英语写作基础教程

英语写作基础教程 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 英专作基专程写教 A Basic Course in Writing主专: Priscillapan 教学大专 一. 专象 教学 本专程的专象是高等专科英专专专的生或具有同等水平的自教学学学 者._ 二. 目的要求 教学与 通专本专程的教学, 使生初步掌握英专作技能学写, 用英文学会写叙述,专明性的短文和一般性专用文. (1) 用英文述写叙,专明性的短文: 要求生能根据命专列出作文学 提专,在1小专出不少于内写200专的短文, 容切专内,完整,理条清楚,专句专专通专, 专法基本正确. (2) 用英文一般性的专用文写: 要求生能根据提示出 学写 知,专卡,便条,申专专,邀专函,专专, 格式正确, 专言得体._ 三. 安排 教学 本专程3分个学, 在一期专专个学内, 每周3专学,共专54专学._ 四. 容 教学内 本专程主要容如下教学内: (1) 文稿格式; (2) 句子专构; (3) 段方式构; (4) 专篇布局; (5) 摘要; (6) 专用文._ 五. 原专 教学 (1) 在专程中教学, 要充分考专成人专的特点和本专程的特点学, 注重专生遣专造句专专能力的培专学两; (2) 在专程中教学, 专专以指专生自专主教学学, 以专专和专堂教学教学专专, 采用多专手段专生专行作专专教学学写._ 六. 专专 _ 专行全专一的专卷考专国.考专采用百分制,60分及格.专施 一,专专安排 ____"英专 作基专写"专专专专专内学54小专,专外专专专专数54小专.二,具专安排体学_ __ (一)基本技能的专学:6专专,要求掌握专点符的用法号.__ (二)句子的作写:9专专,要求掌握句子专一性,专专性,重点突出的 写作技巧. __ (三)段落的作 写:6专专,要求掌握段落专一性的作写,主专学会句和专展句的用运. __ (四)一般性文章和专用文的作 写:30专专,要求掌握基本专用文 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 的作写,专是本专程的重点部分(具容附后体内). __ (五)期末专专:3专专,全面专专本专的容学教学内,模专考专.三,意专教学_ ___ 1) 作文专专专以专专解教,生专专专主学. ___ 2) 授专重点专专放在作技能技巧的专专上写,理专知专可以适当少专. ___ 3) 有件的分校可以充分利用上专源和专代技专专专条网,利用互专上的英专作站专大生的专专网写网学两;利用专专展示台把生所学写的专秀文章向全班批改,也可以专普遍性的专专;等等.考专专型 一,考专专型要求与 ___ 本专程的考专依据大专的要求教学,重点考专专用文作和一般写 文的作体写.考专专专卷考专,专分专100分. _____ 1.专用文作写 ___ 根据提示一不少于写个50专的和一不少于个100专的便条,要求专言通专,用专得体,格式正确.专分专30分; _____ 2.命专作文 ___ 根据所专专目及作提专或专定专景等写,一篇不少于写200专的作文,要求符合文章专型特点,容切专内,专言通专.专分专70分.二,考专模专专专 一,Write a notice into the box according to the following facts:(10分) ____专专球专 ___ 地点: 1球室 号: ___ 北京商专校专北京专言文化大学学 ___ 专专:5月8日 用六 下午五专 二,Write a note based on the given facts:(20分) : ____ 专专:6月9月 ____ 专象:Prof. Stone_ ____ 容内:专不起,不能赴3点的专会.我的专文由,于被朋友专上了,不能专来.我不知他何专返回.如果方便,我能在明日下午五专在系专公室专专 若不行您,专明早特便放在我的信箱里条,信箱号606.专专._ ____ 留言者:敏吴 三,Write an essay of no fewer than 200words:(70分) : ________ Title:_ Qualification of a Good University Student ________ Aids: ________ First Paragraph:_Your point of view of being a good university student ________ Second Paragraph: What makes a good university student (with some examples) ________ Third Paragraph:_Conclusion ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 平专作专 英专作基专平专作专写(大作专)共四次,主要专专同专专英专专用文作学写 的掌握情况.__ 1)完成 P125专 Exercise 1 (Notice Writing)2)完成 P126专 Exercise 3 (Note Writing)3)完成 P126专 Exercise 4 (Letters Writing)4)完成 P126专 Exercise 5 (resumes Writing)___ 另外,任专专可以根据容教教学内,适专充作专专当写. General Remarks on Writing _Writing _makes an exact man. _Great use and popularity _Needing Much Knowledge _Useful for Reading and Spoken _Great Difficulties as well Targets of this Course At the end of this course, you should be able: _to use the punctuation marks correctly; _to write correct sentences; _to write more effective sentences ; _to compose a full essay; _to write a practical essay like a note, a letter, or a notice etc. Arrangement _ I Writing the title II Leaving the margins III Paragraphing IV Capitalization V Dividing words Writing the title Be placed in the middle of the first lineEvery word of the title should be capitalized No full stop should be used at the end of a title Margins A. leave margins at the top and bottom and on the side of each page. Never write on a full page. B. left side margin should be wider if the work is to be bound. C. For students, it is advisable to write on every other line. Paragraphing A. Indentation (Space) … … … … … … .. … … … … … … .. ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 … … … … … … .. … … … … … … .. … … … … … … .. B. Block … … … … … … .. … … … … … … .. … … … … … … .. … … … … … … .. … … … … … … .. Handwriting Regrettably, an English writer is not so concerned with the aesthetics in handwriting as a Chinese writer is. Be neat and legible. A. Make your "t"s different from your "e"s; B. Make your "r"s different from your "v"s; C. If cross out a word, no brackets but a thick line across it; D. If add a word, write it above, not below; E. Two common ways of writing the letters: form loops and print Syllabification When you happen not to have enough room to write a whole word in at the end of a line: A. If the word is monosyllabic, please write it in a next line; B. If the word is polysyllabic, you maybe syllabify it if you feel necessary How to syllabify a word Just splitting a word then a hyphen then the other part of the word. occupation: oc-cu-pa-tion ( Don't split it like this: occ-upa-tion) Nowadays, a computer deals with this problems automatically Abbreviations and Numerals Abbreviations shorten some words, titles and long names. They are used in advertising and informal occasions. 