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基于APRIORI算法的关联规则挖掘系统的设计与实现

2017-09-21 50页 doc 269KB 48阅读

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基于APRIORI算法的关联规则挖掘系统的设计与实现基于APRIORI算法的关联规则挖掘系统的设计与实现 毕业设计(论文) 基于Apriori算法的关联规则挖掘系统的设计与实现 论文作者姓名: 申请学位专业: 申请学位类别: 指导教师姓名,职称,: 论文提交日期: 基于Apriori算法的关联规则挖掘系统的设计与实现 摘 要 随着信息时代的发展,信息量呈几何级数增长,人们发现从这些海量信息中获取有用的信息越来越困难,要找出信息背后隐藏的规律更是不可想象。数据挖掘就是从大量数据中获取有用信息的一门新技术,关联规则挖掘是数据挖掘方法中的一种。本文详细论述了基于A...
基于APRIORI算法的关联规则挖掘系统的设计与实现
基于APRIORI算法的关联规则挖掘系统的设计与实现 毕业设计(论文) 基于Apriori算法的关联规则挖掘系统的设计与实现 论文作者姓名: 申请学位专业: 申请学位类别: 指导教师姓名,职称,: 论文提交日期: 基于Apriori算法的关联规则挖掘系统的设计与实现 摘 要 随着信息时代的发展,信息量呈几何级数增长,人们发现从这些海量信息中获取有用的信息越来越困难,要找出信息背后隐藏的规律更是不可想象。数据挖掘就是从大量数据中获取有用信息的一门新技术,关联规则挖掘是数据挖掘中的一种。本文详细论述了基于Apriori算法的关联规则挖掘系统的设计开发过程。系统基于经典的Apriori算法,对事务数据库进行了位图矩阵转换,大大提高了搜索效率,并能分别挖掘频繁项集和关联规则。 论文组织如下:首先介绍了数据挖掘的产生、定义和应用;接着阐述了关联规则挖掘的基本概念;然后对系统的需求进行了,并提出设计;紧接着是系统的具体实现;最后对系统进行了测试,将系统用于挖掘中药方剂库中的药对药组,验证了系统的正确性和实用性。 关键词:数据挖掘;关联规则;Apriori算法 The Design and Implementation of Association Rules Mining System based on Apriori Arithmetic Abstract With the development of the information era, the quantity of information increases in the way of geometric series, and people find that it is more and more difficult to obtain valuable informatin and it is incogitable to find out the rules hiding in the information. Data mining is a new technology to mine valuable informatin from abundant data, and association rules mining is a method of data mining. This paper elaborates on the process of the design and development of association rules mining system based on Apriori . The system is based upon classical Apriori arithmetic, and converts chinese medicine prescriptions database to a bitmap matrix, which greatly enhances the efficiency of search, and can mine frequent items and association rules respectively. The paper is organized as following: Firstly, introduces the generation, definition and application of data mining; Secondly, sets forth the conception of association rules mining; Thirdly, analyzes the demand of the system, and propses the design project and implements the system; Finally, gives a test to mine chinese medicine groups from a chinese medicine prescriptions data, which proves the system valid and applicable. Key words: Data mining; Apriori; Chinese traditional medicine 目录 论文总页数:27页 1引言 ................................................................................................................................................ 2 2数据挖掘概述 ................................................................................................................................ 2 2.1数据挖掘的产生 ................................................................................................................... 2 2.2数据挖掘的定义 ................................................................................................................... 2 2.3 数据挖掘的应用 .................................................................................................................. 53关联规则挖掘 ................................................................................................................................ 5 3.1基本概念 ............................................................................................................................... 5 3.2购物篮分析 ........................................................................................................................... 6 3.3Apriori经典算法 ................................................................................................................... 7 4需求分析和设计方案 .................................................................................................................... 9 4.1需求分析 ............................................................................................................................... 9 4.2设计方案 ............................................................................................................................... 9 5基于Apriori算法的关联规则挖掘系统 .................................................................................... 11 5.1数据挖掘在中药方剂研究中的应用 ................................................................................. 11 5.2基于Apriori算法的关联规则挖掘系统的实现 ............................................................... 12 5.2.1连接数据库 .................................................................................................................... 12 5.2.2位图矩阵的建立 ............................................................................................................ 13 5.2.3频繁项集 ........................................................................................................................ 14 5.2.4关联规则 ........................................................................................................................ 16 6系统测试 ...................................................................................................................................... 20 6.1系统的使用 ......................................................................................................................... 20 6.2对显示数据的解释 ............................................................................................................. 