国际商务英语学习资料

国际商务学习 1. Economics: economics is defined as the study of the alternative ways mankind chooses to use scarce but productive resources to produce goods and services to satisfy wants. 2. Macro-economics: macro-economics is the study methods that start by examine total national income, total production, total demand, total savings and total investment. Macro-questions are concerned with the behavior of the economy as a whole. 3. Micro-economics: micro-economics is the method that studies the economic motives and actions of individual persons, of individual firms, of individual industries. 4. Production: production means all those activities of mankind that have to do with the creation of wealth , i.e. , with making raw materials useful so that to satisfy human wants. 5. Capital: capital refers to man-made resources that are used to produce other goods and services. 6. Labor: labor is the human part-the service given by people in the process of production. 7. Land: land, which includes natural resources, is the non-human non-man-made part of resources. 8. The entrepreneur or enterpriser, who organizes the forces of production and take the risks. They play an important role in the process of production to predict accurately the economic demand for goods and to produce the kind and quantity of goods that will meet that demand. 9. Price: price is often said to be the amount of money people must have to get something desired. We take price as a formal ratio indicating the quantities of money needed to acquire a given quantity of goods or services. 10. Foreign trade: the exchange of goods between nations 11. Political risk: political risk, for example, relate to such varied factor as treaties, war, import quotas, and foreign exchange restriction. 12. Comparative advantage: some countries can produce certain products at lower cost than other countries, thus it would be cheaper for the other countries to import those products instead of manufacturing them by themselves. 13. Exporting: as the simplest way to enter international business, it means selling domestic goods toe foreign country. ( It requires the lowest level of resources and involvement in the international business. ) 14. Licensing agreement: in a licensing agreement, one firm (the licenser) agrees to allow another firm (the licensee) to sell the licenser’s product and use its brand name. In return the licensee pays the licenser a commission or royalty. 15. Joint ventures: in the case of joint venture, there exists a partnership between domestic firm and a foreign firm. Because of government restriction on foreign ownership of corporation, joint ventures are often the only way a firm can purchase facilities in another country. 16. Trading company: trading company is the entity to provide a link between buyers and sellers in different countries. It buys products in one country and sells them in another country without being involved in manufacturing. 17. Countertrading: Countertrading involves complex bartering agreements between two or more countries. ( bartering refers to the exchange of merchandise between countries.) - 1 - 18. Direct ownership: this international business approach is direct ownership in which purchasing one or more business operations in a foreign country. 19. Multinational corporation : some corporations operate as if the world were a global market . 20. Culture : consists of a country’s general ideas and values and tangible items such as food , clothing and buildings . 21. Social forces : include family ,education ,religion and customs . 22. Political barriers : Nations experiencing intense political unrest may change their attitude toward foreign firms at any time; this instability creates an unfavorable atmosphere for international trade. 23. Import tariffs : a duty, or tax, levied against goods brought into a country is an import tariff. 24. Quotas : a quota is a limit on the amount of a product that can leave or enter a country. 25. Embargo : an embargo is a total ban on certain imports and exports. 26. Exchange controls : restrictions on the amount of a certain currency that can be bought or sold are called exchange controls. A government can use exchange controls to limit the amount of products that importers can purchase with a particular currency. 27. Tort : a tort is a noncriminal (civil) injury to other persons or their property or reputation. Torts can be intentional or they may result from negligence. Intentional torts are acts done purposely by a person or business form . Negligence torts arise from carelessness . 28. Slander : slander means spoken attack of good reputation of victim Libel is always referred to as written attack of good reputation of victim. 29. Product liability : product liability holds business firms responsible for negligence in design, manufacture, sale, and operation of their products. 30. Contract : a contract is a legally enforceable, voluntary agreement between two or more parties. 31. Express contract : an express contract is one in which the words are actually put forth, either orally or in writing. 32. Implied contract : an implied contract results from the actions of the parties rather than from out spoken promise. 33. Voluntary agreement : both parties must accept the terms of the agreement voluntarily. 34. Consideration : each party must provide something of value to the other, such as monery, a product, or a promise to do or not do something. 35. contractual capacity : each party must have the legal ability to enter into a binding agreement 36. Legality : a contract must not have any unlawful act. 37. Sales law : sales law, which grew out of contract law, includes products sold for money or credit. Sales agreements are contracts agreeing with the requirements discussed above. 38. Breach of contract : the failure of one party to keep a contractual agreement is called breach of contract. 39. Express warranty : it’s a statement of fact or promise made by the seller to the buyer relating to the products sold. It becomes an important part of sales agreement. 