1) Be sure to use them before you know. 2) Be sure of the dots ( . ). Abbreviations 1)___ Before names (family names), titles are abbreviated: Mr. Green Ms. Adella Dr. Bethune ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 2)___ Titles of academics, government officials, and priest can be abbreviated, followed by the full name: Prof. Li Gov. Henry Ford Sen. Robert 3)_____ Academic degrees and family designations preceded by full names can be abbreviated: Robert Smith, Ph. D. John Jones Jr./Sr. 4) Names of well-known organizations, firms, places, and long technical terms can be abbreviated by using the initial letters of the words: UNESCO FBI WHO TOEFL GATT 5)_____ Time designations when used with specific numbers are abbreviated: 135 B.C. 6:00 a.m. 6) Words referring to portions of address can be abbreviated when they appear in address on envelopes, letter headings, or inside addresses: Rd. Dept. Pro. P.R.C. Capitalization 1)The use of capitalization is unique and important in writing. (1) The china made in China is first class. (2) he bought that article of japan in Japan. (3) Their child was shanghaied in Shanghai. (4) John wanted to go to the john. (5) The turkey here is not as good as in Turkey. _ 2)The capitalization is used in the following 10 aspects: (1) the beginning of a sentence Wonderful! Where there is a will, there is a way. Can you hear me at the back Capitalization (2) For the first letter in each line of a poem. The Arrow and the Song I shot an arrow into the sky, (3) The first letter of a directed quotation / speech: "Who is on duty today " the teacher asked. " Don't worry," he said, trying to comfort me. " We will help you make up for the lessons." (cf. "To be frank with you," he said, "you should not have told him that." Capitalization (4) The first letters of the essential words in proper ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 nouns ( names of people, countries, organizations historical events, planes, etc.) Darwin Shakespeare China Jesus Christ the Great Wall the Red Cross Boeing 747 (5) The first letters of designation of relatives before family names: Uncle Geoge Aunt Maggie Niece Mary Grandma Lee Capitalization (6) Almost all abbreviations except a.m., p.m., etc., e.g., c/o, i.e., tec (7) the first letter of essential word in trade marks, service signs, posts, greetings, etc. Information Desk Hands Off Open Strictly No Smoking (祝你生日快专!) Happy birthday to you! Happy Birthday to you! (8) the title of all significant words in the title of a theme, article, essay. newspaper, periodical. But a form word of less than five letters is not capitalized unless it begins the title. Jane Eyre Gone with the Wind My College Life Capitalization (9) the first letter of the salutation and complimentary close in a letter: Dear Sir, Dear Mr. Evans, Sincerely yours, Yours, (10) the first letter of the words of the days of a week, the month, and the major words of holidays:Punctuation Main Punctuation marks 1. the period(.) 2. the question mark ( ) 3. the exclamation point (!) 4. the comma (,) 5. the semicolon (;) 6. the colon (:) 7. brackets ([ ]) ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 8. the quotation marks (" " ' ') 9. parentheses ( ( ) ) 10. The dash (―) 11. ellipsis points ( … ) The Period ( . ) 1. The period (full stop) is used at the end of a declarative sentence, a mildly imperative sentence, and an indirect question. Honesty is the best policy. Hand in your homework, please. . The period marks the end of a sentence. The word after it begins a new sentence and has to be capitalized. She graduated from Oxford University. She achieved great success in her studies there. 2.The period is used with most abbreviations. But some people prefer not to use the period with abbreviations. They just write Mr, Ms, etc. Names of well-known organizations, broadcasting corporations are often written without periods, like UN, UNESCO, NATO, VOA, BBC. 3. Three spaced period make the ellipsis mark, which indicates the omission of one or more words within a quoted passage, or pauses in speech; Um… I think, um… she is um… pretty um… hardworking. The Comma ( , ) 1. A comma is used to join coordinate. It is put before the conjunction (and, but, or, for, so, nor, or, yet,): We wanted to go on, but other people disappeared. He tried hard, yet he failed to convince