23 6.3分析 ..................................................................................................................................... 24 结 论 ......................................................................................................................................... 25 参考文献 ......................................................................................................................................... 25 致 谢 ......................................................................................................................................... 27 声 明 ......................................................................................................................................... 28 1引言 随着数据库技术的迅速发展以及数据库管理系统的广泛应用,人们积累的数据越来越多。激增的数据背后隐藏着许多重要的信息,人们希望能够对其进行更高层次的分析,以便更好地利用这些数据。目前的数据库系统可以高效地实现数据的录入、查询、统计等功能,但无法发现数据中存在的关系和规则,无法根据现有的数据预测未来的发展趋势。缺乏找出数据背后隐藏的知识的手段,导致了“数据爆炸但知识贫乏”的现象。于是数据挖掘技术应运而生,并显示出强大的生命力。数据挖掘就是从大量的、不完全的、有噪声的、模糊的、随机的数据中,提取隐含在其中的、人们事先不知道的、但又是潜在有用的信息和知识的过程。它使人类分析问和发现知识能力得到了延伸。 2数据挖掘概述 2.1数据挖掘的产生 随着信息时代的发展,信息量呈几何级数增长,然而用于对这些数据进行分析处理的工具却很少,人们拥有了海量的数据的同时却苦于信息的缺乏。而激增的数据背后隐藏着许多重要的信息,人们希望能够对其进行更高层次的分析,以便更好地利用这些数据。目前的数据库系统可以高效地实现数据的录入、查询、统计等功能,但无法发现数据中存在的关系和规则,无法根据现有的数据预测未来的发展趋势。缺乏挖掘数据背后隐藏的知识的手段,导致了“数据爆炸但知识贫乏”的现象。信息爆炸是一把双刃剑:巨量的信息既是最重要的财富,又是最危险的杀手。巨量信息也导致决策与理解危机。面对“人人被数据淹没,人们却饥饿于知识”的挑战,数据挖掘和知识发现技术应运而生,并得以蓬勃发展,越来越显示出其强大的生命力。 数据挖掘是信息技术自然演化的结果。演化过程的见证是数据库业界开发以下功能:数据收集和数据库创建,数据管理(包括数据存储和检索,数据库事务处理),以及数据分析与理解(涉及数据仓库和数据挖掘)。例如,数据收集和数据库创建机制的早期开发已成为稍后数据存储和检索、查询和事务处理有效机制开发的必备基础。随着提供查询和事务处理的大量数据库系统广泛付诸实践,数据分析和理解自然成为下一个目标。 2.2数据挖掘的定义 数据挖掘是从大量数据中提取或“挖掘”知识。具体来说,数据挖掘就是从大量的、不完全的、有噪声的、模糊的、随机的数据中,提取隐含在其中的、人们事先不知道的、但又是潜在有用的信息和知识的过程。 人们把原始数据看作是形成知识的源泉,就像从矿石中采矿一样。原始数据有结构化的,如关系数据库中的数据,也有半结构化的,如文本、图形、图像数 据,甚至是分布在网络上的异构型数据。发现知识的方法可以是数学的,也可以是非数学的;可以是演绎的,也可以是归纳的。发现了的知识可以被用于信息管理、查询优化、决策支持、过程控制等,还可以用于数据自身的维护。因此,数据挖掘是一门很广义的交叉学科,它汇聚了不同领域的研究者,尤其是数据库、人工智能、数理统计、可视化、并行计算等方面的学者和工程技术人员。 数据挖掘使用复杂的统计分析和建模技术来揭示企业数据库中隐藏的模式与关系——而这些模式是有可能被普通的方法所忽略的。数据挖掘从数据的分析入手、帮助决策,能从数据中寻找有价值的规律的技术。同时它也代表一个分析过程,我们具体化为方法学。实际上,数据库中的知识发现是一门交叉性学科,涉及到机器学习、模式识别、统计学、智能数据库、知识获取、数据可视化、高性能计算、专家系统等多个领域。从数据库中发现出来的知识可以用在信息管理、过程控制、科学研究、决策支持等许多方面。 特别要指出的是,数据挖掘技术从一开始就是面向应用的。它不仅是面向特定数据库的简单检索查询调用,而且要对这些数据进行微观、中观乃至宏观的统计、分析、综合和推理,以指导实际问题的求解,企图发现事件间的相互关联,甚至利用已有的数据对未来的活动进行预测。 许多人把数据挖掘视为另一个常用的术语数据库中的知识发现或KDD (knowledge discovery in databases)的同义词。而另一些人只是把数据挖掘视为数据库中知识发现过程的一个基本步骤。知识发现过程如图1所示,由以下步骤组成: 1) 数据清理(消除噪声或不一致数据) 2) 数据集成(多种数据源可以组合在一起) 3) 数据选择(从数据库中检索与分析任务相关的数据) 4) 数据变换(数据变换或统一成适合挖掘的形式,如通过汇总或聚集操作) 5) 数据挖掘(基本步骤,使用智能方法提取数据模式) 6) 模式评估(根据某种兴趣度度量,识别出真正有 趣的模式) 7) 知识表示(使用可视化和知识表示技术,向用户提供挖掘的知识) 图1 知识发现过程 虽然数据挖掘是知识发现过程的一个步骤,然而,在产业界、媒体和数据库研究界,“数据挖掘”比较长的术语“数据库中知识发现”更流行。目前比较公认的定义是Fayyad等给出的:KDD是从数据集中识别出有效的、新颖的、潜在有用的以及最终可理解模式的高级处理过程。这里的高级处理过程是指一个多步骤的处理过程,多步骤之间相互影响、反复调整,形成一种螺旋式的上升过程。而数据挖掘则指的是从存放在数据库、数据仓库或其他信息库中的大量数据中挖掘有趣知识的过程。数据挖掘其实是知识发现的核心部分,而知识发现是在积累了大量数据后,从中识别出有效的、新颖的、潜在的、有用的及最终可以理解的知识,人们利用这些知识改进工作,提高效率和效益。 KDD是一门交叉学科,涉及到人工智能、机器学习、模式识别、统计学、智能数据库、知识获取、数据可视化、专家系统等多个领域。数据挖掘算法的好坏将直接影响到所发现知识的好坏。数据挖掘的任务是从数据中发现模式。 虽然数据挖掘是知识发现过程的一个步骤,然而,在产业界、媒体和数据库研究界,“数据挖掘”比较长的术语“数据库中知识发现”更流行。目前比较公认的定义是Fayyad等给出的:KDD是从数据集中识别出有效的、新颖的、潜在有用的以及最终可理解模式的高级处理过程。这里的高级处理过程是指一个多步骤的处理过程,多步骤之间相互影响、反复调整,形成一种螺旋式的上升过程。而数据挖掘则指的是从存放在数据库、数据仓库或其他信息库中的大量数据中挖掘有趣知识的过程。其实数据挖掘是知识发现的核心部分,而知识发现是在积累了大量数据后,从中识别出有效的、新颖的、潜在的、有用的及最终可以理解的知识,人们利用这些知识改进工作,提高效率和效益。 KDD是一门交叉学科,涉及到人工智能、机器学习、模式识别、统计学、智能数据库、知识获取、数据可视化、专家系统等多个领域。数据挖掘算法的好坏将直接影响到所发现知识的好坏。数据挖掘的任务是从数据中发现模式。 2.3 数据挖掘的应用 数据挖掘可以应用在各个不同的领域。电讯公司和信用卡公司是用数据挖掘检测欺诈行为的先行者。保险公司和证券公司也开始采用数据挖掘来减少欺诈。医疗应用是另一个前景广阔的产业:数据挖掘可以用来预测外科手术、医疗试验和药物治疗的效果。零销商更多的使用数据挖掘来决定每种商品在不同地点的库存,通过数据挖掘更灵活的使用促销和优惠券手段。制药公司通过挖掘巨大的化学物质和基因对疾病的影响的数据库来判断哪些物质可能对治疗某种疾病产生效果。 以下为数据挖掘的一些成功案例:(1)加拿大BC省电话公司要求加拿大Simon Fraser大学KDD研究组根据其拥有的十多年的客户数据,总结、分析并提出新的电话收费和管理办法,制定既有利于公司又有利于客户的优惠政策。(2)美国著名的国家篮球队NBA的教练,利用IBM公司提供的数据挖掘工具临场决定替换队员。大约20个NBA球队使用了IBM公司开发的数据挖掘应用软件Advanced Scout系统来优化他们的战术组合。例如Scout就因为研究了魔术队队员不同的布阵安排,在与迈阿密热队的比赛中找到了获胜的机会。(3)国外使用数据挖掘技术,对西药的新药开发研究也早已利用数据挖掘技术。我国在中药的数据挖掘技术上已步入起步阶段。 3关联规则挖掘 关联规则挖掘发现大量数据中项集之间有趣的关联或相关联系。随着大量数据不停地收集和存储,许多业界人士对于从他们的数据库中挖掘关联规则越来越感兴趣。从大量商务事务记录中发现有趣的关联关系,可以帮助许多商务决策的制定,如分类设计、交叉购物和促销分析。 关联规则挖掘的一个典型例子是购物篮分析。该过程通过发现顾客放入其购物篮中不同商品之间的联系,分析顾客的购买习惯。通过了解哪些商品频繁地被顾客同时购买,这种关联的发现可以帮助零售商制定营销策略。例如,如果顾客购买牛奶的同时也购买面包(和什么类型的面包)的可能性有多大,通过帮助零售商有选择地经销和安排货架,这种信息可以引导销售。例如,将牛奶和面包尽可能放近一些,可以进一步刺激一次去商店同时购买这些商品。 3.1基本概念 设I={i1,i2,…,im}是项的集合。设任务相关的数据D是数据库事务的集合,其中每个事务T是项的集合,使得T,I。每个事务有一个标示符,称作TID。设A是一个项集,事务T包含A当且仅当 A,T。关联规则是形如A,B的蕴涵式, ,,其中AI,BI,并且A?B=,。如果D中有s%的事务包含A?B,则称关联规则A,B在事务数据库D中具有大小为s%的支持度,它是概率P(A?B)。如 果D中包含项目集A的事务中有c%的事务同时也包含项目集B,则称规则A,B在事务数据库D中具有大小为c%的置信度,它是条件概率P(B|A)。即: support(A,B)= P(A?B) confidence(A,B)=P(B|A) 如果不考虑关联规则的支持度和置信度,在事务数据库中可以发现无穷多的规则。事实上,满足一定的支持度和置信度的关联规则才是有意义的。因此,需要给定两个阈值:最小支持度(min_sup)和最小置信度(min_conf)。同时满足最小支持度阈值和最小置信度阈值的规则称作强规则。为方便计,我们用0%和100%之间的值而不是用0到1之间的值表示支持度和置信度。 项的集合称为项集(itemset)。包含k个项的项集称为k-项集。项集的出现频率是包含项集的事务数,简称为项集的支持计数。如果项集满足最小支持度,则称它为频繁项集(frequent itemset)。频繁k-项集的集合通常记作Lk。 3.2购物篮分析 先看看购物篮分析,这是一个引发关联规则挖掘的典型例子。 例1 超市的经理想了解顾客的购物习惯。例如,想知道“哪些商品组合常常被顾客同时购买,”为回答这一问题,可以在超市的事务数据库上运行购物篮分析。分析结果可以帮助超市经理设计不同的商品布局。一种策略是:将经常一块购买的商品放近一些,以便进一步刺激这些商品一起销售。例如,如果顾客购买牛奶也倾向于同时购买面包,那么将牛奶和面包摆放得近一点,可能有助于增加二者的销售。另一种策略是:将牛奶和面包分别放在超市的进、出口,可能诱发买这些商品的顾客一路挑选其他商品。例如,顾客在买了牛奶之后,去找面包,路上看到水果,可能会决定也买一些水果。购物篮分析也可以帮助超市规划什么商品降价出售。如果顾客趋向于同时购买数字彩电和DVD机,数字彩电降价出售可能既促使购买数字彩电,又促使购买DVD机。 想象全域是超市中可利用的商品的集合,则每种商品有一个布尔变量,表示该商品的有无。每个篮子则可用一个布尔向量表示。