阅中的阅阅仍然数与属 具有阅大阅度～如等。computational ,句子阅度5 阅句特殊句型仍然是考阅的重点。例如～与This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. 阅阅年考阅阅的上述特点～可以采取下列阅策,研2007 ,狂背阅阅1 考英阅的阅阅主要集中于阅阅部分～而阅阅部分的阅阅之所以阅～是因阅,研熟阅僻阅一常阅阅—个1. 不太常阅的意阅～如示“法案”。阅阅派生。阅于大阅中的一名阅～要知道的阅阅～而阅于个它act2. 阅阅～要知道的名阅。形容阅也是一阅。就是阅阅于阅阅的各阅阅化要十分了解。建阅以考阅阅阅阅的原它研真 文阅阅本～每天背阅一篇文章中的阅阅。阅阅反阅阅阅;阅始阅要多阅阅,～一定能阅住考阅所要求的阅阅～尤 其是那些考阅中出阅阅率高的重要阅阅。 ,精阅阅真2 精阅阅要求到四阅准,真达个 阅准一,阅中所有的阅阅;除阅有名阅和少超阅阅外,都阅真数住～ 阅准二,阅中所有的阅阅句都能真抓住主干或重点～ 阅准三,阅中所有的文章都能把握阅和中心～真构 阅准四,阅中所有的阅阅都能到阅阅的原文。真找 ,阅充阅阅3 如果阅阅充裕～可以阅一些与研当考阅阅文章阅材和阅度相的文章～如下列阅志上的文章, 等～主要涉阅阅阅、其他社科和人文方面Economist, Time, Newsweek, US News & World Report的～阅于政治方面和阅阅系方面的文章国无阅涉及～因阅阅阅阅材一般不考。 Section II Reading Comprehension 　　Part A 　　,DirectionsRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by ;,choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. 40 points Text 1 　　If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk elite soccer later months. If you then ～ examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks 2 you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced. 　　, , , What might account for this strange phenomenonHere are a few guessesacertain , astrological signs confer superior soccer skills. bwinter-born bathes tend to have higher , oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina. csoccer mad parents are more likely to , conceive children in springtime at the annual peak of soccer mania. dnone of the above. 　　～ ～ Anders Ericssona 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State Universitysays ～ he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Swedenand studied nuclear engineering until he realized he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own ～ research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment nearly years agoinvolved , memorytraining a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first ～” subject. after about 20 hours of training his digit span had risen from 7 to 20Ericsson ～ recalls. “He kept improvingand after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.” 　　This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically ～ determinedled Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise ～ than an intuitive one. In other wordswhatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the ～ information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfullyEricsson ～ determinedwas a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than ～ ～ simply repeating a task. Ratherit involves setting specific goalsobtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. 　　Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of ～ ～ pursuitsincluding soccer. They gather all the data they cannot just predominance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own lavatory experiments with high achievers. , Their work makes a rather startling assertionthe trait we commonly call talent is highly ～ ～ ～ overrated. Orput another wayexpert performers whether in memory or surgeryballet or ～ computer programming are nearly always madenot born. [410 words] 21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to 　　[A] stress the importance of professional training. 　　[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup. 　　[C] introduce the topic of what males expert performance. 　　[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others. ;～ , 22. The word “mania” Line 4Paragraph 2most probably means 　　[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement. 23. According to Ericsson good memory 　　[A] depends on meaningful processing of information. 　　[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises. 　　[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors. 　　[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration. 24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that 　　[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success. 　　[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance. 　　[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked. 　　[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture. 3 ,25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey　　[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.” 　　　　～ [C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like fatherlike son” Text 2 　　～ For the past several yearsthe Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a ～ column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savantwho at age 10 ～ had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years oldthat gave her an IQ of 228-the ～ highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogiesto ～ ～ envision paper after it has been folded and cutand to deduce numerical sequencesamong other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average ;, ～ , Joe whose IQ is 100asWhat's the difference between love and fondnessOr what is , the nature of luck and coincidenceIt's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. 　　～ Clearlyintelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it means to , ～ be smartHow much of intelligence can be specifiedand how much can we learn about it ～ ～ ,from neurologygeneticscomputer science and other fields 　　～ The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ scoreeven though IQ , tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two formsthe ;Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales both come in adult and ,。 ～ children's versionGenerally costing several hundred dollarsthey are usually given only by ～ psychologistsalthough variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. ～ Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possiblebecause scoring is now based on a ～ statistical population distribution among age pecksrather tan simply dividing the mental are by ～ the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized testssuch as the Scholastic ;, ;,～ Assessment Test SATand the Graduate Record Exam GREcapture the main aspects of IQ tests. 　　Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in ～ school and in lifeargues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence ,”。 TestingSternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail ～ to measure creativity and practical knowledgecomponents also critical to problem solving and ～ life success. MoreoverIQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership sills when the tests were given under ～ low-stress conditionsbut under high-stress conditions. IQ was negatively correlated with leadership-that is it predicted the opposite. Anyone who bas toiled through SAT will testify that ～ test-taking skill also matterswhether it‘s knowing when to guess or what questions of skip. [451 words] ,26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test 　　[A] Answering philosophical questions. 　　[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes. 　　[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts. 　　[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones. ,27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3 　　[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence. 4 　　[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet. 　　[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.　　[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant's because　　[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures. 　　[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now. 　　[C] vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat. 　　[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed. 29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that 　　[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one's ability 　　[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated. 　　[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork. 　　[D] traditional tests are out of date. ,30. What is the author's attitude towards IQ tests 　　[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased. Text 3 　　～ During the past generationthe American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk ～ and new realities. Now a pink slipa bad diagnosis. or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months. 　　～ ～ In just one generationmillions of mothers have gone to worktransforming basic ～ ～ family economics. Scholarspolicymakersand critics of all stripes have debated the social ～ implications of these changesbut few have looked at the side effect family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback- a back-up earner ;, usually Momwho could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or ～ disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But todaya disruption to family fortunes can not longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.　　～ During the same periodfamilies have been asked to absorb much more risk in their ～ ～ retirement income. Steelworkersairline employeesand now those in the auto industry are ～ ～ joining millions of families who must worry about interest ratesstock market fluctuation and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year. ～ President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account modelwith retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. ～ For younger familiesthe picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading ～ from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workerswith much higher deductibles and a large new does of investment risk for families‘ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the ～ middle class familyas the odds of having a weak elderly parent- and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.　　～ ～ ～ From the middle-class family perspectivemuch of thisunderstandablylooks far ～ less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibilityand a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened 5 ～ shoulders. The financial fallout has begunand the political fallout may not be far behind. [421 words] 31. Today's double-income families are at greater financial risk in that　　[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared. 　　[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased. 　　[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics. 　　[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance. ～ 32. As a result of President Bush's reformretired people may have 　　　　[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments. 　　　　[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future. ～ 33. According go the authorhealth-savings plans will 　　[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare. 　　[B] popularize among the middle class. 　　[C] compensate for the reduced pensions. 　　[D] increase the families investment risk. 34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that 　　[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks. 　　[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges. 　　[C] financial problems may bring about political problems. 　　[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status. ,35. Which of the following is the best title for this text 　　　　[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff 　　　　[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in Ruins Text 4 　　It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst ～ ～ accounting and compliance troublesand improved their feeble corporation governancea new problem threatens to earn them- especially in America-the sort of nasty headlines that , ～ ～ inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suitedata insecurity. Leftuntil nowto ～ ～ oddlow-level IT staff to put rightand seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as ～ ～ bankingtelecoms and air travelinformation protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety. 　　Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year- from organizations as ～ diverse as Time Warnerthe American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California. Berkeley-have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate 11 systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.　　“Data is becoming an asset which needs no be guarded as much as any other asset.” says I am Mendelson of Stanford University's business school “The ability guard customer data is the ～ ～ key to market valuewhich the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders” Indeed ;,。 