her. We should remember that coordinate clauses have to be joined with a comma and a conjunction. One comma alone cannot do the job though it is possible in Chinese. Sam is four years old, he is quite bright. Sam is four years old, and he is quite bright. Using a comma to link two clauses is a common mistake, which has a name: the comma fault or the comma splice. But we can use a semicolon, a dash, or a colon between two coordinate clauses. Sam is four years old; he is quite bright. Sam is very happy: he's got the first prize. The Comma ( , ) ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 2. A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase. When the rain stopped, we continued to work in the fields. On hearing the news, she went faint. Some listeners, bored by the lengthy talk, closed their eyes and dozed. 3. Commas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with the same function in the sentence. The comma before the conjunction and last item is optional. It can be omitted there is no danger of misreading. The children sang, danced, jumped, and chased each other. 4. Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are set off by commas. Restrictive clauses and phrases are not set off by commas. The speaker, after glancing at his notes, began to talk about the next point. The Comma ( , ) 5. In dates, a comma is used to separate the day and the year if the order is month-day-year; no comma need be used if the order is day-month-year. Hong Kong was returned to China on July 1, 1997. She was born on 15 September 1980. 6. With numbers over 1,000 or more, commas or little blank spaces may be used to separate digits by thousands. From right to left, a comma is placed after every three numerals. 12,221,548 53,507,214 The question Marks ( ) 1. The question mark is used after a direct question. Do you know Mr. Smith "Could you please explain to me the meaning of this sentence " she asked. 2. The question mark is used after a statement turned into a question ( said in a rising tune ). You like it You want to buy it The first time to the United States 3. A question mark put between parentheses indicates the writer's uncertainty about the correctness of the ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 preceding word, figure or date. Cao Xueqing was born in 1715 ( ), and died in poverty in 1764 ( ). The Exclamation Mark ( ! ) 1. The exclamation mark is used after an exclamatory sentence, or an emphatic interjection, or a phrase expressing strong emotion. Wow! What beautiful flowers! Help! It is on fire! The exclamation mark indicates strong emphasis and therefore it should be used sparingly. It is preferable to close a mild interjection with a comma or a period. (Do not use it frequently!) 2.Sometimes the exclamation mark is used after a slogan. Long live the Peoples Republic of China! NATO Out! The Semicolon ( ; ) 1. The semicolon is used between two coordinate clauses which are not linked by a conjunction. We wanted to go on, but other people disappeared. She was interested in history years ago; today her main interest is art. Each of the above two sentences can be turned into two separate sentences without any change in meaning except some lack of closeness in them. 2. Conjunctive adverbs like therefore, however, nonetheless, hence, otherwise, besides, moreover, etc., should not be used as conjunctions to link two coordinate clauses. Before them there should be a semicolon, not a comma. He promised to come the meeting; however, she would been caught in the storm. 3. The semicolon is used with conjunctions when the clauses contain internal punctuation. 4. A comma is used to separate a series of items with internal commas. The Colon ( : ) 1. The colon is used to introduce a quotation or a statement . It will do everyone good to remember this old saying: " One will know that he does not know enough after he ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 begins to learn." 2. Th ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 Sentence Writing Requirements for a correct sentence: It should be structurally complete. It should begin with a capital letter. It should end with a full stop, or a question mark, or an exclamation mark. It should express a single complete idea. Correct Sentences Completeness in Structure A grammatically complete sentence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate verb(专专专专)and it begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop. ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 If the verb is transitive(及物专专), there must be an object; if the verb is a link verb(系专专), there must be a predicative(表专) or complement(专专). Examples (?) We have a lesson on Monday night. (?)To think about the gift makes me happy. (?) After this meal, they were ready to set out.(×)Hoping she would accept his apology.(×)A school that was a bad experience.(×)With no difference except the color. The Right Subject 1) Not knowing his name, it was difficult to introduce him. 2) To look at a map, the importance of the road is seen. 3)Stuck in the mud, they had to push the car. In the above sentences the subjects are not properly related to the gerunds, participles or infinitive in the first parts of the sentences. Agreement Between S. (subject) & P. (predicate verb) The predicate verb of a sentence has to agree with the subject in person and number. Collective nouns like family and audience may be either singular or plural, depending on the meaning in which they are used. If you think of family, government, etc. as one whole, a singular verb is needed. If you think of them as made up of a number of people, a plural verb is needed. The whole family are going out for BBQ.This family is the happiest one in our town.There is a great audience in the playground.The audience are shocked by the news. ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 When two subjects refer to different persons or are different in number, the verb should agree with the subject close to it. Neither he nor you are arriving at the right time. There is a pen and four books on the desk. Words after together with, in addition to, besides, etc., are objects of prepositions; they do not affect the number of the subject. The plays, as well as the captain, want very much to win. A subject clause generally takes a singular verb, but a what-clause which clearly refers to many things can take a plural verb. How he manages to do it remains a mystery. What he wanted to know were the pay, the living and working conditions. Agreement Between Pronoun & Antecedent Just as the predicate verb of a sentence has to agree with the subject in person and number, so a pronoun has to agree with its antecedent. After a compound antecedent with or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, a pronoun agrees with the nearer part of the antecedent. A singular pronoun follows a collective noun antecedent when the members of the group are considered as a unit; a plural pronoun, when they are thought of individually. The jury was asked to return to their seats. ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 For such singular antecedents as each, either, neither, one, no one, everyone, someone, anyone, nobody, everybody, somebody, and anybody, which may refer to both male and female, she or he, his or her, him or her, or the preferred plural pronouns they, their or them are used. Clear Pronoun Reference 1) She told my sister that her idea was practical. 2) Leave out the word in that sentence because it is too difficult. We use personal pronouns very often. They seem to be easy, but they should be used with care. We beginners often make mistakes in using "it". Ending sentences with full stops To join two or more complete sentences with commas may be possible in Chinese, but it is wrong in English. When a sentence is structurally complete, whether long or short, it should end with a full stop. For example: He went out on Sunday. He met his friend in the street. They talk for a while. Then they said "goodbye". When he went out on Sunday, he met his friend in the street. They talk for a while and then they said "goodbye". Joining clauses with conjunction When two or more sentences are closely connected in meaning, it may be better to put them into one sentence than separate them. Then those sentences will become clauses which should be joined together with proper conjunctions or other words, like relative pronouns. We should distinguish between conjunctions and adverbs, such as but and however, so and therefore. We can join coordinate clauses with a comma and a conjunction, or with a semicolon, or with a semicolon and an adverb. Mom washed the dishes; and I dried and put them ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 away. Some of the food crops failed, but the cotton did quite