学习的含义（The meaning of learning）

学习的含义（The meaning of learning） 学习的含义(The meaning of learning) Essential information []: Xu x Pinyin learning []: so at which phonetic 'on a' [English]: study [learn]; basic interpretation learning refers to learners caused by experience and behavior, effort and psychological tendency of more lasting change. These changes are not caused by maturation, disease, or drugs, nor do they necessarily manifest outward manifestations. Learning definition definition 1: persistent or relatively persistent adaptive behavior change resulting from experience or practice. Definition 2: all processes can make animal behavior adaptation to specific environmental conditions, or is the animal by individual life experience and experience make their behavior changes. explicate (1) birds learn to fly. "The book of rites order": "the eagle is learning." Chen Hao Ji said: "learning, learning the number of young flies." Learning methods (13) (2) acquire knowledge or skills from reading, listening, research, and practice. "Qin Shihuang Shih": "people are learning law pijin." Ye Shi Song - "Mao Jifu epitaph": "a little longer, usages, ancient and modern learning." "Wbzd" eighty-first: "Gou Pro Tucheng send a beauty separation, so that the old musicians teach dance, learning step, its art, and then dare to enter Wu Bang." Mao Zedong, "the strategic issues of the Chinese revolutionary war", Chapter 1, Fourth: "reading is learning.". Use is also learning, and it is more important to learn." Another example: learning culture, learning mathematics, learning experience. In 1983, "introduction of Yuan Shan Jia": Yuan Jiashan (Yuan Keli),...... After liberation, the party and the government had several renovations. Grand imposing momentum has increased, has become the vast masses of cadres in our county to study and visit the place." (3) in Ming and Qing Dynasties, an official or a servant who was called an intern in a department was studying. Ming Liu Ruo "Chi - Captain in charge of the action": "Lingtai, a member of the eunuch Valet handprint, the whole book number, at the moment almost all the more than thirty staff, dozens of staff learning." Chen Kangqi - "Lang Qian record" volume one: "worship no order, with pivot Ting does not start learning, are also different." Edit this paragraph in the psychology of Education Definition Learning is the lasting change of behavior, ability and psychological tendency caused by the practical experience of learners. Study Generalized interpretation Learning is a relatively constant adaptive change in the behavior or behavioral potential of human beings and animals through the acquisition of experience in life. (currently accepted by most scholars define "learning is individual in special situations, due to the repeated experience of practice or behavior, ability or tendency to change on a more durable and process".) The first decomposition of generalized concept, learning performance for the change of individual behavior or behavior potential (or implicit or explicit); second, the potential changes of behavior or behavior caused by learning is relatively persistent; third, the potential change caused by the learning behavior or behavior is caused by experience; fourth that learning is a common animal and environmental adaptation. narrow sense (narrow sense of learning, that is, students' learning) in the school environment, under the guidance of teachers. Purposeful, planned and organized manner, is to accept accumulated cultural experience in a relatively short period of time, with the development of personal knowledge and skills, the formation of the social expectation of moral process. Natural angle The Encyclopedia of China (concise) holds that learning is the process of acquiring knowledge and mastering skills. It includes the acquisition of knowledge and skills through formal education and training, as well as the accumulation of knowledge and experience in daily life and practical activities. The meaning of learning is the same in everyday and scientific terms. However, psychologists who are inclined to behaviorism argue that the definition is too broad to define the meaning of the word "learning" precisely, Such understanding can be used to explain human learning behavior, but not to explain the simple learning behavior of all animals, especially some lower animals. Thus, they define learning as a more persistent change in the potential response abilities that result from intensive practice". This definition includes four key points that are crucial to understanding the learning process: first, a more persistent change". This precludes the behavioral changes caused by fatigue, content or habits of the motivation and response ability decline temporarily, this kind of change does not belong to learning. Second, potential response capability". This shows that through learning there are not only external changes in behavior, but also internal changes that are difficult to directly observe. For example, latent learning and unintentional learning are all the scope of study because of the obvious improvement of learning efficiency because of exposure to certain objects and situations. Third, "strengthened"". This is a key part of a behavioral psychologist most attention, because there is no enhancement (no stimulation with or to respond not reward) would be "more lasting change" potential reaction ability, and reactions to be obtained appear fading. Fourth, "practice."". The act of learning must be actually present and repeated before it happens. Of course, learning through observation and imitation can also be only internal change without apparent external behavior. In addition, it emphasizes that learning should be practiced to exclude the innate tendencies of certain species (such as the phenomenon of imprinting in ducks) and changes resulting from maturation of the organism (such as bird flying) from learning. concept (1) Sup (Thorpe, 1963): learning is manifested by the adaptive change of individual behavior produced by experience. (2) Janpur (Kimble, 1961): learning is a persistent change in behavior potential caused by intensive practice. (3) Gagne (Gagne, 1965): learning is a change in people's tendency or ability, and this change can be maintained rather than solely attributed to the growth process. (4) Whitlock (Eittrock, 1977): learning is a term describing the process of empirical change. It is a process of relatively constant change in understanding, attitudes, knowledge, information, ability, and experience. (5) Wingfield (1979): learning is a more persistent change in behavior or knowledge caused by practice or experience. (6) Bauer and Hilgard (Bower & Hilgard, 1981): learning is the change of a subject's behavior or behavior potential in a given situation. (7) Panshu (1980): learning is a process of human and animal to obtain the behavior of individual experience in the life process. (8) Zhang Chunxing (1994): learning is the process of changing individual behavior or behavior potential by experience and sustaining for a long time. (9) Chen Qi (1997): learning is a persistent change in behavior or thinking caused by experience. (10) Pi Liansheng (1997): learning is the process of the relative change of ability or tendency caused by the interaction between the channel and its environment. In the field of education, learning school view learning generally regards learning as a social activity in which individuals acquire knowledge and experience, master objective laws and make their bodies and minds develop in the process of cognition and practice. The essence of learning is the individual self-consciousness and self transcendence of human beings. It regards learning as a social activity. In the field of psychology and everyone is in favor of the persons and animal by experience and tendency or ability caused by relatively permanent change process, these changes are not mature, because of disease or drug induced, but not necessarily seemingly obvious behavior. It focuses on the psychological mechanism of learning. Behaviorism: 1. Animal learning is a link between stimulus and reaction. 