Yjcmzn吉林大学农学部大学英语四级辅导班-阅读理解部分.doc

Yjcmzn吉林大学农学部大学英语四级辅导班-阅读理解部分.doc Time will pierce the surface or youth, will be on the beauty of the ditch dug a shallow groove ; Jane will eat rare!A born beauty, anything to escape his sickle sweep .-- Shakespeare 吉林大学农学部大学英语四级辅导班 阅读理解部分 阅读理解部分 主讲人:陈 昕 考试时间安排 8:10 监考教师领取试卷及备品; 8:30 组织考生入场; 9:00 监考教师启封试卷、发放答题卡; 9:10 写作部分考试开始; 9:35 监考教师发放试题册; 9:40 写作部分结束;开始做快速阅读理解部分; 9:55 监考教师收答题卡1; 10:00 听力部分开始放音;试卷1所有体型; 11:10 核定答题卡2填涂信息; 11:20 考试结束;收试题册和答题卡2; 1. 快速阅读理解部分 I,快速阅读理解样题 2007年6月英语四级真题 Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7, mark Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO if statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. Protect Your Privacy When Job-hunting Online Identity theft and identity fraud are terms used to refer to all types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person’s personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception, typically for economic gain. The numbers associated with identity theft are beginning to add up fast these days. A recent General Accounting Office report estimates that as many as 750,000 Americans are victims of identity theft every year. And that number may be low, as many people choose not to report the crime even if they know they have been victimized. Identity theft is “an absolute epidemic,” states Robert Ellis Smith, a respected author and advocate of privacy. “It’s certainly picked up in the last four or five years. It’s worldwide. It affects everybody, and there’s very little you can do to prevent it and, worst of all, you can’t detect it until it’s probably too late.” Unlike your fingerprints, which are unique to you and cannot be given to someone else for their use, you personal data, especially your social security number, your bank account or credit card number, your telephone calling card number, and other valuable identifying data, can be used, if they fall into the wrong hands, to personally profit at your expense. In the United States and Canada, for example, many people have reported that unauthorized persons have taken funds out of their bank or financial accounts, or, in the worst cases, taken over their identities altogether, running up vast debts and committing crimes while using the victims’ names. In many cases, a victim’s losses may included not only out-of-pocket financial losses, but substantial additional financial costs associated with trying to restore his reputation in the community and correcting erroneous information for which the criminal is responsible. According to the FBI, identity theft is the number one fraud committed on the Internet. So how do job seekers protect themselves while continuing to circulate their resumes online? The key to a successful online job search is learning to manager the risks. Here are some tips for staying safe while conducting a job search on the Internet. 1. Check for a privacy policy. If you are considering posting your resume online, make sure the job search site your are considering has a privacy policy, like CareerBuilder.com. The policy should spell out how your information will be used, stored and whether or not it will be shared. You may want to think twice about posting your resume on a site that automatically shares your information with others. You could be opening yourself up to unwanted calls from solicitors (推销员). When reviewing the site’s privacy policy, you’ll be able to delete your resume just as easily as you posted it. You won’t necessarily want your resume to remain out there on the Internet once you land a job. Remember, the longer your resume remains posted on a job board, the more exposure, both positive and not-so-positive, it will receive. 