well. Some of the food crops failed; however, the cotton did quite well. A main clause in a complex sentence In a complex sentence there must be a main clause, whether it is at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the sentence. Proper use of comparisons Adjectives or adverbs of the comparative degree should be used only when there is a comparison. We should not use adjectives or adverbs of the comparative degree when there is no comparison, explicit or implied. In addition, we should remember that only things of the same kind can be compared. For example: This course seems more difficult. China's population is larger than India's. After many years Bill remembered me better than Carl did. Correct Use of Tense Whenever we make a sentence, we should ask ourselves when the thing mentioned happens, and the right tense to report it. 1) He told/tells me that he is much better now. 2) She returned the book I lend/lent to her yesterday. 3) Last time we saw a film, and it is/was a good one. Types of Sentence According to their use, we have ― 1) declarative sentences. (专述句) 2) interrogative sentences. (疑专句) 3) imperative sentences. (祈使句) 4) exclamation sentences. (感专句) According to their structure, we have ― simple sentences. (专专句) 2) compound sentences. (列句并) 3) complex sentences. (专合句) 4) compound-complex sentences. (列专合句并) ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 Types of Sentence From a rhetorical(修辞) point of view, we have ― 1) loose sentences. (松散句) 2) periodic sentences. (工整句) 3) balanced sentences. (专杖句) 4) Short and long sentences (专短句) Coordination(列并) and Subordination(从属) When we mention two or more things or ideas of equal importance, we often use coordinate clauses joined with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, yet, so, or for). (coordination) When we express an important idea in a main clause and one or more less important ideas in subordinate clauses, we are using the method of subordination. The choice of coordination or subordinations mainly decided by the relationship between the ideas to be expressed. Effective Sentences Unity (专一性) Coherence (专专性) Conciseness(专专性) Emphasis (有重点性) Variety (多专性) Unity (专一性) Unity is the first quality of an effective sentence. It refers to two qualities: there is only one main idea in a sentence, and that idea is complete. Ideas that are closely connected can be expressed in one sentence, while ideas that are not closely connected should not be put into one sentence. 1)_ Born in a small town in South China in the early 50s, he grew up to be a famous musician. (×) 2)_ He is from Hebei, and I am 22 years old now.(×) Coherence (专专性) Coherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts. A sentence is coherence when its words or parts are properly connected and their relationship clear. Do not separate words that are closely related; Do not use a pronoun with ambiguous reference; Do not use a dangling modifier; Do not make confusing shift in person and number; Do not make unnecessary changes in tense, voice, or ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 mood. Do not use different forms to express parallel ideas.For example: 1) A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds (by what he does ). 2) We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman (a charming, intelligent and capable young woman). 3) After listening to the speaker's inspiring speech, many questions were raised. (we raised many questions.) 4)_She told my sister that she( who is she) was wrong. 5)_He was knocked down by a bike, but it( ) was not serious. 6)_ read an interesting story in a magazine about sportsmen. (not a sentence at all) Conciseness(专专性) A sentence should contain no unnecessary words. If the idea if fully expressed, the fewer words are used, the better. Use a pronoun instead of repeating a noun.Use a word instead of a phrase with the same meaning, and use a phrase instead of a clause with the same meaning. Do not repeat words or phrases, if possible, in a sentence or in one that follow. Do not use different words or phrases with similar meanings in the same sentence. Do not repeat the same idea in different sentences except for emphasis. Wordy sentences and redundant words can only make the meaning hazy and the main points inconspicuous. It is always necessary for us to reread what we have written and try to improve it by simplifying it and making it more concise. For example: 1) My father has returned back from Beijing. 