可以分析布尔向量,得到反映商品频繁关联或同时购买的购买模式。这些模式可以用关联规则的形式表示。例如,购买牛奶也趋向于同时购买面包可以用以下关联规则表示: 牛奶,面包 [support= 2% ,confidence= 60% ] 规则的支持度和置信度是两个规则兴趣度度量,它们分别反映发现规则的有用性和确定性。上一条关联规则的支持度2%意味分析中的全部事务的 2%同时购买牛奶和面包。置信度60%意味购买牛奶的顾客60%也购买面包。如果关联规则满足最小支持度阈值和最小置信度阈值,则被认为是有趣的。这些阈值可以由用户或领域专家设定。 3.3Apriori经典算法 下面介绍形式最简单的关联规则挖掘方法。这种关联规则是单维、单层、布尔关联规则,如前面讨论的购物篮分析。 关联规则的挖掘分两步: 1) 找出所有频繁项集:根据定义,这些项集出现的频繁性至少和预定义的最小支持计数一样。 2) 由频繁项集产生强关联规则:根据定义,这些规则必须满足最小支持度和最小置信度。 也可以使用附加的兴趣度度量。这两步中,第二步最容易。挖掘关联规则的总体性能由第一步决定。 Apriori算法是一种最有影响的挖掘布尔关联规则频繁项集的算法。算法的名字基于频繁项集性质的先验知识,正如我们将看到的。Apriori使用逐层搜索的迭代方法,k-项集用于探索(k+1)-项集。首先,找出频繁1-项集的集合。该集合记作L1。L1用于找频繁2-项集的集合L2,而L2用于找L3,如此下去,直到不能找到频繁 k-项集。找每个Lk需要一次数据库扫描。 为提高频繁项集逐层产生的效率,一种称作Apriori性质的重要性质用于压缩搜索空间。我们先介绍该性质,然后用一个例子解释它的使用。 Apriori性质:频繁项集的所有非空子集都必须也是频繁的。Apriori性质基于如下观察:根据定义,如果项集I不满足最小支持度阈值min_sup,则I不是频繁的,即P(I)规范
、不标准,这对方药数据库结构和通用性产生了致命影响,高质量的数据处理不可能实现。现有中药复方的相关数据库几乎都是信息查询类型的,尚没有以中药复方为对象,数据规范、标准、结构合理、系统化程度较高的分析型中药复方数据库。中药复方数据的分析处理中传统数理统计方法仍占优势,人们开始讨论新技术方法的运用,但这又涉及到这些方法与中药复方数据特点及中医用药思路的匹配问题。 5.2基于Apriori算法的关联规则挖掘系统的实现 5.2.1连接数据库 本设计使用的后台数据库为SQL2000,用到的数据表为药物表和方剂表。连接数据库的代码如下: Class.forName("com.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver"); //建立JDBC-ODBC桥接器 ConnectiondbConn=DriverManager.getConnection(dbURL,userName, userPwd); //连接到数据库,提供相应的用户名、密码 Statement stmt= dbConn.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE, ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE); //用dbConn连接创建SQL语句对象 5.2.2位图矩阵的建立 位图矩阵的建立是在查询数据库中数据的基础上产生的。在查询数据库得到 的位图矩阵中,行表示方剂,列表示此数据库中的药物,矩阵中的数据项由1 和0表示,假如R[i,j] = 1(R表示位图矩阵,i表示横坐标,j表示纵坐标), 表示第i个方剂中含有第j位对应的药物。 ResultSet rsName = stmt.executeQuery(queryName);i=0; while(rsName.next()){ if(i<405) {drugName[i] = rsName.getString("药名"); } i++;} ResultSet rsId = stmt.executeQuery(queryId);i=0; while(rsId.next()){ fangjiId[i++] = rsId.getString("方编号");//把方编号存入数组} for(int i = 0; i<1060;i++) {for(int j = 0 ;j<405;j++) {matrix[i][j] = '0';} } for(int i=0;i<1060;i++) {String queryName1 = "select 药名 from 药物表 where 方编号 ="+fangjiId[i]+" group by 药名 order by 药名"; //找出一种方剂的药物 ResultSet rsName1 = stmt.executeQuery(queryName1);l=0; while(rsName1.next()) { //把每次查找出的一种方剂的一种药名存放在临时数组'temp'中. temp[l] = rsName1.getString("药名");l++;} for( int k=0;k=Percent_G){ Per_t = Per_t*100; String Per_s = String.valueOf(Per_t); Per_s = Per_s.substring(0,Per_s.indexOf(".")); if(TowItem[0]==OneItem[0]){ Two_G+= drugName[TowItem[1]]+"=>"+drugName[TowItem[0]]+"="+Per_s+"% ; ";} else{ Two_G+= drugName[TowItem[0]]+"=>"+drugName[TowItem[1]]+"="+Per_s+"% ; ";} }}}} return Two_G;} 同样的,找3项集的关联规则与2项集一样,所以不再描述。值得一提的是: 在找关联规则时,我们都调用了两个类的方法,一个是public class Terms,主要 实现的是按照需求的频繁项集个数去组合构成一个数组,比如频繁2项集,那么 它就两两组合构成一个数组。 public class Terms {private String Item_Str = ""; private String Items_Str = "0,0,0"; int x =0; private int NumberArray[]; private int Number; private int Item[]; private int Items[][]; private int TempNumber; private int ItemCount; private int tCount=0; public Terms() { } public Terms(int tNumberArray[],int iNumber) {Different diff = new Different(tNumberArray); int iNumberArray[] = diff.GetDifferentNumbes(); NumberArray = iNumberArray; Number = iNumber; TempNumber = iNumber+1; Item =new int[Number]; for(int i= 0 ;iNumber ;i--) {tItemCount *=i;} for(int j = 2;j<=NumberArray.length - Number ;j++) {t*=j;} tItemCount = tItemCount/t; return tItemCount; } private void GetTermArray(int tNumber) {int t = TempNumber; int aNumber = tNumber; aNumber--; if (aNumber == 0) {for (int i = 0; i < Number; i++) {if (i == 0) {Item_Str = String.valueOf(Item[i]); } else {Item_Str +="," + String.valueOf(Item[i]); } } Items_Str += ":" + Item_Str; aNumber = t; return;} Item[Number - aNumber] = 0; for (int i = 0; i < NumberArray.length; i++) {for (int j = 0; j < Number; j++) {if (Item[j] < NumberArray[i]) {if (j == Number - aNumber) {Item[Number - aNumber] = NumberArray[i]; GetTermArray(aNumber);} } else {break;} } } } public String GetTerm() { GetTermArray(TempNumber); return Items_Str; } public int[][] GetTerms() {String sTems = GetTerm(); String sItems[] = sTems.split(":"); int rCount = sItems.length-1; int iItems[][] = new int[rCount][Number]; for(int i= 1 ;i tNumbers[j]) {int t = tNumbers[i]; tNumbers[i] = tNumbers[j]; tNumbers[j] = t;} } } return tNumbers; } } 6系统测试 6.1系统的使用 使用该系统时,操作步骤如下: (1)打开该系统,如图所示: 图4 系统启动界面 (2)选择“数据挖掘”菜单下的“关联规则挖掘”。如图所示: 图5 关联数据挖掘初始界面 (3)在对话框中设置最小支持度,最小置信度,项数。在项数中如果设置为1,单击Apriori关联算法,那么就能找到频繁1-项集。如图所示: 图6 频繁1项集 如果在项数中设置为2(最小项数不能小于2),单击Apriori关联算法,那么就能找到频繁2-项集。如图所示: 图7 频繁2项集 如果单击关联规则,那么可以找到2味药的药组,如图所示: 图8 2项集的关联规则 图9 3项集的关联规则 6.2对显示数据的解释 单击“Apriori关联算法”按扭产生的数据,比如:69人参+生姜:76中,69表示编号,中间的“人参+生姜”表示找到的匹配的药组,最后面的“76”表 示它们的支持度计数。单击“关联规则”按扭产生的数据,比如:人参=>白术=60%,表示人参和白术为找到的关联,它们的置信度为60%。又如:人参=>白术+木香:73%,表示在频繁3项集中{人参,白术,木香},白术,木香同时存在的情况下人参出现的概率为73%。 6.3分析 (1)我们提出用位图矩阵对方剂库进行数字化表示可以增强运算速度,提高挖掘所用时间,为了验证我们提出的理论,我们把本系统与成都中医药大学和西南交通大学开发的中药复分析系统TCDMiner在挖掘药对药组方面进行比较,所用的方剂库同为脾胃方库,系统测试在同一台计算机上,做出5次的支持度调整,即挖掘出5次结果,并记录每次挖掘所用时间。实验结果如表所示(表中的min_sup表示最小支持度),最大项数为2。 表1 系统实验数据对照 第1次耗时(min_sup=10%) 25 s 12 s 第2次耗时(min_sup=7%) 25 s 11.5 s 脾第3次耗时(min_sup=5%) 28 s 13 s 胃 方第4次耗时(min_sup=4%) 28 s 12 s 库 第5次耗时(min_sup=3%) 32 s 14 s 5次总耗时 138 s 62.5 s 实验证明使用位图可以大大提高挖掘速度。 (2)当我们把最小支持度和最大项数分别设为5%和2,最小置信度设为50%,60%,70%时,能观察到输出的数据关联越来越少。如图所示: 最小置信度为50%已在上面显示,此图为置信度60%: 图10 置信度比较 实验说明我们在挖掘的时候必须考虑置信度,因为它使我们挖掘出来的数据更有 意义。 (3)我们找到的规则是不是真正意义上的药对药组呢,这需要使用中医理论来对找到的规则进行论证,或者实验分析、临床验证。比如我们上面找到了白术和茯苓的组合,实际上在中医中,白术和茯苓组成茯苓汤主治脾虚不运,痰饮内停,水湿为患之症;张元素在《医学启源》中以茯苓,白术为君药治疗水泻。这就证明了白术和茯苓是真正意义的药对。 结 论 数据挖掘帮助人们从大量的数据信息中发现隐含的知识、规律和行为模式,对人们的决策和行为进行指导。中国传统医学经过几千年的发展,积累了大量的方剂,要从这成千上万的方剂中找出有价值的信息、规律,就必须利用数据挖掘技术。同时,中医药的特殊性又为数据挖掘技术提出了新的问题,并促进其发展。本文利用Apriori数据关联算法,开发了中药药对药组挖掘系统,并通过实验证明该系统能够高效地找到药对药组。 通过本学期几个月的设计和开发,基于Apriori算法的挖掘系统基本开发完毕。其功能基本符合需求,能够完成根据用户输入的参数,完成数据挖掘功能。但是,由于做此毕业设计的时间较短,因此,该系统还有很多地方存在不足,例如在系统进行数据挖掘过程中,运算的时间过长,给用户的使用带来不够人性化;对毕业设计和论文的具体步骤和相关信息的考察还不能够尽如人意;在系统界面和风格方面太过于普通,不够美观,而且用户的操作的内容不够详细丰富等问题。这些都还有待进一步的完善。 通过对本次毕业设计的相关内容的学习和设计内容的实现,使得作者对程序的编写有了很大的进步,也同时意识到在编写程序前的需求分析才是最重要的,只有当需求分析做得很充分时,我们的编码才会进展顺利,如果没做好需求分析,那么我们在编写程序的时候会很盲目,很费时。 参考文献 [1] Jiawei Han,Micheline Kamber.数据挖掘概念与技术[M].范明,孟小峰等译.北京:机械工业出版社,2001。 [2] 王阶,衷敬柏.方剂配伍理论历史发展与研究思考[J].中医杂志,2001,42(8):42-46。 [3] 张跃华.试论方剂的组方原则[J].陕西中医,2002,23(4):12-17。 [4] 樊巧玲,李飞.关于方剂学研究中若干问题的思考[J].南京中医药大学学报(自然科学版),2000,16(1):21-24。 [5] 李力.数据挖掘方法研究及其在中药复方配伍分析中的应用[D].成都:西南交通大学研 究生处,2003。 [6] 李天瑞.数据库中关联规则研究[D].成都:西南交通大学研究生处,2001。 [7] 耿详义,跃平.JAVA 2实用教程(第二版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005。 [8] 张晓东.JAVA数据库高级教程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005。 致 谢 本文是在李文涛老师和曾令明老师的热情关心和指导下完成的,他们渊博的知识和严谨的治学作风使我受益匪浅,对顺利完成本课题起到了极大的作用。在此向他们表示我最衷心的感谢~ 在论文完成过程中,本人还得到了吴春旺老师和夏青荣同学的热心帮助,本人向他们表示深深的谢意~ 最后向在百忙之中评审本文的各位专家、老师表示衷心的感谢~ 作者简介: 姓 名:殷俊 性别:男 出生年月:1985年1月 民族:汉 E-mail:june.yin@163.com 声 明 本论文的工作是2007年2月至2007年6月在成都信息工程学院网络工程系完成的。文中除了特别加以标注地方外,不包含他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果,也不包含为获得成都信息工程学院或其他教学机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。除非另有说明,本文的工作是原始性工作。 关于学位论文使用权和研究成果知识产权的说明: 本人完全了解成都信息工程学院有关保管使用学位论文的规定,其中包括: (1)学校有权保管并向有关部门递交学位论文的原件与复印件。 (2)学校可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制方式保存学位论文。 (3)学校可以学术交流为目的复制、赠送和交换学位论文。 (4)学校可允许学位论文被查阅或借阅。 (5)学校可以公布学位论文的全部或部分内容(保密学位论文在解密后遵守此规定)。 除非另有科研合同和其他法律文书的制约,本论文的科研成果属于成都信息工程学院。 特此声明~ 作者签名: 2007年06月 日 veother case beincurable. If any one convict in a court of law a stranger or aslave of a theft of public property, let the court determine whatpunishment he shall suffer, or what penalty he shall pay, bearing inmind that he is probably not incurable. But the citizen who has beenbrought up as our citizens will have been, if he be found guilty ofrobbing his country by fraud sold anyadulterated goods, in addition to losing the goods themselves, shallbe beaten with stripes-a stripe for a drachma, according to theprice of the goods; and the herald shall proclaim in the agora theoffence for which he is going to be beaten. The warden of the agoraand the guardians of the law shall obtain information from experiencedpersons about the rogueries and adulterations of the sellers, andshall write up what the seller ought and ought not to do in each case;and let them inscribe their laws on a column in front of the courtof the wardens of the agora, that they may be clear instructors ofthose who have business in the agora. Enough has been said in what haspreceded about the wardens of the city, and if anything seems to bewanting, let them communicate with the guardians of the law, and writedown the omission, and place on a column in the court of the wardensof the city the primary and secondary regulations which are laiddown for them about their office. After the practices of adulteration naturally follow the practicesof retail trade. Concerning these, we will first of all give a word ofcounsel and reason, and the law shall come afterwards. Retail trade ina city is not by nature intended to do any harm, but quite thecontrary; for is not he a benefactor who reduces the inequalitiesand incommensurabilities of goods to equality and common measure?And this is what the power of money accomplishes, and the merchant maybe said to be appointed for this purpose. The hireling and thetavern-keeper, and many other occupations, some of them more andothers less seemly-alike have this object;-they seek to satisfy ourneeds and equalize our possessions. Let us then endeavour to seewhat has brought retail trade into ill-odour, and wherein, lies thedishonour and unseemliness of it, in order that if not entirely, wemay yet partially, cure the evil by legislation. To effect this isno easy matter, and requires a great deal of virtue. Cleinias. What do you mean? Athenian Stranger. Dear Cleinias, the class of men is small-theymust have been rarely gifted by nature, and trained byeducation-who, when assailed by wants and desires, are able to holdout and observe moderation, and when they might make a great deal ofmoney are sober in their wishes, and prefer a moderate to a largegain. But the mass of mankind are the very opposite: their desires areunbounded, and when they might gain in moderation they prefer gainswithout limit; wherefore all that relates to retail trade, andmerchandise, and the keeping of taverns, is denounced and numberedamong dishonourable things. For if what I trust may never be andwill not be, we were to compel, if I may venture to say a ridiculousthing, the best men everywhere to keep taverns for a time, or carry onretail trade, or do anything of that sort; or if, in consequence ofsome fate or necessity, the best women were compelled to followsimilar