2. Take advantage of site features. Lawful job search sites offer levels of privacy protection. Before posting your resume, carefully consider your job search objective and the level of risk you are willing to assume. CareerBuilder.com, for example, offers three levels of privacy from which job seekers can choose. The first is standard posting. This option gives job seekers who post their resumes the most visibility to the broadest employer audience possible. The second is anonymous (匿名的) posting. This allows job seekers the same visibility as those in the standard posting category without any of their contact information being displayed. Job seekers who wish to remain anonymous but want to share some other information may choose which pieces of contact information to display. The third is private posting. This option allows a job seeker to post a resume without having it searched by employers. Private posting allows job seekers to quickly and easily apply for jobs that appear on CareerBuilder.com without retyping their information. 3. Safeguard your identity. Career experts say that one of the ways job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities. Replace your name on your resume with a generic (泛指的) identifier, such as “Intranet Developer Candidate,” or “Experienced Marketing Representative.” You should also consider eliminating the name and location of your current employer. Depending on your title, it may not be all that difficult to determine who you are once the name of your company is provided. Use a general description of the company such as “Major auto manufacturer,” or “International packaged goods supplier.” If your job title is unique, consider using the generic equivalent instead of the exact title assigned by your employer. 4. Establish and email address for your search. Another way to protect your privacy while seeking employment online is to open up an email account specifically for your online job search. This will safeguard your existing email box in the event someone you don’t know gets hold of your email address and shares it with others. Using an email address specifically for you job search also eliminates the possibility that you will receive unwelcome emails in your primary mailbox. When naming your new email address, be sure that it doesn’t contain references to your name or other information that will give away your identity. The best solution is an email address that is relevant to the job you are seeking such as salesmgr2004@provider.com. 5. Protect your reference. If your resume contains a section with the names and contact information of your references, take it out. There’s no sense in safeguarding your information while sharing private contact information of your references. 6. Keep confidential (机密的) information confidential. Do not, under any circumstances, share your social security, driver’s license, and bank account numbers or other personal information, such as race or eye color. Honest employers do not need this information with an initial application. Don’t provide this even if they say they need it in order to conduct a background check. This is one of the oldest tricks in the book – don’t fall for it. 注意:此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。 1. Robert Ellis Smith believes identity theft is difficult to detect and one can hardly do anything to prevent it. 2. In many cases, identity theft not only causes the victims’ immediate financial losses but costs them a lot to restore their reputation. 3. Identity theft is a minor offence and its harm has been somewhat overestimated. 