just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GAAPperhaps it ～ is time for GASP. Generally Accepted Security Practicessuggested Eli Noam of New York's ～ ～ Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for securityredundancy ～ and recovery is a management issuenot a technical one.” he says. 　　The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to ～ ～ the dimmest exccutive that trustthat most valuable of economic assetsis easily destroyed 6 and hugely expensive to restore-and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.　　The current state of affairs may have been encouraged-though not justified-by the lack of ;～ , legal penalty in Americabut not Europefor data leakage. Until California recently passed ～ ～ ～ a law. American firms did not have to tell anyoneeven the victimwhen data went astray I hat may change fast lots of proposed data-security legislation now doing the rounds in Washington. D.C. Meanwhile. the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts ～ in Americadisclosed on June 17th. overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by ;, America's Federal Trade Commission FTCthat puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security. [416 words] , “36. The statementIt never rains but it pours” is used to introduce 　　　　[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations 　　　　[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage. 37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out　　[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.　　　　[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that　　[A] shareholders interests should be properly attended to. 　　[B] information protection should be given due attention. 　　[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.　　[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized. ～ 39. According to Paragraph 4what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to　　[A] see the link between trust and data protection. 　　[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data. 　　[C] realize the high cost of data restoration. 　　[D] appreciate the economic value of trust. 40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that 　　[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe. 　　[B] FTC's decision is essential to data security. 　　[C] California takes the lead in security legislation. 　　[D] legal penalty is a major Solomon to data leakage. 　　,～,～ ,～ ,21-25CBDDC26-27DCAAB31-35CBDCB36-40DABAD 第三部分 阅阅技巧与方法 考阅阅是阅考生阅研运它既合阅言用能力的一阅阅阅。可以阅阅考生的阅言水平～又可以阅阅考生的阅 阅速度和理解能力～在整阅个卷中起着阅足阅重的作用。阅阅阅理解阅就占,的比重～可阅阅阅是A40 考阅中的成阅阅阅所在。 一、基本要求 阅言基阅1. 根据《年全国研学阅士究生入阅一考阅英阅大阅》阅定～考生阅能掌握～左右的阅阅以20085500 及相阅阅阅。阅阅考阅阅阅文章中的生阅不超阅会,～但有一部分考生由于有没掌握好阅定阅阅～阅得文3 章阅看～既懂来即没懂内速度也快不起。也有部分考生便感到有多少生阅～却阅是阅以看文章 容～或无法阅阅～其二～由于阅阅阅卷所涉及的阅法阅、阅构用法、句子阅度等方面的要求都阅以前高～ 且一些考点又与没构会阅些方面有直接阅系～如果考生有掌握好基本的阅法阅知阅～也感到非常 7 阅阅。 【例】(2007 Text 1) 　　What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means [A] fun. [C] hysteria.[B] craze. [D] excitement. 【例】(2003 Text 3) Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bereovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers. 54. The word “arbiters” (Line 6, Paragraph 4) most probably refers to those [A] who work as coordinators[B] who function as judges. [C] who supervise transactions.[D] who determine the price. 【例】;,2003 Text 2 For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. 【例】;,2003 Text 1 These days the Net, which has already remade such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well. 因此～考生必阅牢阅大阅阅阅～掌握猜阅技巧～如,根据阅法、上下文等判阅阅～阅阅句、构断学会 阅句包括各阅句、从装虚气省略句、倒句、阅阅阅等的阅行。如果将研学真阅年的究生入考阅阅仔阅() 地做一遍～阅阅言基阅的提高起会很帮到好的助作用。 阅阅方法2. 由于阅阅理解考阅阅阅比阅阅阅～不可能阅到从个个既确尾逐琢磨每一阅～要想有速度又有准率～ 阅阅方法就尤阅重要了。然～阅阅方法可以因人而～通常可以根据意当异即群阅阅～按照阅法知阅～ 将几个来既抓句子按其阅法阅阅分成等分阅～阅阅快又有阅阅性～同阅又能住阅阅意思～其二～略阅法～ 即即速阅全文～阅注主阅句～留意阅阅位置～不要阅阅于不重要信息～其三～阅阅法～阅着阅阅看文章～ 阅阅可以阅省阅阅～把重点放在阅阅相阅的阅阅上。与 知阅面3. 阅阅理解部分是阅考生的一阅个国合性考阅～除考阅考生的基本功外～阅考阅考生阅英阅家;尤 其是英美家,的国会教教体体政治阅阅、社文化、阅史宗、育制、科技阅阅、思阅方式、生活方式、育休 阅等方面知阅的了解情。阅况些背景知阅是不可能通阅突阅的方式而阅取的～而要通阅慢慢阅累～是 需要考生平阅多阅心社阅事～阅常阅阅一会些各阅各阅的英文阅刊阅志的。 二、解阅步阅 速阅短文。1. 8 注意首段、各段第一句、最后一段的末句～因阅阅些地方大都是主阅句所在～是最能阅体全 文中心思想的阅阅部位。首段尤其要引起注意～因阅首段往往起着文章的灵魂和核心作用～其 次～注意全文中出阅阅率最高的阅也阅几个会抓内住中心阅容起着重要作用。阅于其他部分阅可快速 阅阅～看不的懂号清确个清晰地方可跳阅或稍加阅～阅阅阅的阅句以看主、阅、阅阅主～以保阅全文有一 的思路。 【例】;2004 Text 4, Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find. “ Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravish. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravish’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.” “ Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized —— going to school and learning to read —— so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.” 57. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of [A] undervaluing intellect.[B] favoring intellectualism. [C] supporting school reform.[D] suppressing native intelligence. 58. The views of Ravish and Emerson on schooling are [A] identical.[B] similar.[C] complementary.[D] opposite. 9 59. Emerson, according to the text, is probably [A] a pioneer of education reform.[B] an opponent of intellectualism. [C] a scholar in favor of intellect.[D] an advocate of regular schooling. 60. What does the author think of intellect? [A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense. [C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies power. 阅阅阅目。2. 注意推阅阅阅阅目的目的及要求。由于已阅掌握了全文大意及各信息的大位置～此阅快就体很 可以到原文中到阅目要求相阅的句子～保相阅的多看、阅看～找与确无阅的不看。 【例】;2004 Text 4, 56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school? [A] The habit of thinking independently. [B] Profound knowledge of the world. [C] Practical abilities for future career. [D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits. 正阅阅。确3. 阅阅正答案阅一定要注意答案阅阅的特点～阅常阅到的方式有,确,阅言阅化～～阅言阅度即低1 于原文～,正阅反阅～～原文中的即将肯定形式改阅否定形式～,反阅正阅～～原文中的即将23 否定形式改阅肯定形式～,替阅阅阅部位～～即另个构来来用外一不同的阅、短阅、阅替阅原文中的4 相阅部位。考生需掌握的阅的原阅是,不管阅阅阅阅～阅阅的正阅阅一定要原文容一怎确与内致。 【例】(2003 Text 1) Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. 45. Straitford is most proud of its [A] official status.[B] nonconformist image. [C] efficient staff.[D] military background. 阅得留意的是正答案有阅是可以确从找直接文中到～有阅阅需根据原文阅行推阅或利用排除法 得到的～但不是根据自决己的想象或根据常阅而得到的。 所阅排除法～排除即与从内那些阅阅和原文不一致、阅生干阅的阅阅的方法。干阅阅往往阅言和容 上都具有大的很迷惑性～常以以下方式出阅;,看似合理～但阅阅或原文与完全无阅。阅阅阅阅通1 常是利用常阅阅出的～;写来,看似与构内与原文在阅上相似或容上相阅～但阅阅或原文只有部2 分阅系或只涉及次要阅系～偏差很大～;,看似与与原文有阅～但阅阅却无阅～;,看似与原34 文中某些阅或阅相同或表面意思相同～但构与却上下文的深阅含阅不同。所有阅些干阅阅也可以通阅 阅、阅阅、句子阅等阅生。构 【例】;,2004 Text 2 The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.49. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2, Paragraph 5)? [A] They are getting impatient. [B] They are noisily dozing off. 10 [C] They are feeling humiliated. [D] They are busy with word puzzles. 【例】;,2004 Text 1 For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept—what you think you want to do— then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.43. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means [A] advisory. [B] compensation. [C] interaction.[D] reminder. 三、解阅方法 要掌握行之有效的解阅方法～首先得了解考阅阅型～只有阅阅才能做到阅症下阅。阅阅理解阅型一 般包括,主旨阅、阅阅阅、阅点或阅度阅、阅阅阅、推理阅。 主旨阅1. 阅阅的首要任阅就是要理解文章的主旨大意。主旨阅就是阅文章中心思想、段落的中心思想阅/ 阅的阅阅阅行提阅～主要是考察理解和概括阅阅能力。一般采用的提阅方式有, 1. The text intends to express the idea that _____. (2003) 2. The best title for the passage may be ______. (2002) 3. What is passage mainly about? (2001) 4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? (2000) 5. This passage is mainly ______? (2000) 6. The main idea of the passage is that ______. 7. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey? (2007) 文章的中心大意有阅可以每段的主阅句的阅从合中得到有阅也可以首段的主阅句中得到。从, 段落的中心大意往往也源于阅段的主阅句来而阅些主阅句又大多出阅在段首偶阅出阅在会末段。, , 如何断来来断定首句是否主阅句～可借助接下的第二、三句判。因此～掌握阅一阅律～仔阅阅阅每 段首句～有将决清利于阅取文章的中心思想～有利于解有阅主旨阅方面的阅阅～同阅阅有利于分主 阅阅阅的阅系～有与决它助于解其阅型的阅阅。 解阅方法,注意各段的段首句或主阅句～忽阅无阅阅阅。: 1 ,注意阅阅特点。阅于偏全或阅阅的阅阅都不可取。2 【例】(2007 Text 1) If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced. 　　What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.　　Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear 11 engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.” 　　This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. 　　Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born. 25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.” [C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.” 【例】(2003 Text 4) It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder, Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when —I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure deathand our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. The most obvious example is late- —stage cancer care. Physiciansfrustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of —hope in the patienttoo often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. In 1950, the U.S. spent $ 12,7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $ 1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that —sustains life beyond a certain agesay 83 or so. Forner Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way” so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. 12 Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are lining proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-yeaer-old, I wish to age as productively as they have. Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.56. What is implied in the first sentence? [A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people. [B[ Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before. [C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology. [D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy. 57. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that [A] medical resource are often wasted. [B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases. [C] some treatments are too aggressive. [D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable. 59. In contrast to the U.S. Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care [A] more flexibly.[B] more extravagantly. [C] more cautiously.[D] more reasonably 60. The text intends to express the idea that [A] medicine will further prolong people’s lives. [B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living. [C] death should be accepted as a fact of life. [D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care. 【例】;,2004 Text 2 Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the 13 alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them. 46. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars? [A] A kind of overlooked inequality. [B] A type of conspicuous bias. [C] A type of personal prejudice. [D] A kind of brand discrimination. 47. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs? [A] In both East and West, names are essential to success. [B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman. [C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names. [D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize. 48. The 4th paragraph suggests that [A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students. [B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class. [C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students. [D] students should be seated according to their eyesight. 49. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)? [A] They are getting impatient. [B] They are noisily dozing off. [C] They are feeling humiliated. [D] They are busy with word puzzles. 50. Which of the following is true according to the text? [A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated. [B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism. [C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go. [D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias 【例】年阅阅 (2005Text 1) The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia—where an aging population, life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling. 21. From the second paragraph we learn that [A] the objection to euthanasia is diminishing in some countries. [B] physicians and citizens have the same view on euthanasia. 14 [C] technological changes are chiefly responsible for the new law. [D] it takes time to appreciate the significance of the laws passed. 2. 