callings, then we should know how agreeable and pleasant allthese things are; and if all such occupations were managed onincorrupt principles, they would be honoured as we honour a motheror a nurse. But now that a man goes to desert places and builds bouseswhich can only be reached be long journeys, for the sake of retailtrade, and receives strangers who are in need at the welcomeresting-place, and gives them peace and calm when they are tossed bythe storm, or cool shade in the heat; and then instead of behavingto them as friends, and showing the duties of hospitality to hisguests, treats them as enemies and captives who are at his mercy,and will not release them until they have paid the most unjust,abominable, and extortionate ransom-these are the sort of practices,and foul evils they are, which cast a reproach upon the succour ofadversity. And the legislator ought always to be devising a remedy forevils of this nature. There is an ancient saying, which is also a trueone-"To fight against two opponents is a difficult thing," as isseen in diseases and in many other cases. And in this case also thewar is against two enemies-wealth and poverty; one of whom corruptsthe soul of man with luxury, while the other drives him by pain intoutter shamelessness. What remedy can a city of sense find against thisdisease? In the first place, they must have as few retail traders aspossible; and in the second place, they must assign the occupationto that class of men whose corruption will be the least injury tothe state; and in the third place, they must devise some way wherebythe followers of these occupations themselves will not readily fallinto habits of unbridled shamelessness and meanness. After this preface let our law run as follows, and may fortunefavour us:-No landowner among the Magnetes, whose city the God isrestoring and resettling-no one, that is, of the 5040 families,shall become a retail trader either voluntarily or involuntarily;neither shall he be a merchant, or do any service for privatepersons unless they equally serve him, except for his father or hismother, and their fathers and mothers; and in general for his elderswho are freemen, and whom he serves as a freeman. Now it isdifficult to determine accurately the things which are worthy orunworthy of a freeman, but let those who have obtained the prize ofvirtue give judgment about them in accordance with their feelings ofright and wrong. He who in any way shares in the illiberality ofretail trades may be indicted for dishonouring his race by any one wholikes, before those who have been judged to be the first in virtue;and if he appear to throw dirt upon his father's house by anunworthy occupation, let him be imprisoned for a year and abstain fromthat sort of thing; and if he repeat the offence, for two years; andevery time that he is convicted let the length of his imprisonmentbe doubled. This shall be the second law:-He who engages in retailtrade must be either a metic or a stranger. And a third law shallbe:-In order that the retail trader who dwells in our city may be asgood or as little bad as possible, the guardians of the law shallremember that they are not only guardians of those who may be easilywatched and prevented from becoming lawless or bad, because they arewellborn and bred; but still more should they have a watch overthose who are of another sort, and follow pursuits which have a verystrong tendency to make men bad. And, therefore, in respect of themultifarious occupations of retail trade, that is to say, in respectof such of them as are allowed to remain, because they seem to bequite necessary in a state-about these the guardians of the law shouldmeet and take counsel with those who have experience of the severalkinds of retail trade, as we before commanded, concerning adulteration(which is a matter akin to this), and when they meet they shallconsider what amount of receipts, after deducting expenses, willproduce a moderate gain to the retail trades, and they shall fix inwriting and strictly maintain what they find to be the rightpercentage of profit; this shall be seen to by the wardens of theagora, and by the wardens of the city, and by the wardens of thecountry. And so retail trade will benefit every one, and do theleast possible injury to those in the state who practise it. When a man makes an agreement which he does not fulfil, unless theagreement be of a nature which the law or a vote of the assemblydoes not allow, or which he has made under the influence of someunjust compulsion, or which he is prevented from fulfilling againsthis will by some unexpected chance, the other party may go to law withhim in the courts of the tribes, for not having completed hisagreement, if the parties are not able previously to come to termsbefore arbiters or before their neighbours. The class of craftsmen whohave furnished human life with the arts is dedicated to Hephaestus andAthene; and there is a class of craftsmen who preserve the works ofall craftsmen by arts of defence, the votaries of Ares and Athene,to which divinities they too are rightly dedicated. All these continuethrough life serving the country and the people; some of them areleaders in battle; others make for hire implements and works, and