4. It is important that your resume not stay online longer than is necessary. 5. Of the three options offered by CareerBuilder.com in Suggestion 2, the third one is apparently most strongly recommended. 6. Employers require applicants to submit very personal information on background checks. 7. Applicants are advised to use generic names for themselves and their current employers when seeking employment online. 8. Using a special email address in the job search can help prevent your from receiving ____________________________. 9. To protect your references, you should not post online their ________________________________________________. 10. According to the passage, identity theft is committed typically for __________________________________________. (:1. Y 2. Y 3. N. 4. Y. 5. NG 6. N 7. Y 8. unwelcome emails 9. names and contact information 10. economic gain) II,快速阅读理解核心技巧 1. 快速泛读(fast extensive reading) 平时要养成快速泛读的习惯。这里讲的泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的书籍，要求读得快，理解和掌握书中的主要内容就可以了。要确定一个明确的读书定额，定额要结合自己的实际，切实可行，可多可少。例如每天读20页，一个学期以18周计算，就可以读21本中等厚度的书 (每本书约120页)。 2. 计时阅读 (timed reading) 课余要养成计时阅读的习惯。计时阅读每次进行5,10分钟即可，不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读，精力高度集中，时间一长，容易疲劳、精力分散，反而乏味。阅读时先记下“起读时间”(starting time)，阅读完毕，记下“止读时间”(finishing time)，即可计算出本次阅读速度。随手记下，长期坚持，必定收到明显效果。 3. 略读 (skimming) 略读又称跳读 (reading and skipping) 或浏览 (glancing)，是一种专门的，非常实用的快速阅读技能。所谓略读，是指以尽可能快的速度阅读，如同从飞机上鸟瞰(bird’s eye view )地面上的明显标志一样，迅速获取文章大意或中心思想。换句话说，略读是要求读者有选择地进行阅读，可跳过某些细节，以求抓住文章的大概，从而加快阅读速度。据统计，训练有素的略读者(skimmer)的阅读速度可以达到每分钟3000到4000个词。 阅读时，先把文章粗略地浏览一下，看看文章中是否有自己工作和学习需要的或自己感兴趣的资料和信息，然后确定这篇文章是否值得细读。在查找资料时，如果没有充分时间，而又不需要高度理解时，就可以运用略读技巧。“不需要高度理解”并非指略读时理解水平可以很低，而是说略低于一般阅读速度所取得的理解水平是允许的。 一般阅读的目标是在保持一般阅读速度的条件下，获得尽可能高的理解水平，通常达到70%或80%。略读时，理解水平略低一些是预料之中的事，平均理解率达50%或60%就可以了。 A、略读有下列四个特点: (1) 以极快的速度阅读大量材料，寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。 (2) 可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。 (3) 理解水平可以稍低一些，但也不能太低。 (4) 根据文章的难易程度和达到的目的，不断灵活地调整阅读速度。 B、略读可以运用下列技巧: (1) 要利用印刷细节(typographical details)，如书或文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等，对书和文章进行预测略读(preview skimming)。预测略读要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式)，以便把握大意，有关的细节及其相互关系。 (2) 以一般阅读速度(200,250wpm)，阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、作者的文章风格、口吻或语气等。 (3) 阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以求得略读速度。 (4) 注意转折词和序列词。转折词如however, moreover, in addition等;序列词firstly, secondly等。 (5) 若无需要，不必阅读细节。 4. (Scanning) 寻读又称查读，同略读一样，寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。熟练的读者善于运用寻读获得具体信息，以提高阅读效率。 寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等，而对其它无关部分则略去不读的快速阅读。运用这种方法，读者就能在最短的时间内掠过尽可能多的印刷材料，找到所需要的信息。例如，在车站寻找某次列车或汽车的运行时刻，在机场寻找某次班机的飞行时刻，在图书馆查找书刊的目录，在文 献中查找某一日期、名字、数字或号码等，都可以运用这种方法。 作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧，寻读既要求速度，又要求寻读的准确性。具体地说，寻读带有明确的目的性，有针对性地选择问题的答案。因此，可以把整段整段的文字直接映入大脑，不必字字句句过目。视线在印刷材料上掠过时，一旦发现有关的内容，就要稍作停留，将它记住或摘下，既保证寻读的速度，又做到准确无误，所以寻读技巧也很有实用价值。 寻读与略读不同。略读时，读者事先对材料一无所知，而寻读则是读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的。例如，寻读电话号码簿，读者知道受话人的姓名，还知道电话号码簿是按姓的字母顺序排列的。这样，在寻找Jackson的电话时，就可以利用书页上方的标识词，再按姓的字母顺序很快翻到以J开头的书页，从而找到Jackson名下的电话页码。 为了有效地进行寻读，读者应运用下列技巧。 (1) 利用材料的编排形式。资料多半是按字母顺序排列的。如词典、索引、邮政编码簿、电话号码簿以及其它参考资料簿等。当然并非所有资料都是按字母顺序排列的。例如，电视节目是按日期和时间排列的。历史资料是按年代排列的，报纸上的体育版面是按比赛类别(足球、排球、网球)排列等等。不管资料来源怎样，它都是按照某种逻辑方法排列的。例如，要知道某事是何时发生的，要查日期;某事是谁做的，要查人名等。 (2) 利用章节标题和说明。寻读之后，首先看看文章标题或章节标题，确定文章是否包含自己所需要的材料，或者哪一部分包含哪些材料，这样可以直接翻到那个部分，进行寻找。 (3) 抓提示词。读者找到包含所需信息的章节，准备寻读。这时，要留心与那个具体信息有关的提示词。例如，在报纸体育运动版上寻找某田径运动员的某项运动成绩，他的国名是提示词。在百科全书上寻找纽约市的人名，翻到New York City那一章后，population, census, inhabitants 等词就是提示词，找到提示词，就可以采用一般阅读速度，获得所需要的信息。 