阅点或阅度阅 任何一篇文章都或多或少地要反映作者的阅度或阅点～可以是阅阅的;,或悲阅的optimistic 、阅的极或消的极、主阅的或客阅的、批阅的(pessimistic)(positive)(negative)(subjective)(objective) 或阅阅的～也可以是中立的、同情的、公平的(critical)(complimentary)(neutral)(sympathetic) 、无偏阅的、幽默的、相反的等。阅些阅点或阅度有阅在会(impartial)(unbiased)(humorous)(opposite) 文章中直接表示出～有阅来却阅藏在字里行阅～阅以阅察～有阅前面阅及某一阅点～后面却通阅阅折 引出一阅点另个而阅也正是作者所持有的阅点。因此在阅阅阅阅阅目阅～一定要注意阅合全文中心思, 想～仔阅琢磨字里行阅的阅外音。一般采取的提阅方式有: ,阅阅1What is the author’s attitude towards euthanasia? (2005) ,阅阅2How does the author feel about the present situation? (2005) ,3To which of the following is the author likely to agree? (2004) ,4What does the author think of intellect? (2004 Test 4) ,5The author’s attitude towards Richard Lamm’s remark is one of _____. (2003) 解阅方法,注意全文大意～琢磨阅感情色彩的阅阅～不受局部阅度影响 【例】;,2003 Text 2 th　　 To paraphrase 18 century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.　　For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand. 　　Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmothers hip replacement, a fathers bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. 　 Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. 15 Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well—known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 49.The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should [A] communicate more with the public.[B] employ hi-tech means in research. [C] feel no shame for their cause.[D]strive to develop new cur. 【例】;2003 Text 4, 58. The author’s attitude towards Richard Lamm’s remark is one of [A] strong disapproval.[B] reserved consent. [C] slight contempt. [D] enthusiastic support. 【例】;2005 阅阅 Text 2, Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear view mirror and a faulty steering wheel. Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.2% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s. It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and expected to average only about 3% for the years as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially American’s, have little productive slack. America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen bellow —most estimates of the natural rate of unemploymentthe rate below which inflation has taken off in the past. Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.30. How does the author feel about the present situation? [A] Tolerant.[B] Indifferent.[C] Disappointed.[D] Surprise. 3. 阅阅阅 所阅阅阅就是用来体内阅文章主阅思想阅行阅明、解阅、分析、例阅等的具容～通常是以解阅、阅例、 16 定阅、阅比、比阅、列阅据等形式出阅。阅阅阅主要阅阅阅阅数体些具事阅理解程度～是通阅阅干加阅阅阅文章中 一或句的两达局部以不同的表方式阅行提阅。常阅的表阅方式有,同阅阅、反阅阅、不同的阅阅、不同阅阅 或不同的句型～如重双否定阅阅肯定。有阅阅阅阅也涉及一些阅阅的推理和阅算。阅得注意的是在阅阅中 要一定要阅注、、、、～而在看阅阅阅要注意看原文的与异确差～力求精。不whatwhowherehowwhy 要被那些阅于“肯定”、“阅阅”、“抽象”、“具”等阅体迷惑。 解阅方法仔阅阅阅确定位置琢磨原句阅比阅阅。: , , , 一般采取的提阅方式有: 1. How did Redmon find his job? (2004) 2. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents? (2004) 3. Which of the following is true according to the text? (2004) 【例】;,2004 text 1 Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. 41. How did Redmon find his job? [A] By searching openings in a job database. [B] By posting a matching position in a database. [C] By using a special service of a database. [D] By E-mailing his resume to a database. 【例】(2003 Text 1) Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage—spying as a “profession”. These days the Net, which has already remade such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well. 41. The emergence of the Net has [A] received support from fns like Donovan.[B] remolded the intelligence services. [C] restored many common pastimes.[D] revived spying as a profession. 【例】;阅阅 ,2005 Text 2 26. According to the text, making monetary policy changes [A] is comparable to driving a car. [B] is similar to carrying out scientific work. [C] will not influence the economy immediately. [D]will have an immediate impact on the inflation rate. 4. 阅阅阅 阅阅阅是考阅某个断阅或句子在一定阅合的意思。所考阅阅阅通常涉及阅超阅阅含阅的推、熟阅偏意或 熟阅阅合意。此阅阅目不是考阅阅量的大小～而是考阅是否阅上下文～阅懂并构合上下文或阅法推阅阅阅 的能力。因此～阅付阅阅阅的方法是,阅原文、注意懂构被考阅或句子的相阅句子、利用阅法。同阅阅要 注意阅阅～因阅阅阅可能会利用同阅阅或阅阅、反阅阅或阅阅～也可能利用同阅或反阅的句子形式。 一般采取的提阅方式有: ,1The expression “tip service” most probably means _____. (2004) 17 ,2What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ”?(2004) ,3By “Ellen Spro isn’t biting her nails just yet”, the author means. (2004) ,4When mentioning “the $4 million to $ 10 million range” the author is talking about____ (2004) 5. The phrase “making the biggest splash” most probably means _____. (2007) 6. The word “arbiters” most probably refers to those _____. (2003) 【例】(2005 Text2) Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research—a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4) [A] Endless studies kill action.[B] Careful investigation reveals truth. [C] Prudent planning hinders.[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.【例】;,2004 Text 3 When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says. 51. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means [A] Spero can hardly maintain her business.[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work. [C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit.[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation. 【例】;阅阅 ,2005 Text 2 29. By saying “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5.Paragraph 3), the author implies that [A] the low inflation rate will continue.[B] the inflation rate will rise again. [C] inflation will disappear entirely.[D]there is no inflation at present.【例】;,1998 Text 4 Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances: —Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population. Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 —million peopleabout 9 per square mile. 66. The word “demographers” (Paragraph 7) most probably means [A] people in favor of the trend of democracy. [B] advocates of migration between states. [C] scientists engaged in the study of population. [D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life. 18 5. 推理阅 推理阅主要是考阅能否理解那些没达来写有直接在文章中表出的作意阅、引申含阅、寓意、阅 点、上下文等。推理阅是阅阅理解中的一阅点～要求个构深刻理解全文～依据原文中的阅阅阅、短阅、阅、 句子、段落或几个运并脱离全文～用阅阅、阅阅推理的思阅方式～阅合自己的知阅阅行推阅～切不可文 章信息凭断空推。 一般采取的提阅方式有:th1. The 4 paragraph suggest that ______. (2004) 2. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs? (2004) ,3Which of the following is true according to the text? (2004) 4. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of _____. (2004) 5. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that _____. (2003) 6. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is _____. (2003) 7. According to those who support merges, railways monopoly is unlikely because ____. (2003) 8. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that _____. (2003) 9. What is implied in the first sentence? (2003) 【例】(2005 Text 3) Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as —just “mental noise”the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.” Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid ——eye movement) sleepwhen most vivid dreams occuras it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy of depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr, William Dement. The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the —emotional significance of the day’s eventsuntil, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all 19 unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain ——has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleepor rather dreamon it and you'll feel better in the morning. 31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams [A] can be modified in their courses.[B] are susceptible to emotional changes. [C] reflect our innermost desires and fears.[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs.32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show [A] its function in our dreams.[B] the mechanism of REM sleep. [C] the relation of dreams to emotions.[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex.33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to [A] aggravate in our unconscious mind.[B] develop into happy dreams. [C] persist till the time we fall asleep.[D] show up in dreams early at night.34. Cartwright seems to suggest that [A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams. [B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under con troll. [C] dreams should be left to their natural progression. [D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious. 35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams? [A] lead your life as usual.[B] Seek professional help. [C] Exercise conscious control.[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.【例】;阅阅 ,2005 Text 2 27. From the text we learn that [A] there is a clear relationship between inflation and interest rates. [B] the economy always follows particular trends. [C] the current economic problems are entirely predictable. [D] the present economic situation is better than expected. 【例】;阅阅 ,2005 Text 2 28. The text suggests that that [A] the previous economic models are still applicable. [B] an extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation. [C] a high unemployment rate will result from inflation. [D] interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy. 第四部分 阅阅原阅 1,命阅基本原阅 1,在阅置阅目阅～以考阅考生阅得信息的能力阅目的～不以考阅考生的阅法和阅阅水平阅目的 2,在阅置阅目阅～不阅阅置根据一般常阅就可得出答案的阅目 3,以考阅文章提供的主要信息阅重点 4,以考阅考生挖畴掘文章中信息的能力阅目的～包括多阅阅次、多阅范的信息 5,考阅点阅可能尽内全面覆盖阅言材料的容 2,阅阅阅阅 1,阅阅方式和思路 20 1) 文章阅到将从尾看一遍 2) 文章的第一段是文章的灵魂和核心 3) 阅目排列阅序文章的与布局基本吻合 2,阅阅注意事阅 1) 文章中有些信息何以忽略～例如有阅部阅阅阅、阅阅、社会地位等 2) 第一遍阅阅阅～和阅阅不管破折后号提供的旁支信息 3) 阅阅的阅句看主、阅、阅可清即 4) 上下文中平行阅的称内地方阅常容相同 5) 阅阅部分的阅言阅度低于文章阅言的阅度 3,解阅步阅和方式 重原文叠1) Example 1 We meet at very short intervals, not having had time to acquire any new value for each other.Question: Frequent meetings prevent us from ______. A). refreshing ourselves B). appreciating the values of solitude C). acquiring new values for each other D). feeling lonely between meetingsExample 2 ...at least one in every ten outdoor payphones in New York Cities out of order. Question: According to the passage ,what percentage of outdoor pay telephones is out of order in Manhattan? A) 1% B) 10% C) 10% or more D)The passage does not say. Example 3 In television, aesthetics will always be constrained by the “bottom line” of a budget. Question: According to the passage, television is most seriously restricted by the _____ . A) amount of available money B) ethical standards of the viewers C) necessity of competing with films D) restraints imposed by producers Example 4 Art, for novelist Edith Wharton, was primarily a matter of selection; the novelist’s task was that of disengaging “crucial moments from the welter of existence” and making them vivid and meaningful. She rejected both the “slice of life” theory and the “stream of consciousness” technique which, in her eyes, was merely a newfangled form of the former with Freudian trimmings. She knew that these were no trivial subjects, and she believed that it was precisely when dealing with apparent trivialities that the writer had need of the greatest aptitude. Question: Edith Wharton felt that in writing novels it was important to ______. A) isolate important events from life’s overall picture B) write about “slices of life”. C) adhere to the “stream of consciousness” technique. D) emphasize personal idiosyncrasies 阅言阅化2) Example 1 It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the road are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “ Be kind to Other Drivers” campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand. Question: The sentence “you might tolerate the odd road-hog ... the rule” implies that _____.A) our society is unjust towards well mannered motorists B) rude drivers can be met only occasionally C) the well-mannered motorists can not tolerate the road-hog 21 D) nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists Example 2 It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign, otherwise is may get completely out of hand. Question: According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by ______. A) People’s attitude towards the road-hog B) the rhythm of modern life C) the behavior of the driver D) traffic conditions 3) 反阅正阅 Example 1 Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Question: The author seems to believe the revival of the U. S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the . A) turning of the business cycle B) restructuring of industry C) improved business management D) success in education Example 2 But in the past 100,000 years-eave the past 100 years-our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us.Question: The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because . A) life has been improved by technological advance. B) the number of female babies has been declining. C) our species has reached the highest stage of evolution. D) the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing. Example 3 While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores-personality, ability, courage or humanity-are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.”Question: Which of the following is true according to the author? A) Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder. B) Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity. C) More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity. D) Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking. Example 4 ～The attacks on ambition are many and come from various anglesits public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ,ambition is driven underground, or make sly. Such, then, is the way things standon the left 22 angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. Question: From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained . A) secretly and vigorously B) openly and enthusiastically C) easily and momentarily D) verbally and spiritually 4) 正阅反阅 Example 1 How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredicability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.Question: The author asserts that scientists . A) shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought. B) shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things. C) shouldn’t write more concise reports for technical journals. D) should be confident about their research findings Example 2 What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”Question: The author implies that the results of scientific research . A) may not be as profitable as they are expected. B) can be measured in dollars and cents. C) rely on conformity to a standard pattern. D) are mostly underestimated by management.Example 3 By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television ,maker left, Zenith (Now there is noneZenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July). Foreign-make cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.Question: The loss of U. S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American . A) TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market B) semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises. C) machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions. 23 D) auto industry has lost part of its domestic market. 5) 阅阅阅替阅 Example 1 In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. Question: We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business . A) has been striving to expand its market. B) intended to follow a fanciful fashion. C) tried but in vain to control the market. D) has been booming for one year or so.Example 2 In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. Question: According to the author, basic computer skills should be . A) included as an auxiliary course in school. B) highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications. C) mastered through a life-long course. D) equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise Example 3 This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, receives a new form of expression.Question: Futurists claim that we must . A) increase the production of literature. B) use poetry to relieve modern stress. C) develop new modes of expression D) avoid using adjectives and verbs.6)主阅原阅 (1) 明的主阅阅型确 Example What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America-breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine? Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary ～～schoolsa labor force that welcomed the new technologythe practice of giving premiums to ～inventorsand above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological. Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.” A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives. In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily 24 to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous ～verbal descriptionsthey are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process…The designer and the inventor…are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.” This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton cone wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.” When all these shaping forces-schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking-interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence. Question: The best title for this passage might be . A) Inventive Mind B) Effective Schooling C) Ways of Thinking D) Outpouring of Inventions 阅蔽的主阅阅型(2) Example Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as has science and had religion. The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior. Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely ,“clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould saysThis book stands for reason itself.” And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. Question: From the passage we can infer that . A) reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate. B) creationists do not base their argument on reasoning. C) evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists. 25 D) creationism is supported by scientific findings. 7) 阅度原阅 (1) 文章作者阅度阅 Example It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word fashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says ,“HofsessWe posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.” The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia-where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part-other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling. Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death-probably by a deadly injection or pill-to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nick-son, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with ,living without the haunting fear of his sufferinga terrifying death form his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying form a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and cawing at their masks,” he says. Question: The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of . A)opposition B) suspicion C) approval D) indifference (2) 局部作者阅度阅 Example In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labor” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business! At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important 26 consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing ～ irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization. The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation. Question: The author is most critical of . A) family firm owners. B) landowners. C) managers D) shareholders 8) 首段原阅 (1) 首句原阅 Example 1 A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the Us. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.Question: In the eyes of visitors from the outside world . A) rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US. B) small-minded officials deserve a serious comment. C) Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors. D) most Americans are ready to offer help. Example 2 An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of student’s career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction-indeed, contradiction-which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers on the 27 classroom. Question: The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is . A) far-reaching B) dubiously oriented C) self-contradictory D) radically reformatoryExample 3 If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition-wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny-must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition ～of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely sharedand it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an old way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition-if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped-with the educated themselves riding on them. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes. European travel, BMVs-the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine ,hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supplythe critic of American ～materialism with a Southampton summer homethe publisher of radical books who takes his ～meals in three-star restaurantsthe journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.” ～The attacks on ambition are many and come form various anglesits public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are ,that ambition is driven underground, or make sly. Such, then, it the way things standon the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. Question: It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if . A) its returns well compensate for the sacrifices. B) it is rewarded with money, fame and power. C) its goals are spiritual rather than material. D) it is shared by the rich the famous. 末句原阅(2) Example 1 Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific” creationism, which is 28 being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion. Question: Creationism in the passage refers to . A) evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe. B) a notion of the creation of religion. C) the scientific explanation of the earth formation. D) the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe. Example 2 Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine. Question: “Substances abuse” is preferable to “drug abuse” in that . A) substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used. B) “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number or drug takers. C) alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine. D) many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous. Example 3 Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. Question: The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because . A) he question the truth of “no gain without pain” B) he does not think the productivity revolution works. C) he wonders if the official statistics are misleading. D) he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses. Example 4 A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. Question: The U. S. achieved its predominace after World War II because . A) it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal. B) its domestic market was eight times larger than before. C) the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors D) the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy.9) 段落推原阅断 段落首句推断(1) 29 Example 1 The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia-where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part-other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling. Question: From the second paragraph we learn that . A) the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries. B) physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia. C) changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the lawD) it takes time to realize the significance of law’s passage. Example 2 As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect form both neighbors and strangers. Question: It could be inferred from the last paragraph that . A) culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship. B) courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated. C) various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends. D) social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions Example 3 When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that be was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so-and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group-the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations. Question: We can learn from the first paragraph that . A) federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans. B) the White House responded strongly to the news cloning. C) NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique. D) the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning. 30 段落中句子推断(2) Example 1 But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. Com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.Question: We learn form the last paragraph that . A) pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce. B) interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers. C) leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago. D) setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power.Example 2 NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.” Question: It can inferred from the last paragraph that . A) some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely. B) a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time. C) privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal. D) the issue of human cloning will soon settled. Example 3 ～The attacks on ambition are many and come from various anglesits public defenders are few and unimpressive where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower that it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Question: From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained _____. A) secretly and vigorously B) openly and enthusiastically C) easily and momentarily D) verbally and spiritually 10) 阅折/阅比原阅 首段的阅折阅比(1) / Example 1 Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good. 31 Question: The third sentence of paragraph I implies that . A) people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality. B) the blind could be happier than the sighted. C) over-excited people tend to neglect vital things. D) fascination makes people lose their eyesight. Example 2 Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s th17 –century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century. Question: The word “schism” in the context probably means . A) confrontation B) dissatisfaction C) separation D) contempt Example 3 An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction-indeed, contradiction-which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom. Question: The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is . A) far-reaching B) dubiously oriented C) self-contradictory D) radically reformatoryExample 4 Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males horn for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. Question: What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph? A) A lack of mates. B) A fierce competition C) A lower survival rate. D) A defective gene.Example 5 When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be-even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right-it can hardly be classed as Literature.Question: This passage is mainly . A) a survey of new approaches to art. B) a review of Futurist poetry. C) about merits of the Futurist movement. D) about laws and requirements of literature.文中的阅折(2) Example 1 It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years-yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt.Question: The world famous BBC now faces . A) the problem of new coverage. B) an uncertain prospect. C) inquiries by the general public D) shrinkage of audience. Example 2 But it is the arrival of new satellite channels –funded partly by advertising and partly by 32 viewer’s subscriptions-which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.Question: The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than . A) the emergence of commercial TV channels. B) the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government C) the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs. D) the challenge of new satellite channels. 11) 阅指原阅 Example 1 Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly in to the skilled workman.” Question: It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of early American mechanics . A) benefited a lot form their mathematical knowledge. B) shed light on disciplined school management. C) was brought about by privilege home training. D) owed a lot to the technological development. Example 2 For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant form one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the ,settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily lifeif you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Question: Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers . A) to improve their hard life. B) in view of their long-distance travel. C) to add some flavor to their own daily life. D) out of a charitable impulse.Example 3 It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customer’s misfortunes. Question: What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened? A) Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits. B) Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system. 33 C) Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings. D) Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.Example 4 Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists. Question: In tee view of Net purists, . A) there should be no marketing messages in online culture. B) money making should be given priority to on the Web. C) the Web should be able to function as the television set. D) there should be no online commercial information without requests.Example 5 If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. Question: The author asserts that scientists . A) shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought. B) shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things. C) should write more concise reports for technical journals. D) should be confident about their research findings. 12) 阅比原阅 Example 1 If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the men, make shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served. Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself.Question: A blueprint before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as . A) an illustration of how to write an application for a job. B) an indication of how to secure a good job. C) a guideline for job description. D) a principle for job evaluation. Example 2 The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. Question: A technologist can be compared to an artist because . A) they are both winners of awards. B) they are both experts in spatial thinking. C) they both abandon verbal description. D) they both use various instruments.Example 3 The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia-where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community 34 attitudes have all played their part-other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die-movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling. Question: When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means . A) observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia. B) similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries. C) observers are waiting to se the result of the game of dominoes. D) the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop.Example 4 In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition-if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped-with the educated themselves riding on them. Question: The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is . A) customary of the educated to discard ambition in words. B) too late to check ambition once it has been let out. C) dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal. D) impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits form ambition. 13) 例阅原阅 Example 1 Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sport in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same, the American Law Institute-a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers of bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. Question: The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that . A) some injury claims were no longer supported by law. B) helmets were not designed to prevent injuries. C) product labels would eventually be discarded. D) some sports games might lose popularity with athletes. Example 2 Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness 35 of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. Question: The author want to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that . A) inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments. B) science advances when fruitful researches are conducted. C) scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research. D) unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research. Example 3 “ Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.” India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today-everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring-means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.Question: What does the example of India illustrate? A) Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people. B) Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor. C) The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes. D) India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate. 14) 句子理解原阅 Example 1 Tight-lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.” Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things. Question: What do the elders mean when they say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”? A) you’ll certainly get what you want. B) It’s no use dreaming. C) You should be dissatisfied with what you have. D) It’s essential to set a goal for yourself. Question: When the author says that “observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling”, he means . A) observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia. B) similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries. C) observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes. D) the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop.Example 2 It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. 36 In fact, it feel to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at ～the end of last year. This is no flash in the panover the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. Question: The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” means that . A) the low inflation rate will last for some time. B) the inflation rate will soon rise. C) the inflation will disappear quickly. D) there is no inflation at present.Example 3 Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threats threaten to do more harm than good. Question: The third sentence of paragraph I implies that . A) people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality. B) the blind could be happier than the sighted. C) over-excited people tend to neglect vital things. D) fascination makes people their eyesight. Example 4 If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition-wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny-must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices make on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition ～of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely sharedand it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited form ambition –if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heave note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped-with the educated themselves riding on them.Question: The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is . A) customary of the educated to discard ambition in words. B) too late to check ambition once it has been let out. C) dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal. D) impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits form ambition. 15) 阅阅原阅 Example 1 We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is ,pervasivean aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. Question: The word “pervasive” might mean . A) widespread B) overwhelming C) piercing D) fashionable Example 2 And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed. Question: In paragraphs, “the powerless” probably refers to . 