theyought not to deceive in such matters, out of respect to the Gods whoare their ancestors. If any craftsman through indolence omit toexecute his work in a given time, not reverencing the God who giveshim the means of life, but considering, foolish fellow, that he is hisown God and will let him off easily, in the first place, he shallsuffer at the hands of the God, and in the second place, the law shallfollow in a similar spirit. He shall owe to him who contracted withhim the price of the works which he has failed in performing, and heshall begin again and execute them gratis in the given time. When aman undertakes a work, the law gives him the same advice which wasgiven to the seller, that he should not attempt to raise the price,but simply ask the value; this the law enjoins also on the contractor;for the craftsman assuredly knows the value of his work. Wherefore, infree states the man of art ought not to attempt to impose upon privateindividuals by the help of his art, which is by nature a true thing;and he who is wronged in a matter of this sort, shall have a rightof action against the party who has wronged him. And if any one letsout work to a craftsman, and does not pay him duly according to thelawful agreement, disregarding Zeus the guardian of the city andAthene, who are the partners of the state, and overthrows thefoundations of society for the sake of a little gain, in his caselet the law and the Gods maintain the common bonds of the state. Andlet him who, having already received the work in exchange, does notpay the price in the time agreed, pay double the price; and if ayear has elapsed, although interest is not to be taken on loans, yetfor every drachma which he owes to the contractor let him pay amonthly interest of an obol. Suits about these matters are to bedecided by the courts of the tribes; and by the way, since we havementioned craftsmen at all, we must not forget the other craft of war,in which generals and tacticians are the craftsmen, who undertakevoluntarily the work of our safety, as other craftsmen undertake otherpublic works;-if they execute their work well the law will nevertire of praising him who gives them those honours which are the justrewards of the soldier; but if any one, having already received thebenefit of any noble service in war, does not make the due return ofhonour, the law will blame him. Let this then be the law, having aningredient of praise, not compelling but advising the great body ofthe citizens to honour the brave men who are the saviours of the wholestate, whether by their courage or by their military skill;-theyshould honour them, I say, in the second place; for the first andhighest tribute of respect is to be given to those who are ableabove other men to honour the words of good legislators. The greater part of the dealings between man and man have been nowregulated by us with the exception of those that relate to orphans andthe supervision of orphans by their guardians. These follow next inorder, and must be regulated in some way. But to arrive at them wemust begin with the testamentary wishes of the dying and the case ofthose who may have happened to die intestate. When I said, Cleinias,that we must regulate them, I had in my mind the difficulty andperplexity in which all such matters are involved. You cannot leavethem unregulated, for individuals would make regulations at variancewith one another, and repugnant to the laws and habits of the livingand to their own previous habits, if a person were simply allowed tomake any will which he pleased, and this were to take effect inwhatever state he may have been at the end of his life; for most of uslose our senses in a manner, and feel crushed when we think that weare about to die. Cle. What do you mean, Stranger? Ath. O Cleinias, a man when he is about to die is an intractablecreature, and is apt to use language which causes a great deal ofanxiety and trouble to the legislator. Cle. In what way? Ath. He wants to have the entire control of all his property, andwill use angry words. Cle. Such as what? Ath. O ye Gods, he will say, how monstrous that I am not allowedto give, or not to give my own to whom I will-less to him who has beenbad to me, and more to him who has been good to me, and whosebadness and goodness have been tested by me in time of sickness orin old age and in every other sort of fortune! Cle. Well Stranger, and may he not very fairly say so? Ath. In my opinion, Cleinias, the ancient legislators were toogood-natured, and made laws without sufficient observation orconsideration of human things. Cle. What do you mean? Ath. I mean, my friend that they were afraid of the testator'sreproaches, and so they passed a law to the effect that a man shouldbe allowed to dispose of his property in all respects as he liked; butyou and I, if I am not mistaken, will have something better to sayto our departing citizens. Cle. What? Ath. O my friends, we will say to them, hard is it for you, whoare creatures of a day, to know what is yours-hard too, as the Delphicoracle says, to know yourselves at this hour. Now I, as thelegislator, regard you and your possessions, not as belonging toyourselves, but as belonging to your whole family, both past andfuture, and