2) It is blue in colour. 3) In my opinion, I think you are right. 4) Mary is a quiet and careful woman. 5) Mr. Smith likes to drink all kinds of wine that are produced in France. (French wine) ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 6) The language lab is open to students not only from English Department but also from other department of the university. 7)My father is 65 years old, and he is a professor in Hunan University. He has a healthy body of his age. My father, a professor of 65 years old in Hunan University, enjoys the best of_ health._ (用同位专改写) Emphasis (有重点性) Placing: The end and the beginning , especially the end, of a sentence usually attract readers' attention, so important elements of a sentence should be put at these two places, especially the end. For example: 1) The teacher nodded with satisfaction when he was listening to her. The teacher, while listening to her, kept nodding with satisfaction. 2) The plane circled around the airport for ten minutes and then disappeared in the clouds. After circling around the airport for ten minutes, the plane disappeared in the clouds. Climactic sequence In enumerating things or ideas, we should start from the least important and end with the most important, or in the climactic sequence. For example: He said he had lost interest in life, fame, position and money after that tragedy. He said after tragedy he had lost interest in money, position, fame, and even life. The use of verbs in the active voiceVerbs are generally more emphatic than nouns or any other part of speech. For example: The work was finished by them last night. They finished the work last night. But when the receiver of an action is more important than the doer, the passive voice is preferable. When she got off the bus, lots of people welcomed her warmly. When she got (getting) off the bus, she was warmly welcomed by lots of people. ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 Subordination(使用专专从属构) Subordinating a part of a sentence is a way of giving emphasis to the main part / idea of the sentence. For example: A plane is wheeling over the city. A plane is wheeling over the city, producing a big noise that surprised the inhabitants.Repeating important words Repetition as a rule should be avoided, but occasionally important words can be repeated for the sake of emphasis: For example: 1) He speaks German well. His written German is also good. He speaks German well; he also writes German well. 2) The Government praises itself in every possible way, but the Opposition says ugly things about it whenever possible. The Government praises itself in every possible way (whenever possible), but the Opposition says ugly things about it in every possible way (whenever possible). Negative-positive statements When a negative statement is followed by a positive one, the meaning is emphasized by the contrast. For example: 1)She does not care too much about prices; she thinks the quality of things is more important. She does not care too much about prices; she cares much about the quality. 2) These children are busy playing with toys. They have little time for studies. Busy playing with toys, these children have little time for studies. Rhetorical questions Rhetorical questions are questions in form but emphatic statements in meaning. They are not asked to be answered. For example: Didn't I tell you not to be late What are you talking about Nonsense. Is that what you are going to give me Variety (多专性) ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档 It is often good to vary sentence structures and mix short long, simple and compound or complex, loose and periodic sentences, so long as the meaning is properly expressed. A series of sentences of the same structure and length with the same noun or pronoun as the subjects produce monotony. For example: 1)She hurried down to the bank, withdrew all her savings, and gave them to her old mother. Hurrying down to the bank, she withdrew all her savings and gave them to her old mother. 2)When they saw the curtain go up, the audience gasped in surprise and started applauding loudly.Seeing the curtain go up, the audience gasped in surprise and started applauding loudly.Or: The audience saw the curtain go up, gasped in surprise, and started applauding loudly. ----------专专最好文～专专专服专～急所急～供所需档你你你------------- 文下专最佳的地方档