40. Implied warranty : an implied warranty is not specifically expressed by the parties, but it still ensures that the business firm has clear title of the products it sells and that the products - 2 - will serve the purpose for which they are sold. 41. Agency : an agency is a business relationship in which a principal appoints an agent to act on his or her behalf. The actions of the agent, authorized by the principal, are legally recognized as though they were performed by the principal. 42. Principal : the person or business body who wants a task performed. 43. Agent : the person or business body who performs the task. 44. Power of attorney : it’s a legal document which is granted to authorize the agent to act on behalf of principal. 45. Property : property is something for which a person or business body has unlimited right of possession or use. 46. Real property : real property is real estate, land and anything permanently attached to it, such as houses, buildings, and parking lots. 47. Tangible personal property : it means physical items such as a store’s list of goods, equipment, and automobiles. 48. Intangible personal property : it’s that shown by documents or other r written instruments, such as checks money orders, receipts, stocks and bonds. 49. Trademark : a trademark is a name or symbol registered with patent and trademark office, it guarantees the owner sole rights for some years and can be renewed as times as the owner wishes./trademark is a word, phrase, symbol, design, combination of letters or numbers, or other device that identifies and distinguishes products and services in the marketplace. 50. Patents : patents give inventors the sole plight to make, use, or sell their products for certain years. 51. Copyrights : a copyright gives the creator sole right to publish and sell an original written work. Copyrights last for the lifetime of the author plus 50 years. 52. Bankruptcy : bankruptcy is a legal procedure for individuals and firms that cannot pay their debts. By declaring bankruptcy, the individual or firm asks the court to be declared unable to satisfy creditors and to be freed from financial duty. 53. Negotiable instrument : a negotiable instrument is a substitute for money. It’s a written promise to pay a specified sum of money; it can be transferred from one person or business firm to another. 54. Endorsement : an endorsement is a person’s signature on the back of the instrument before it’s qualified for transfer. 55. Blank endorsement/restrictive endorsement/special endorsement/qualified endorsement:P41 56. Negotiation: in the dictionary its definition is to discuss with the goal of finding terms of agreement, but in daily life, especially in business field, it’s interpreted by many people as the skill of persuading other people to accept their point of view. 57. Flexibility in negotiation: flexibility means that you should go into the negotiation with your goals and your bottom line all set, then you should try a lot of different things to achieve your goals. 58. Government procurement: it’s government purchasing of goods and services required to serve the need of the public. 59. SRI: the supplier registration information is a database of registered supplier. The information provided by suppliers is used by government departments to identify sources of - 3 - supply for the goods or services they buy. 60. Intellectual property (IP): it means the legal rights that result from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary and artistic field. 61. SM: a service mark, denoted by the symbol SM, offers virtually the same protection as a trademark, but is used instead to identify and distinguish services, rather than products. 62. Logistics: logistics can be classified as an enterprise planning framework for material management, information, service and capital flows. / Put it in a simple way, logistics can be defined as having the right type of product or service at the right place. at the right time, for a right price and in the right condition. 63. Market: markets are simply the process through which buyer and seller interact and by which prices and quantities are determined. The market may be housed in some grand building, or it may exist only in people’s mind. 64. Marketing: marketing is the process of planning and forming the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational purposes. 65. Advertising: it’s a principal means by which useful and material information is delivered to consumers. 66. Balance of payment: as an accounting idea, balance of payment is used to record a country’s trade and capital flow in relation to other countries. 67. Deficit: if residents of one country spend more abroad than nonresidents spend in that country, it is said to have a deficit on its balance of payment. 68. Surplus: when a country’s exports exceed its imports, that part of balance of payments will show a surplus. 简答 1. There are two possible methods in the study of economics . One is macro-economics and the other is micro-economics .These two methods help each other in the study of economics . Neither of these methods is complete without the other . 2. Micro-economic theory was established earlier than macro-economic theory . Keynes published his most important economic work .General Theory of Employment , Tnterest and Money , which started a new branch of economic theory , macro-economics and marked the beginning of modern economic thought . 3. There are basically three commodity groups : minerals , tropical agricultural products and cereals . 4. The amount of world reserves has been determined by exploration. 5. The location of the world’s natural resources , also called commodities ,determines the patterns of world trade . 6. Some producers impart from utility to a natural material . Another class of producers who transport goods from place to place , add place utility to goods . A third class who do such things like canning , storage and refrigeration ,add time utility . 7. The ability to produce is limited by three basic factors necessary for production . These three basic factors of production are capital , land and labor . These three primary factors of production is sometimes added a forth : the entrepreneur or enterpriser . 