III,快速阅读理解解题思路 1. 通读文章开头、结尾及各个小标题或每段的第1、2句和最后一句，从而弄清文章的结构和大意。 2. 正确理解题目所表达的内容，找出其关键词语，确定题眼。特别注意人物、时间、地点、数字等信息。 3. 将题眼内容与文章各部分小标题的内容对比，大概定位该题在哪个部分提及。 4. 阅读相关部分内容，准确定位有关信息。对于是非判断题，对照原文与题目，特别注意原文与题目中句式的 变化，确定题目的陈述准确与否;对于句子填空题，分析空白处需填入的词性，再对照原文，找到相关答案。 A. 细节题定位技巧 1. 寻找与数字有关的细节 借助题目中的数字定位信息源。数字在文章中通常以阿拉伯数字的形式出现，显得比较突出，因此如果考题中含有数字，数字往往可以成为题眼，并可根据数字定位相关信息。 2. 寻找与人名或地名等专有名词有关的细节 借助题目中的人名或地名等专有名词定位信息源。专有名词以大写字母开头，因此在文章中显得比较突出，容易寻找。若题目含有人名、地名、产品名称等专有名词，则可为题眼。 3. 寻找事物的性质特点或对比关系 借助形容词、副词或其比较级、最高级定位信息源。如果题目要求确定某个事物的范围、程度或对比关系，形容词、副词及其比较级、最高级就可成为该题的题眼。根据题眼先在原文定位信息源，再对比原文与题目对比较对象的陈述，最终确定对比关系是否正确。 4. 题目中含有与其他题不同的新信息 借助与文章有关的新信息定位信息源。每个题目都含有与上一个题目不一样的信息源，表示新信心的名词或动词可以成为题眼，帮助定位信息源。 5. 题目中含有特殊印刷体或标点符号 借助特殊印刷体定位信息源。特殊印刷体除了包括大写字母外，还包括特殊符号，如括号、双引号等，这些在文章中特别显眼，容易定位。 B. 是非判断题技巧 1. “YES”题是原文的同意表达或原文的正确推断与概括 一般来说，题目很少照搬原文语句，多数是使用同义词或近义词改写，或同义词改写句子结构，如把主语结构改成被动结构，以达到同义替换的目的。另外，题目是对原文的某个段落或几句话表达的基本观点进行推断、归纳或而得出。这种题目的答案为“Y”。 2. “NO”题与原文相反或将原文信息张冠李戴 题目的用词或结构与原文的意义相反，如反义词，not加同义词、反义词结构等。另外，题目往往将原文中相邻信息或并列信息的条件、主语、谓语或宾语等互换，造成信息张冠李戴。这种题目的答案为“NO”。 3. “NO”题省区原文中表达不正确的一些词或改变了原文的条件、范围、频率、可能性等。 原文为人们对某件事的理论或感觉，题目则将原文中不确定的或未经证实的内容作为正确的或客观的来表述，常出现fact，prove等词。另外，题目改动了原文的从句，包括增加、减少或修改，使题目表达的条件、目的、时间、方式等与原文不同，如原文中某些命题或观点是在一定条件下才成立的，而题目往往舍弃了这些条件，直接提出命题或表明观点;或者原文提到两个或多个情况都可以，常有both…and，and，or及also等词，题目是“必须”或“只有”其中一个情况。题目也可能改动了原文的副词、形容词，如many，sometime，unlikely等，常用all，usually，always，impossible等词代替，使题目表示的频率、程度、范围或可能性等与原文不相同。这种题目的答案为“NO”。 4. “NOT GIVEN”题无中生有或将原文具体化 题目部分或全部信息点在原文未提及，或题目信息点之间的关系在原文未提及，注意判断是非题一定以文章为唯一判断根据。如果根据常识判断题目的陈述是“Y”或“N”，但文章没有提及，答案为“NG”。 另外，题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围，也就是更具体;或者题目将原文所举例子的特殊现象推广为普遍现象。这种题目 的答案为“NG”。 5. “NOT GIVEN”题随意比较或指虚为实 原文提及若干事物，但是没有做出比较，或题目中对这些事物进行了比较，但无从考证。另外，原文中作者或 某个人物的目标、目的、愿望、誓言等内容，在题目中作为客观事实陈述。通常文章中相关的句子里会出现aim， purpose，promise，swear等词，题目中则省略这些词。这种题目的答案为“NG”。 C. 句子填空题技巧 1. 句子填空题考察综合能力 快速阅读部分的句子填空题不仅考察略读、查读能力，还考察在具体篇章中运用词汇和语法的能力。解答此类 题目，可遵循以下步骤: 1)仔细阅读所给出的不完整的句子，理解其含义。 2)将给出部分在语法上进行分析和判断，确定未给出部分的语法功能和词性，是主语、谓语、宾语还是状语或 定语，是名词、动名词、代词、形容词、动词(不定式还是分词)、副词、介词还是连词等。 3)找出所给出部分的关键词语，以确定该题所需信息在原文中的准确位置。如果题目中有特殊的关键词，如人 名、地名、时间、数字等，更方便定位。 4)在原文中的相关部分，选取题目缺失内容，即答案。绝大部分的答案来自原文原词，个别时候可 能要对原 文中的单词或结构做出部分改动，或用自己的语言表述。另外需要注意语态、时态、名词的单复数问题等。 D. 文章总体把握 1(判断文章的主旨大意;出题有顺序性 要解决主旨大意判断题，就要明白四级快速阅读的文章的结构。这些文章通常开头以一些段落介绍文章的总体 内容或写作目的，然后再分小标题分部分讨论细节。因此，如果要快速明白文章的主旨大意，只需阅读文章开头的 段落及各个小标题。小标题尤为重要，从小标题可以知道考题里陈述的内容是否包含在文章中，也可以知道考题的 陈述是否只概括了部分内容还是概括过渡。所以这种是非判断题的答案只有“Y”和“N”两种。 通常来说，快速阅读的题目在原文中的出现是有一定顺序的，准确定位前一题后，便可以顺着原文找到下一题 的出处。但是非判断题7与句子填空题8之间不一定有顺序性。 2(题目中常出现生词;正确区分“N”和“NG” 有些考题含有某些超出考纲词汇的生词，但是不要害怕这些生词，因为生词常常都能吸引读者的目光，可以成 为帮助定位信息源的工具，生词通常在原文中就有，命题者只是照搬该生词到题目里面，因此这些生词就是题目的 题眼，只要在原文中找到这些生词，相关的信息就能找到。 题目描述的内容与原文的相关内容明显矛盾、相反或不符，则答案为“N”;而题目与原文之间是一种或然关 系，即题目提到的内容可能发生，也可能不发生，根据原文难以求证是哪种可能性，则答案为“NG”。 2. 选词填空部分 I. 选词填空样题 2007年6月英语四级真题 Part IV Reading Comprehension (reading in depth) (25 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage. Years ago, doctors often said that pain was a normal part of life. In particular, when older patients __47__ of pain, they were told it was a natural part of aging and they would have to learn to live with it. Times have changed. Today, we take pain __48__. Indeed, pain is now considered the fifth vital sign, as important as blood pressure, temperature, breathing rate and pulse in __49__ a person’s well-being. We know that chronic (慢性的) pain can disrupt (扰乱) a person’s life, causing problems that __50__ from missed work to depression. That’s why a growing number of hospitals now depend upon physicians who __51__ in pain medicine. Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for depression and other psychological and social __52__ related to chronic pain. Such comprehensive therapy often __53__ the work of social workers, psychiatrists (心理医生) and psychologists, as well as specialists in pain medicine. This modern __54__ for pain management has led to a wealth of innovative treatments which are more effective and with fewer side effects than ever before. Decades ago, there were only a __55__ number of drugs available, and many of them caused __56__ side effects in older people, including dizziness and fatigue. This created a double-edged sword: the medications helped relieve the pain but caused other problems that could be worse than the pain itself. 注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答 A) result I) determining B) involves J) limited C) significant K) gravely D) range L) complained E) relieved M) respect F) issues N) prompting G) seriously O) specialize H) magnificent (答案:47. L 48. G 49. I 50. D 51. O 52. F 53. B 54. M 55. J 56. C) II. 选词填空解题要求: 选词填空(Banked Cloze)是四级考试改革之后出现的新题型，主要考察考生对连贯性，一致性，逻辑性等语篇整体特征以及单词正在实际语境中的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的宏观结构和具体细化到每个单词的微观理解。考察形式为一篇220个单词左右的文章，从中去处10个单词，后面有15个选项，要求考生选择正确的单词填入文章，使文章连贯，表达正确。新题型和原来的词汇题相比，更注重实际运用。 III. 选词填空解题思路: 1. 浏览阅读(skimming)全文，熟悉文章大致内容和上下文。 2. 迅速将词库中的词按照词性分类，即名词、动词、形容词和副词。名词要注意单复数;动词要注意是动词原形 还是第三人称单数、过去式或分词形式、或者是及物动词还是不及物动词等;形容词和副词则注意是否是比 较级或最高级。 3. 仔细阅读全文，结合上下文，边读边做。 4. 注意分析空白处的语法功能和词性。 5. 注意利用空白处所在句子的信号词(and / or / but / however / therefore等)进行判断。 6. 注意考虑空白处所需单词在句子中和上下文中的作用，是肯定意义的(positive)还是否定意义的(negative)。 7. 注意利用排除法缩小选择范围。 8. 完成选词填空后，快速通读一遍全文，看整篇文章是否通顺流畅。 IV. 选词填空答题技巧: 1(确定空白处的词性及词形 确定空白处为动词; 1) n./pron. vt. n./pron 2) n./pron. vi. 3) n./pron. vi. adv./prep 4) n./pron. link v./be adj. 5) to v. E.g. He ____ from his teachers, came home in tears, and thought about dropping our. (动词、不及物、过去式) 确定空白处为分词; 过去分词: 1) has/have/had/ __p.p._ (完成时) 2) be __p.p._ (被动式) 3) __p.p._ n. 或 n. __p.p._ (过去分词作形容词，表被动) 现在分词: 1) be __-ing__ (进行时) 2) __-ing__ n. 或 n. __-ing__ (现在分词作形容词，表主动) E.g. I would never have ____ a court of law if I hadn’t been so desperate. (过去分词) 确定空白处为名词; 1) a/an/the __n.__, adj. __n.__, vt. __n.__, 2) prep. __n.__ E.g. Education soon became a ______. (名词、表语、单数) 确定空白处为形容词; )__adj.__ n. 或 n. __adj.__ 1 2) adv. __adj.__ (副词可以修饰形容词) 3)be/link v. __adj.__ (表语) E.g. Then Mrs. Malave, a bilingual educator, began to work with him while teaching him math and science in his ____ Spanish. (形容词) 确定空白处为副词; 1)__adv.__ adj. 2) __adv.__ v. 或 v. __adv.__ 3) __adv.__ 从句 E.g. In Arizona and Texas, bilingual students ___ outperform their peers in monolingual programs. 2. 利用词汇关系确定词义范围和色彩 (1)牢记固定搭配 英语中的固定搭配通常是动词、名词、形容词与副词、介词构成的词组，搭配中的副词和介词通常是含义简单的虚词，如to, in, for, about, up, above等，所以考试以动词、名词、形容词为主，副词和介词通常只起到提示的作用。 E.g. Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by ___ of cries… (by means of) (2)辨析词的积极意义(positive)或消极意义(negative) 辨认词的积极意义和消极意义包括两个方面:(1)根据上下文辨认考点需要积极意义还是消极意义的词汇;(2)辨认词库中的词是积极意义还是消极意义。 考点的上下文常常可提供线索，根据这些线索可以判断考点说的是某事物的优点还是缺点，优势还是劣势等，再到词库中寻找相应词义色彩的词汇，进而缩小范围，节省时间。 (3)辨析近义词的搭配、用法 需要辨析的近义词有时会同时出现在可选项中，要辨析近义词，必须结合实际语境，根据词语的具体功能，做到“求同”、“变异”，也就是找出近义词的“共性”和“个性”来。 (4)辨别词汇复现关系 词汇复现指的是某一词以原词、同义词、近义词、概括词或其他形式重复出现在语篇中。语篇中的句子通过这种复现关系达到相互衔接，意义统一完整。因此，考点所要求填写的单词往往在考点之前或之后出现，但要注意的是，答案大多是以复现词的方式出现，而通常不会是原词复现。 3(利用篇章逻辑关系确定词义范围和色彩 所填词汇与原文中的某个词是:并列关系、对比关系、比较关系、因果关系、举例关系、补充递进关系 4(灵机一动找到答案 (1)注意一词多性 对词库中的单词进行分类是要注意一词多性，如有些单词既是名词又是动词，有些动词的分词也可以充当形容词，确定空白处的词性后要全面考虑词库中的单词词性，不能遗漏。 (2)利用词库中的近义词或反义词 若词库中出现一对近义词或一对反义词，其中一个就有可能是干扰选项。反义词考察考生对文章语境色彩的辨析，只要辨析考点所填单词是积极意义还是消极意义，就可以找到答案。近义词考察考生对词汇搭配用法的掌握，需要考生熟记近义词的用法与搭配。 3. 传统阅读理解部分 I. 传统阅读理解样题 2007年6月英语四级真题 Section B Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage. I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so. Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is. The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen. Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near. Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through you available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices. 注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。 57. When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” (Line 4, Para. 1) in the writing process, he means ________. A) no one can be both creative and critical B) they cannot be regarded as equally important C) they are in constant conflict with each other D) one cannot use them at the same time 58. What prevents people from writing on is ________. A) putting their ideas in raw form B) attempting to edit as they write C) ignoring grammatical soundness D) trying to capture fleeting thoughts 59. What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing? A) To organize one’s thoughts logically. B) To choose an appropriate topic. C) To get one’s ideas down. D) To collect raw materials. 60. One common concern of writers about “free writing” is that ________. A) it overstresses the role of the creative mind B) it takes too much time to edit afterwards C) it may bring about too much criticism D) it does not help them to think clearly 61. In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process? A) It refines his writing into better shape. B) It helps him to come up with new ideas. C) It saves the writing time available to him. D) It allows him to sit on the side and observe. (答案:57. D 58. B 59. C 60. B 61. A) II. 传统阅读理解概述 四级新题型考试阅读理解部分的传统阅读理解题型为两篇短文，为了使考分成正态分布，其难易程度往往是一 篇适中、一篇难。 1(短文选材遵循的原则 1) 题材广泛 可以包括人物传记、社会、文化、日常知识、科普常识等，在实考中已经出现或可能出现的题材还有环境保护、交通运输、最新科技成果、历史事件、重大时事等。 2) 体裁多样 记叙文、描述文、说明文、议论文。其中后两种文体为重点文体。 议论文的组成:提出问题或观点? 论证或反驳? 结论 说明文的组成:提出问题或观点? 解释或说明? 结论 3) 文章的语言难度中等 无法猜测而又影响理解的关键词，如超出教学大纲四级词汇表的范围，用汉语注明词义。 2(阅读理解测试的四种能力 1) 掌握所读材料的主旨和大意。 2) 了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。 3) 既理解字面的意思，也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论。 ) 既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文的逻辑关系。 4 (阅读理解的几种题型 3 主旨类、细节类、词语类、推断类 III. 传统阅读理解阅读方法 1 略读(skimming) 略读即快读或简略地阅读。以浏览全文的方法去了解作者所要阐明的主题，求得对文章有一个总体意思的了解。很难精确说明准确的速度应该有多快，但凭经验估计，应是最快的普通阅读速度的一倍。略读时略去一些文字不该是容作的，如果读者感到自己已经抓住了内容的主要意思，他常会把半个段落甚至更多部分省去不该。因此，略读时我们必须把注意力放在与全文有关的关键词语相关句子上。特别要注意文章的开始段和结束段。以及每段的段首句和结尾句，因为它们往往是全文或全段内容的高度概括( 2 查寻阅读(Scanning) 查寻阅读又称查读或寻读，它是为了寻找文章中某些特定的信息，带着问题到文章中去寻求答案的一种阅读。它也是一种快读，但与略读不同。查寻阅读是要找到某一特定信息，如:数码，某些人名、地名某一细节等等。而略读的目的则是要抓住文章的要旨，所以两者是有区别的。 3 细读或研读(Reading for Full Understanding) 细读是对文章作逐词逐句的阅读，以期掌握文章的全部内容，了解细节。诸如:时间、地点、人物、行为、数量以及程度等。读懂字里行间的潜在意思，领悟作者的意向和态度。在细读中对于没有学过的生词要根据上下文来推测词义或干脆查阅辞典，搞清词义;对于长句难句要做语法分析分清主次(理顺句间与词间关系，做到透彻理解。 总之，我们要根据不同的阅读目的要求，不同性质的文体，采用不同的阅读方法。在做阅读理解题时，首先要高度集中注意力，聚精会神地投入进去。以快读方式浏览一遍全文，再测览一遍题目(包括题干和选择项)。然后带着问题用查读或细读的方法去读第二遍来确定答案。如仍有疑点，对个别题目的选择项一时难以确定，则要在相关区域内重读—遍，直到找到正确答案。对于一些与答题无关的信息则可忽略过去。切忌无目的地平均地耗用时间，更不宜咬文嚼字，在个别字句上停留过久。 IV. 传统阅读理总的解题思路 1. 根据提干到文章中查找到恰当的地方，运用推理判断得出正确答案，切不可凭空猜测想象， 2. 所选答案一定要有据可依。 3. 正确选项不可能和文种原句完全一样，而是原文信息的同义或近义改写。措辞过于绝对化的选项，一般不是正 确选项。 4. 注意解题顺序。优先回答与细节和事实有关的问题，然后回答与文章大意有关的题目，最后在完成推理性的题 目。 5. 灵活采用解题方法。认真阅读题目及每个选项，找出选项之间的不同点，灵活运用派出、推理等各种解题方法。 做完一篇文章所有的题目后，把五个题目的答案连接起来，看看与文章的大意是否相符，是否存在自相矛盾 的地方。 V. 传统阅读理题型分析 A. 主旨题 1(提问方式 文章主题 1. What is the author’s main point? 2. The main theme of the passage is __. 3. The subject or topic of the passage is... 4. The subject matter of the passage is... 5. The passage is mainly about ____. 6. What is the general topic of the passage? 7. The best topic for this paragraph is ____. 8. Which of the following is the topic sentence of the paragraph? 