yet more do regard both family and possessions asbelonging to the state; wherefore, if some one steals upon you withflattery, when you are tossed on the sea of disease or old age, andpersuades you to dispose of your p Chapter III of Volume III (Chap. 45) CONVINCED as Elizabeth now was that Miss Bingley's dislike of her had originated in jealousy, she could not help feeling how very unwelcome her appearance at Pemberley must be to her, and was curious to know with how much civility on that lady's side the acquaintance would now be renewed. On reaching the house, they were shewn through the hall into the saloon, whose northern aspect rendered it delightful for summer. Its windows, opening to the ground, admitted a most refreshing view of the high woody hills behind the house, and of the beautiful oaks and Spanish chesnuts which were scattered over the intermediate lawn. In this room they were received by Miss Darcy, who was sitting there with Mrs. Hurst and Miss Bingley, and the lady with whom she lived in London. Georgiana's reception of them was very civil; but attended with all that embarrassment which, though proceeding from shyness and the fear of doing wrong, would easily give to those who felt themselves inferior the belief of her being proud and reserved. Mrs. Gardiner and her niece, however, did her justice, and pitied her. By Mrs. Hurst and Miss Bingley, they were noticed only by a curtsey; and on their being seated, a pause, awkward as such pauses must always be, succeeded for a few moments. It was first broken by Mrs. Annesley, a genteel, agreeable looking woman, whose endeavour to introduce some kind of discourse proved her to be more truly well bred than either of the others; and between her and Mrs. Gardiner, with occasional help from Elizabeth, the conversation was carried on. Miss Darcy looked as if she wished for courage enough to join in it; and sometimes did venture a short sentence, when there was least danger of its being heard. Elizabeth soon saw that she was herself closely watched by Miss Bingley, and that she could not speak a word, especially to Miss Darcy, without calling her attention. This observation would not have prevented her from trying to talk to the latter, had they not been seated at an inconvenient distance; but she was not sorry to be spared the necessity of saying much. Her own thoughts were employing her. She expected every moment that some of the gentlemen would enter the room. She wished, she feared, that the master of the house might be amongst them; and whether she wished or feared it most, she could scarcely determine. After sitting in this manner a quarter of an hour without hearing Miss Bingley's voice, Elizabeth was roused by receiving from her a cold enquiry after the health of her family. She answered with equal indifference and brevity, and the other said no more. The next variation which their visit afforded was produced by the entrance of servants with cold meat, cake, and a variety of all the finest fruits in season; but this did not take place till after many a significant look and smile from Mrs. Annesley to Miss Darcy had been given, to remind her of her post. There was now employment for the whole party; for though they could not all talk, they could all eat; and the beautiful pyramids of grapes, nectarines, and peaches soon collected them round the table. While thus engaged, Elizabeth had a fair opportunity of deciding whether she most feared or wished for the appearance of Mr. Darcy, by the feelings which prevailed on his entering the room; and then, though but a moment before she had believed her wishes to predominate, she began to regret that he came. He had been some time with Mr. Gardiner, who, with two or three other gentlemen from the house, was engaged by the river, and had left him only on learning that the ladies of the family intended a visit to Georgiana that morning. No sooner did he appear, than Elizabeth wisely resolved to be perfectly easy and unembarrassed; -- a resolution the more necessary to be made, but perhaps not the more easily kept, because she saw that the suspicions of the whole party were awakened against them, and that there was scarcely an eye which did not watch his behaviour when he first came into the room. In no countenance was attentive curiosity so strongly marked as in Miss Bingley's, in spite of the smiles which overspread her face whenever she spoke to one of its objects; for jealousy had not yet made her desperate, and her attentions to Mr. Darcy were by no means over. Miss Darcy, on her brother's entrance, exerted herself much more to talk; and Elizabeth saw that he was anxious for his sister and herself to get acquainted, and forwarded, as much as possible, every attempt at conversation on either side. Miss Bingley saw all this likewise; and, in the imprudence of anger, took the first opportunity of saying, with sneering civility, ``Pray, Miss Eliza, are not the ----shire militia removed from Meryton? They must be a great loss to your family.'' In Darcy's presence she dared not mention Wickham's name; but Elizabeth instantly comprehended that he was uppermost in her thoughts; and the various recollections connected with him gave her a moment's