8. If a seller wished to change prices , there are several ways to do that . - 4 - A. The seller can change the price by increasing the quantity of money to be given ug by the buyer . B. The seller can also change the quantity of goods and services . C. The seller can change the quality of the goods and services . D. Price can also be changed by offering discounts ,additional goods or services . E. Some other ways 9. Price changes play a major role in a market economy . When demand for a product or service is greater than the supply , buyers bid the price up . On the other hand , if supply is greater than demand there are pressures to decrease prices and reduce output . 10. Reasons for International Trade : A . Neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient . B . Foreign trade also occurs because a country often dose not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs . C . If one nation can sell some items at a lower cost , the other countries would buy them . D . At last , innovation or style or quality plays a most important role in the foreign trade . 11. Approaches to international business include exporting , licensing , joint ventures , trading companies , countertrading , direct ownership and multinational corporations . 12. The most common barriers to international business are : culture , social and political barriers , and tariffs and trade restrictions . 13. Laws Affecting Business : These laws involve torts , contracts , sales , agency , property , bankruptcy and negotiable instruments . 14. A contract must meet several requirements : (1) voluntary agreement (2) consideration (3) contractual capacity (4) legality 15. The World Trade Organization came into being 1995 and it is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade established in the wake of the Second World War. The 1986-1994 Uruguay Round led to the WTO’s creation. The WTO’s top level decision-making body is the Ministerial Conference which meets at least once every two years Decisions are made by the entire membership. 16. The Secretariat’s main duties are to supply technical support for the various councils and committees and the ministerial conferences , to provide technical assistance for developing countries , to analyze world trade , and to explain WTO affairs to the public and media . 17. If a country breaks WTO rules , another country can take it to a special WTO court . If the court finds a country guilty of breaking the rules , the it gives the complainant the right to impose sanctions . ( sanctions :higher taxes on the goods coming from the offender; suspending other WTO rules until the offender complies.) 18. Art of Negotiation : 1. Find out what the needs of the other person are and try to meet them without losing sight of your own goals . 2. Before the meeting begins , preparation is the first step . And calculating the goals is essential , including what you are and what you are not prepared to compromise and be flexible on . - 5 - 3. Do not be flexible about the bottom line . 4. Never walk away from a deal with a “ Take it or leave it ”ultimatum . 5. Maintain good relationship is important . 19. Reasons of procurement policies : st1 Government strives to make all opportunities available to interested business . They allow government officials to purchase supplies and services in an unbiased atmosphere . nd2 Procurement generally results in most cost-effective purchases for the government , thus saving taxpayer dollars . rd3 Budget control purposes . 20. The fundamental objective of the procurement policy is to ensure that government procurement activities achieve best value for money in supporting the delivery of government services . 21. The purpose of trademarks is to help customers differentiate one particular company’s goods or services . The public can identify a certain quality and image with goods and services bearing the trademark . It can become an important means of maintaining goodwill with the clients and improving the bottom-line . The owner of a trademark has the exclusive right to use it to identify the source of a good or service . 22. Factors that push the logistics to develop : A. globalization : Multi-national corporations re-located their factors of production to low-wage countries and need to manage the product and information flows around the world . B. the development of information technology : these reduced errors , increased fill-retes and cut costs . 23. Logistics is the complete set of functions of planning , controlling and managing a smooth flow of products and services , people , real-time data and information . 24. Logistics is a mixture of several professional disciplines , such as Planning ,Controlling , Directing , Coordination , Forecasting , Warehousing and Transportation , Facility location and Inventory management . 25. Logistics companies : A . Help transportation B . Streamline the task of delivering shipments of their customer companies . C . Reduce cost and enhance efficiency in addition to lowering the level of inventory . D . Improve the delivery time and enhance the level of customer satisfaction . 26. The role of IP is manifold:(At least three) First, IP establishes a right and identifies ownership of the intellectual creativity (which enables its owner to profit from the creative endeavor and to exclude others from making, selling or using the same without the necessary authorization.) Second, IP enhances the value and profitability of a business, Third, IP assets accrue to their owners through its business development and strategies. Fourth, IP instills trust, confidence and loyalty to the consumers. Fifth, IP provides a distinct identity, image and reputation. Sixth, IP is the hidden value of a company that is tied up in the intangible assets. - 6 - 27. IP assets can increase the company competitiveness in a variety of ways: First, business may prevent competitions from copying or closely imitating a company’s products or services. Second, they also may avoid wasteful investment in research and development and marketing. Third, they enhance their corporate identity through a trademark and a branding strategy. Fourth, they can negotiate licensing, franchising, or other IP-based contractual agreements. Fifth, they can further increase the market value of their company. Sixth, they can acquire venture capital and enhance their access to finance. Seventh, they can access new markets or develop untapped niche markets. - 7 -