9. This selection mainly discusses or illustrates ____. 10. This paragraph centers or focuses on __. 11. This passage mainly deals with ____. 12. This passage is chiefly concerned with _. 中心或段落大意: 1. The main idea of the passage is ____. 2. The main idea of the passage may be best expressed as ____. 3. Which of the following can best sum up the idea of this passage? 4. The best summary of the passage is ____. 5. This passage tells us ____. 6. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? 7. Which of the following best states the theme of the passage? 8. Which of the following sentences best summarizes the author’s main point? 9. Which of the following expresses the central idea of the selection? 文章标题: 1. The best title for this passage is ____. 2. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? 3. The most appropriate title for the selection is ____. 4. The title that best expresses the main idea of the passage is ____. 5. What would be the appropriate title for the passage? 作者态度和文章语气: 1. The author's purpose of writing this passage is____. 2. What is the author's main propose in this passage? 3. In the passage the author intends to ____. 4. What is the author's attitude toward …? 5. In the selection the author's attitude toward ____. 6. In this article the author's attitude toward. 7. What is the tone of the passage? 8. In this passage the author looks on … with a tone/an attitude of ____. 9. The author appears to feel that ____. 10. The author probably feels that ____. 11. The author thought ____. 12 Which of the following reasons can best describe the writer's purpose of mentioning X? 13 In the opening paragraph the author mentions X in order to... 14 In the first paragraph why does the... 15 The author's purpose of writing this passage can be made clear by... 16 What is the author's chief intention in the reading section? 作者态度和文章语气常用词: 1(赞同 positive adj.肯定的, 实际的, 积极的, , 确实的 favorable adj.赞成的, 有利的, 赞许的, 良好的 approval n. 赞成, 承认, 正式批准 enthusiasm n.狂热, 热心, 积极性 supportive adj.支持的，支援的 defensive 为„„而辩护 2(否定 negative adj.否定的, 消极的, 负的, 阴性的 disapproval 不赞成 objection 异议 opposition 反对 critical 批评的 criticism 批评批判 disgust vi.令人厌恶, 令人反感vt.使作呕 warning detestation n.憎恶, 厌恶的人, 嫌恶 indignation 愤慨 contempt n.轻视, 轻蔑, 耻辱, 不尊敬 compromising n.妥协, 折衷v.妥协, 折衷 焦虑的 worried adj.闷闷不乐的, (怀疑 3 suspicion n.猜疑, 怀疑 suspicious adj.(, of) 可疑的, 怀疑的 u<` da E doubt doubtful adj.可疑的, 不确的, 疑心的 question puzzling adj.使迷惑的, 使莫明其妙的 4(客观 (即好的坏的都说，选的可能性极大) objective adj.客观的 neutral adj.中立的 impartial adj.公平的, 不偏不倚的 disinterested adj.无私的 unprejudiced adj.没有偏见的 unbiased adj.没有偏见的 unprejudiced adj.公平的, 无偏见的, 没有成见的 英语站 detached 不含个人偏见的 5(主观 subjective adj.主观的, 个人的 indifference n.不关心 tolerance n.宽容，容忍，忍受 pessimism n.悲观, 悲观主义 gloomy adj.黑暗的, 阴沉的, 令人沮丧的, 阴郁的 optimistic adj.乐观的 sensitive 有感觉的, 敏感[锐]的,易受伤害的 scared adj.恐惧的 reserved adj.保留的, 包租的 consent vi.同意, 赞成, 答应n.同意, 赞成, 允诺 radical adj.激进的 英语站 moderate adj.中等的, 适度的, 适中的v.缓和 mild adj.温和的, 温柔的, 淡味的, 轻微的, 适度的 ironic adj.说反话的, 讽刺的 confused adj.困惑的, 烦恼的 amazed adj.吃惊的, 惊奇的 worried concerned adj.关心的, 有关的 apprehensive adj.担忧，担心 mixed 喜忧参半 biased 有偏见的 indignant adj.愤怒的, 愤慨的 6(积极 objective 客观的 concerned 关注的 confident adj.自信的, 确信的 interested adj.感兴趣的, 有成见的, 有权益的 optimistic adj.乐观的 positive 正面的 impressive adj.给人深刻印象的, 感人的 7(中立/折中 impartial adj.公平的, 不偏不倚的 neutral 中立的 impersonal adj.非个人的 factual adj.事实的, 实际的,根据事实的 detached 不含个人偏见的 (消极 8 negative 消极的 indifferent 漠不关心的 depressed 消沉的 subjective 主观的 pessimistic 悲观的 unconcerned 不关心的 contemptuous adj.轻蔑的, 侮辱的 hostile adj.敌对的, 敌方的 biased 片面的 B. 细节题 1 提问方式 对具体情景的提问方式: 1. According to the passage, when/ where/why/who/what/which/how…? 2. In this passage, how many/how much/how long/how often...? 