37 A) areas short of electricity. B) dams without power stations. C) poor countries around India D) common people in the Narmada Dam area. Example 3 Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s th17 –century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blade’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century. Question: The word “schism” in the context probably means . A) confrontation B) dissatisfaction C) separation D) contempt 16) 判原阅断 一正三阅(1) Example No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, Creative freedom and the corporate bottom line. At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt, which will increase to $17,3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently. The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.” Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,”says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.” Question: The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is . 38 A) Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner. B) Gerald Levin is liable to compromise. C) Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate. D) Steve Ross is no longer alive.三正一阅(2) Example With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listen to it And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of 83 per household. It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years-yet the BBC’s future is now is doubt. The corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC-including ordinary listeners and viewers-to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBCs royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes. Defenders of the Corporation-of whom there are many-are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.”The BBC“ain’t broke”,they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word‘broke’, meaning having nomoney), so why bother to change it?Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels-TV and Channel 4-were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels-funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subscriptions-which will ring about the biggest changes in the long term.Question: In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue? A) Extension of its TV service to Far East. B) Programs as the subject of a nation-wide debate. C) Potentials for further international co-operations. D) Its existence as a broadcasting organization. 第五部分 精阅精阅 Reading Comprehension One Text 1 　　If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. 39 　　Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "Who is that? " the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God, " came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor. " 　　If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. 　　If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. 　　Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. (450) 41. To make your humor work, you should [A] take advantage of different kinds of audience. [B] make fun of the disorganized people. [C] address different problems to different people. [D] show sympathy for your listeners. 42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are [A] impolite to new arrivals. [B] very conscious of their godlike role. [C] entitled to some privileges. [D] very busy even during lunch hours. 43. It can be inferred from the text that public services [A] have benefited many people. [B] are the focus of public attention. [C] are an inappropriate subject for humor. [D] have often been the laughing stock. 44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered [A] in well-worded language. [B] as awkwardly as possible. [C] in exaggerated statements. [D] as casually as possible. 45. The best title for the text may be [A] Use Humor Effectively. [B] Various Kinds of Humor. [C] Add Humor to Speech. [D] Different Humor Strategies. Text 2 　　Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics -- the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. 40 As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy--far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. 　　But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves--goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world. " 　　Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. 　　What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated -- than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it. (419)46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in [A] the use of machines to produce science fiction. [B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry. [C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work. [D] the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work. 47. The word "gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means [A] programs. [B] experts. [C] devices. [D] creatures. 48. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can [A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery. [B] interact with human beings verbally. [C] have a little common sense. [D] respond independently to a changing world. 49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also [A] make a few decisions for themselves. [B] deal with some errors with human intervention. [C] improve factory environments. [D] cultivate human creativity. 50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are [A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure. [B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately. [C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information. 41 [D] best used in a controlled environment. Text 3 　　Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? 　　The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term. 　　Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. 　　Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies -- to which heavy industry has shifted-have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed. 　　One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%. (426) 51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is [A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply. [C] fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq's suspension of exports. 52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if [A] price of crude rises. [B] commodity prices rise. [C] consumption rises. [D] oil taxes rise. 53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries [A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive. [B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices. [C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed. [D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP. 54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that [A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now. 42 [B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks. [C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices. [D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry. 55. From the text we can see that the writer seems [A] optimistic. [B] sensitive. [C] gloomy. [D] scared. Text 4 　　The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. 　　Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, "a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects -- a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. 　　Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. 　　Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death." 　　George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery, "he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide." 　　On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. 　　Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. 　　The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. 　　Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, “to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension." 56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that [A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’ pain. [B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives. [C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide. 43 [D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide. 57. Which of the following statements is true according to the text? [A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death. [B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery. [C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed. [D] A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions. 58. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is [A] prolonged medical procedures. [B] inadequate treatment of pain. [C] systematic drug abuse. [D] insufficient hospital care. 59. Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive" (line 4, paragraph 7)? [A] Bold. [B] Harmful. [C] Careless. [D] Desperate. 60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they [A] manage their patients incompetently. [B] give patients more medicine than needed. [C] reduce drug dosages for their patients. [D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients. Reading Comprehension Two Text 1 　　Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game” of espionage -- spying as a "profession." These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well. 　　The last revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the world wide web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open source intelligence," and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. in 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large ～margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutionswhose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. 　　Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying(covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com. 　　Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine." As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That 'sswheresStraitford earns its keep. 　　Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's 44 briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. (394) 41. The emergence of the Net has 　 [A] received support from fans like Donovan. [B] remolded the intelligence services. 　 [C] restored many common pastimes. [D] revived spying as a profession. 42.Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to 　[A] introduce the topic of online spying. [B] show how he fought for the U.S. 　[C] give an episode of the information war. [D] honor his unique services to the CIA. 43.The phrase“making the biggest splash”(line 1,paragraph 3)most probably means 　 [A] causing the biggest trouble. [B] exerting the greatest effort. 　 [C] achieving the greatest success. [D] enjoying the widest popularity. 44. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that 　 [A] Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true. 　 [B] Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information. 　 [C] Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability. 　 [D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information. 45. Straitford is most proud of its 　 [A] official status. [B] nonconformist image. 　 [C] efficient staff. [D] military background. Text 2 To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. 　　For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals – no meat, no fur, no medicine. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don't understand. 　　Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. 　　Much can be done. Scientists could“adopt”middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights 45 misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. (390) 46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to [A] call on scientists to take some actions. [B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights. [C] warn of the doom of biomedical research. [D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement. 47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is 　 [A] cruel but natural. [B] inhuman and unacceptable. 　 [C] inevitable but vicious. [D] pointless and wasteful. 