distress; but, exerting herself vigorously to repel the ill-natured attack, she presently answered the question in a tolerably disengaged tone. While she spoke, an involuntary glance shewed her Darcy with an heightened complexion, earnestly looking at her, and his sister overcome with confusion and unable to lift up her eyes. Had Miss Bingley known what pain she was then giving her beloved friend, she undoubtedly would have refrained from the hint; but she had merely intended to discompose Elizabeth, by bringing forward the idea of a man to whom she believed her partial, to make her betray a sensibility which might injure her in Darcy's opinion, and perhaps to remind the latter of all the follies and absurdities by which some part of her family were connected with that corps. Not a syllable had ever reached her of Miss Darcy's meditated elopement. To no creature had it been revealed, where secrecy was possible, except to Elizabeth; and from all Bingley's connections her brother was particularly anxious to conceal it, from that very wish which Elizabeth had long ago attributed to him, of their becoming hereafter her own. He had certainly formed such a plan, and without meaning that it should affect his endeavour to separate him from Miss Bennet, it is probable that it might add something to his lively concern for the welfare of his friend. Elizabeth's collected behaviour, however, soon quieted his emotion; and as Miss Bingley, vexed and disappointed, dared not approach nearer to Wickham, Georgiana also recovered in time, though not enough to be able to speak any more. Her brother, whose eye she feared to meet, scarcely recollected her interest in the affair, and the very circumstance which had been designed to turn his thoughts from Elizabeth, seemed to have fixed them on her more, and more cheerfully. Their visit did not continue long after the question and answer above-mentioned; and while Mr. Darcy was attending them to their carriage, Miss Bingley was venting her feelings in criticisms on Elizabeth's person, behaviour, and dress. But Georgiana would not join her. Her brother's recommendation was enough to ensure her favour: his judgment could not err, and he had spoken in such terms of Elizabeth as to leave Georgiana without the power of finding her otherwise than lovely and amiable. When Darcy returned to the saloon, Miss Bingley could not help repeating to him some part of what she had been saying to his sister. ``How very ill Eliza Bennet looks this morning, Mr. Darcy,'' she cried; ``I never in my life saw any one so much altered as she is since the winter. She is grown so brown and coarse! Louisa and I were agreeing that we should not have known her again.'' However little Mr. Darcy might have liked such an address, he contented himself with coolly replying that he perceived no other alteration than her being rather tanned -- no miraculous consequence of travelling in the summer. ``For my own part,'' she rejoined, ``I must confess that I never could see any beauty in her. Her face is too thin; her complexion has no brilliancy; and her features are not at all handsome. Her nose wants character; there is nothing marked in its lines. Her teeth are tolerable, but not out of the common way; and as for her eyes, which have sometimes been called so fine, I never could perceive any thing extraordinary in them. They have a sharp, shrewish look, which I do not like at all; and in her air altogether, there is a self-sufficiency without fashion which is intolerable.'' Persuaded as Miss Bingley was that Darcy admired Elizabeth, this was not the best method of recommending herself; but angry people are not always wise; and in seeing him at last look somewhat nettled, she had all the success she expected. He was resolutely silent however; and, from a determination of making him speak she continued, ``I remember, when we first knew her in Hertfordshire, how amazed we all were to find that she was a reputed beauty; and I particularly recollect your saying one night, after they had been dining at Netherfield, "She a beauty! -- I should as soon call her mother a wit." But afterwards she seemed to improve on you, and I believe you thought her rather pretty at one time.'' ``Yes,'' replied Darcy, who could contain himself no longer, ``but that was only when I first knew her, for it is many months since I have considered her as one of the handsomest women of my acquaintance.'' He then went away, and Miss Bingley was left to all the satisfaction of having forced him to say what gave no one any pain but herself. Mrs. Gardiner and Elizabeth talked of all that had occurred during their visit, as they returned, except what had particularly interested them both. The looks and behaviour of every body they had seen weror bring back a false message from the city to whichhe is sent, or be proved to have brought back, whether from friends orenemies, in his capacity of herald or ambassador, what they have neversaid, let him be indicted for having violated, contrary to the law,the commands and duties imposed upon him by Hermes and Zeus, and letthere be a penalty fixed, which he shall suffer or pay if he beconvicted. Theft is a mean, and robber
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