3. What does the author say about...? 4. The cause of ... is that____. 5. One reason the author cites for...is that ____. 6. What causes...? 7. Why does the author mention...? 8. Where in the passage does the author describe...? 9. The author discusses…, in order to illustrate which of the following? 10. What time does the writer think is...? 11. .... indicate(s) that...? 有关是非判断的提问方式: 1. Which of the following is mentioned/not mentioned? 2. Which of the following is true/not true? 3. The author states all of the items listed except____. 4. All of the following may be ... except ____. 5. Which of the following is not a result of...? 6. The author mentions all of the following except____. 7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true about...? 8. The article doesn’t state that ____. 9. What does the author pay least attention to? C. 推断题 1. 提问方式 对文章内容的提问方式 1. Which of the following can be readily inferred from the passage? 2. It is implied in the passage that____. 3. Which of the following is implied but not really stated? 4. The passage supports which of the following statements? 5. From the passage, we can infer that ____. 6. What is implied in the first paragraph? 7. The sentence "..." in Para ... suggests ____. 8. It may be inferred from the passage that the author ____. 9. It can be concluded from the passage that ____. 10. We can reasonably conclude from the passage that ____. 11. What conclusion can we draw from this selection? 12. From the information given in the first paragraph it may be concluded that ____. 13. One could conclude from the article that____. 14. The best conclusion of the passage is ____. 对文章出处、上下文、写作方法的提问方式 1. Where would this passage most probably appear? 2. In which of the following publications would this passage most likely by printed? 3. This selection may be taken from/found in ___. 4. The previous/ preceded/ following/ next paragraph most mentions ____. 5. What does the paragraph preceding / following this one probably discuss / talk about? 6. The passage is developed principally by means of ____. 7. The author presents his generalization by the use of ___. 对文章写作意图、作者的态度、口气和感受等主观色彩提问方式 1. The author's purpose of writing this passage is____. 2. What is the author's main propose in this passage? 3. In the passage the author intends to ____. 4. What is the author's attitude toward …? 5. In the selection the author's attitude toward ____. 6. In this article the author's attitude toward…is____. 7. What is the tone of the passage? 8. In this passage the author looks on … with a tone/an attitude of ____. 9. The author appears to feel that ____. 10. The author probably feels that ____. 11. The author thought ____. 对文章作者的职业、身份或爱好等提问方式 1. According to the passage, what may the author be? 2. We learn from passage that the author is ___. 3. What might be the author's job/ vocation/hobby? D. 词语题 1. 提问方式 1(The word…in line…refers to ____. 2(The expression…in Paragraph…is closest in meaning to ____. 3(…as used in the passage，can best be defined as ____. 4(By saying… (Line…), the author means ____. 5(The word… (Line…) could best be replaced by____. 6(In Line…the author used the phrase…to indicate____. 7(The word…in Line…means most nearly____. 8(The expression…in the context of the passage refers to ___. 9(In Line..., Para..., what does the word…refer to? 10(What is the meaning of…in Line…? 11(The word…in Para…probably means ____. 12(The expression…, can be interpreted as____. 13(Which of the following is closest in meaning to…in Line…? 14(The term/ name/ phrase … indicates ____. 15(What does the writer mean by… (Line..., Para...)? 16(The short form…refers to ____.