48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's 　　[A] discontent with animal research. [B] ignorance about medical science. 　　[C] indifference to epidemics. [D] anxiety about animal rights. 49. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should 　　[A] communicate more with the public. [B] employ hi-tech means in research. 　　[C] feel no shame for their cause.[D] strive to develop new cures. 50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is 　　[A] a well-known humanist. [B] a medical practitioner. 　　[C] an enthusiast in animal rights. [D] a supporter of animal research. Text 3 　　In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995,the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. 　　Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. 　　The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. 　　Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they 46 argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the market place?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper. 　　Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes. Still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the .2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market. (447) 51. According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because 　　[A] cost reduction is based on competition. 　　[B] services call for cross-trade coordination. 　　[C] outside competitors will continue to exist. 　　[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat. 52. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry? 　　[A] Indifferent. [B] Supportive. [C] Indignant. [D] Apprehensive. 53.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that 　　[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad. 　　[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide. 　　[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief. 　　[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business. 54.The word“arbiters”(line 7,paragraph 4)most probably refers to those 　　[A] who work as coordinators. [B] who function as judges. 　　[C] who supervise transactions. [D] who determine the price. 55.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by 　　[A] the continuing acquisition. [B] the growing traffic. 　　[C] the cheering Wall Street. [D] the shrinking market. Text 4 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. 　　Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians -- frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of 47 hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. 　　In1950, the U.S. spent .7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age -- say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. 　　I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old,I wish to age as productively as they have. 　　Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while ;,underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives. 437 56. What is implied in the first sentence? 　　[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people. 　　[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before. 　　[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology. 　　[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy. 57. The author uses the example of caner patients to show that 　　[A] medical resources are often wasted. 　　[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases. 　　[C] some treatments are too aggressive. 　　[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable. 58. The author's attitude to ward Richard Lamm's remark is one of 　　[A] strong disapproval. [B] reserved consent. 　　[C] slight contempt. [D] enthusiastic support. 59. In contras to the U.S. ,Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care 　　[A] more flexibly. [B] more extravagantly. 　　[C] more cautiously. [D] more reasonably. 60. The text intends to express the idea that 　　[A] medicine will further prolong people's lives. 　　[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living. 　　[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life. 　　[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care. Reading Comprehension Three Text 1 Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal 48 search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,’ says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.” says one expert. For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept —— what you think you want to do —— then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide. Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When Career Site’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs —— those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them —— and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for Career Site. Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at Career Builder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you. (431) 41. How did Redmon find his job? 　　[A] By searching openings in a job database. [B] By posting a matching position in a database. 　　[C] By using a special service of a database. [D] By E-mailing his resume to a database. 42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents? 　　[A] Lack of counseling. [B] Limited number of visits. 　　[C] Lower efficiency. [D] Fewer successful matches. 43. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means 　　　　　　[A] advisory. [B] compensation. [C] interaction. [D] reminder. 44. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options? 　　[A] To focus on better job matches. [B] To attract more returning visits. 　[C] To reserve space for more messages. [D] To increase the rate of success. 45. Which of the following is true according to the text? [A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters. 　　[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands. 　　[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed. 49 　　[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed. Text 2 Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). 　　Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be ,drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them. (39346. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars? 　　[A] A kind of overlooked inequality. [B] A type of conspicuous bias. 　　[C] A type of personal prejudice. [D] A kind of brand discrimination. 47. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs? [A] In both East and West, names are essential to success. 　　[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman. 　　[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names. 　　[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize. 48. The 4th paragraph suggests that [A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students. 　　[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class. 　　[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students. 　　[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight. 49. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)? 　　[A] They are getting impatient. [B] They are noisily dozing off. 50 　　[C] They are feeling humiliated. [D] They are busy with word puzzles. 50. Which of the following is true according to the text? [A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated. 　　[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism. 　　[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go. 　　[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias. Text 3 When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says. Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening. Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. ;,may still be worth toasting. 405 51. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet”(Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means 　　 [A] Spero can hardly maintain her business.[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work. 　　 [C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit.[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation. 52. How do the public feel about the current economic situation? 　　　　　　[A] Optimistic.[B] Confused.[C] Carefree.[D] Panicked. 53. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about. 　　　　　　[A] gold market.[B] real estate.[C] stock exchange.[D] venture investment. 51 54. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic showdown? 　　[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery. [C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom. [D] The purchasing power would be enhanced. 55. To which of the following is the author likely to agree? 　　[A] A now boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy. 　　　　[C] Caution all right, panic not. [D] The more ventures, the more chances. Text 4 Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Razitch’s latest bock, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.” “Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized —— going to school and learning to read —— so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.” (413) 56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school? 　　[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world. 　　 [C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits. 52 57. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of 　　[A] undervaluing intellect.[B] favoring intellectualism. 　　[C] supporting school reform.[D] suppressing native intelligence. 58. The views of Ravish and Emerson on schooling are 　　　　　　[A] identical.[B] similar.[C] complementary.[D] opposite. 59. Emerson, according to the text, is probably 　　[A] a pioneer of education reform.[B] an opponent of intellectualism. 　　 [C] a scholar in favor of intellect.[D] an advocate of regular schooling. 60. What does the author think of intellect? 　　[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense. 　　[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies power. Reading Comprehension Four Text 1 　　Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well. 　　The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their became markedly different. 　　In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to ;accept the slice of cucumber Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin. 　　The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, group living species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________. 53 　　　　A. posing a contrastB. justifying an assumption 　　C. making a comparisonD. explaining a phenomenon 22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that ________.　　A. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals 　　B. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature 　　C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other 　　D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions 23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ______.　　A. more inclined to weigh what they get 　　B. attentive to researchers' instructions 　　C. nice in both appearance and temperament 　　D. more generous than their male companions 24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.　　A. prefer grapes to cucumbers 　　B. can be taught to exchange things 　　C. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated 　　D. are unhappy when separated from others 25. What can we infer from the last paragraph? 　　A. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. 　　B. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. 　　C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. 　　D. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. Text 2 　　Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves. 　　There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.” 　　Just as on smoking voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. this is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.　　Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”. 54 　　To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin 　　fashioning conservation measures A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound. 26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________. 　　A. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.　　B. the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.　　C. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life. 　　D. antismoking people were usually talking nonsense. 27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ________. 　　　　　　　　A. a protectorB. a judgeC. a criticD. a guide 28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4) ________.　　　　A. Endless studies kill actionB. Careful investigation reveals truth 　　C. prudent planning hindersD. Extensive research helps decision-making 29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about ________.　　A. Offer aid to build cleaner power plantsB. Raise public awareness of conservation　　C. Press for further scientific researchD. Take some legislative measures 30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because ________.　　A. they both suffered from the government's negligence 　　B. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former 　　C. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former 　　D. both of them have turned from bad to worse Text 3 　　Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It's your dream” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. “If you don't like it , change it.” 　　Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the “emotional brain”)is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy of depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr, William Dement.　　And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise 55 conscious control over recurring bad dreams As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead, the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. 　　At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of “we wake u in a panic,” Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning. 31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________. 　　　　A. can be modified in their coursesB. are susceptible to emotional changes 　　C. reflect our innermost desires and fearsD. are a random outcome of neural repairs32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show ________. 　　A. its function in our dreamsB. the mechanism of REM sleep 　　C. the relation of dreams to emotionsD. its difference from the prefrontal cortex33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________. 　　A. aggravate in our unconscious mindB. develop into happy dreams 　　C. persist till the time we fall asleepD. show up in dreams early at night 34. Cartwright seems to suggest that ________. 　　A. waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams. 　　B. visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under con troll. 　　C. dreams should be left to their natural progression. 　　D. dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious. 35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams? 　　A. Lead your life as usual.B. Seek professional help. 　　C. Exercise conscious control.D. Avoid anxiety in the daytime. Text 4 　　American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.　　But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. 　　Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas He is not arguing, as 56 many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.　　Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one. 36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English ________. 　　A. is inevitable in radical education reforms. 　　B. is but all too natural in language development. 　　C. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture. 　　D. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s. 37. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotes ________. 　　　　　　　　A. modestyB. personalityC. livelinessD. informality 38. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?　　A. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk. 　　B. Black English can be more expressive than standard English. 　　C. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining. 　　D. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas. 39. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's ________.　　　　A. interest in their languageB. appreciation of their efforts 　　C. admiration for their memoryD. contempt for their old-fashionedness 40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as ________.　　A. “temporary” is to “permanent”B. “radical” is to “conservative” 　　C. “functional” is to “artistic”D. “humble” is to “noble” Reading Comprehension Five Text 1 In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. This is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of consumption launched by the 19th century department stores that offered vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite.” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization. Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to —1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilationlanguage, home ownership and intermarriage. The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English “well” or “very well” after ten years of residence.” The 57 children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a graveyard” for language. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrive before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans. Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians. Rodriguez not that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.” Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment. 21. The word “homogenizing” (line 2, Para 1) most probably means 　　　　[A] identifying.[B] associating.[C] assimilating. [D] monopolizing. 22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century 　 [A] played a role in the spread of popular culture. 　 [B] became intimate shops for common consumers. 　 [C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite. 　[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption. 23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. [A] are resistant to homogenization. [B] exert a great influence on American culture. [C] are hardly a threat to the common culture. [D] constitute the majority of the population. 24. Why are Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5? 　 [A] To prove their popularity around the world. 　 [B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants. 　 [C] To give examples of successful immigrants. 　 [D] To show the powerful influence of American culture. 25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is 　[A] rewarding [B] successful [C] fruitless [D] harmful Text 2 Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasinglyhostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (ASC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon . And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights. The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making. 58 The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side—don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the ESC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall. The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive. Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low. It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford ’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)---lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing—room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10: 30 a .m. 26. From the first two paras , we learn that 　[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue. 　[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage. 　[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms. 　[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism. 27. It can be inferred from Para. 3 that 　[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately. 　[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers. 　[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers. 　[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater. 28. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that 　[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects. 　[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties. 　[C] the town is not really short of money. 　[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid. 29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because 　[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending. 　[B] the company is financially ill-managed. 　[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable. 　[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise. 30. From the text we can conclude that the author 　　[A] is supportive of both sides. [B] favors the townsfolk’s view. 59 　[C] takes a detached attitude. [D] is sympathetic. Text 3 When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature , the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then. Dr Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now. Dr Myers and Dr Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business. 31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that 　[A] large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment. 　[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared. 　[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today. 　[D] Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones 32. We can infer from Dr Myers and Dr.Worm’s paper that [A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%. [B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago. [C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount. [D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old. 33. By saying these figures are conservative (Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr Worm means that 　[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly. 　[B] then catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded. 60 　[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss. 　[D] the data collected so far are out of date. 34. Dr Myers and other researchers hold that 　[A] people should look for a baseline that can’t work for a longer time. 　[B] fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass. 　[C] the ocean biomass should restored its original level. 　[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation. 35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ 　　[A] management efficiency. [B] biomass level. 　　[C] catch-size limits. [D] technological application. Text 4 Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists’ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil. You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today. After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology. People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too. Today the messages your average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And —since these messages have an agendato lure us to open our wallets to make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks. ——What we forgetwhat our economy depends on is forgettingis that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air. 36.By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that 　[A] Poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music. 61 　[B] Art grow out of both positive and negative feeling. 　[C] Poets today are less skeptical of happiness. 　[D] Artist have changed their focus of interest. 37. The word “bummer” (Line 5. paragraph 5) most probably means something [A] religious.[B] unpleasant. [C] entertaining. [D] commercial. 38. In the author’s opinion, advertising 　[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy part. 　　[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general peer.[C] replace the church as a major source of information.　[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself. 39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes [A] Happiness more often than not ends in sadness. 　[B] The anti-happy art is distasteful by refreshing. 　[C] Misery should be enjoyed rather than denied. 　[D] The anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms 40. Which of the following is true of the text? [A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery. [B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality. [C] People feel disappointed at the realities of morality. [D] mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths. 62