2. the essence of learning lies in the habitual connection between forming, strengthening and responding. 3., Skinner's new behaviorism believes that the process of shaping organic behavior is the learning process. 4. learning is the conditioning, learning is behavior, and thinking is also a kind of behavior that can be broken down and compiled into detailed behavior lists. It mainly emphasizes the connection between stimulus and reaction. Gestalt School: the essence and purpose of learning is not to strengthen the connection between stimulus and response, but to form and develop Gestalt, that is to say, to form and develop the inner cognitive structure of human beings. Gestalt emphasizes the formation and development of gestalt". Constructivism: learning is the process in which learners construct an internal psychological representation, emphasizing the initiative of learning. The learning process consists of two aspects: the construction of the meaning of the new information, the use of past experience, the transcendence of the information provided, and the transformation and reorganization of the original experience. Learning is both a personalized and a social activity. Learning requires dialogue and cooperation. Learning takes place in real learning tasks. Constructivism emphasizes the initiative of learning. The humanistic psychology school: learning is the change of self-concept, and the realization of value and potential. Source In China, the word "learning" is a combination of "learning" and "learning". It was Confucius who first linked the two words together. Confucius said: "learning proficiency for officialdom, not also said (Yu)?" It means that after you have studied, it is not a pleasant thing to review and practice it in time and frequently Obviously, learning the compound noun comes from Confucius's famous saying. According to Confucius and other ancient Chinese educator's view, "learning" is the smell, see and imitation, is to obtain information and skills, mainly refers to the acceptance of sensory information (image information and voice information and tactile taste and so on) and knowledge of books, sometimes including the meaning of thought. "Learning" is self-study or someone teaches you to learn. Learning is the act of consolidating knowledge and skills. There are usually three meanings: review, practice, and practice. "Learning" lays particular stress on the theoretical field of ideology, and "Xi" lays particular stress on the practice of action practice. Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge, forming skills, and acquiring the ability to adapt to the environment and change the environment. In essence, it is a general term for learning, thinking, learning and doing. Effect The necessary means of individual survival, animal and human life are inseparable from learning. Learning is the necessary condition for the balance between animals and people and the environment, and for survival and development. It is also a means of adapting to the environment. In order to survive, animals and people must also acquire individual experience through learning. This acquired behavioral experience adapts to relatively rapid changes, and its significance is clearly more important than innate instincts. For example, a little lamb, constantly learning from the mother sheep, knows where to find the rich food and how to avoid the wolf's hunt. If the lamb does not study, she cannot adapt to the changing environment and cannot survive. However, the extent of the role and importance of learning in individual life varies greatly among animals. The higher the animal, the more complex the way of life, the less the role of instinctive behavior, the greater the importance of learning. In lower animals, the acquisition of behavior is very little, and the speed of acquisition is slow, and learning can not be said to play a role in their lives. For example, protozoa were born soon, most of their actions have appeared in their lives, and the necessary reactions have been acquired the day after tomorrow. Their ability to learn is very low and the experience is very short, so the effect of learning is very small for their lives. Human beings are the most advanced animals. The life style is extremely complex, and the fixed instinct acts least. The vast majority of human behavior is acquired, and the ability to learn and the role of learning in human life must be the greatest. Compared with newborn animals, human infants have relatively low independent ability and natural adaptive ability. It can be said that without parental rearing, the baby is unable to survive. But humans have an unparalleled ability to learn, and can adapt to the environment quickly and extensively through learning. For example, cereal, access to food, by study; and other natural enemies against the terrible defeat venomous serpents and wild beasts, the plague from being destroyed, but also rely on learning. In general, the human and nature of other animal such as lion, tiger and sparrow compared to many aspects are at a disadvantage, one can be relied on to study the intelligent part of the universe. There is a well-known saying abroad, "do not learn to perish."". In 1972 UNESCO International Commission on Education Development Research Report published the famous, titled "how to survive", the study with survival directly linked to the visible the importance of learning the survival of mankind. To promote human maturity, with the growth of age, people's physiology and psychology will gradually mature. But maturity is not a purely natural process completely divorced from the influence of environment and learning. The effect of learning on maturity has been supported by animal psychological research. Over the past twenty or thirty years, experimental study of many psychologists found that animal, especially the primary animal environment can influence the abundance of animal sensory development and maturation, will also affect the weight, structure and chemical composition of the brain, thus affecting the development of intelligence. Kretsch (D. Krech, 1966) the rats were divided into three groups: the first group to give the rich stimulation, make them more and more complex reaction; make the second groups had usually live in the cage; the third group and the complete isolation of environmental stimuli. 80 days later, the three groups of young rats were dissected and compared. The results showed that the weight and density of the cerebral cortex, the first group of optimal, third groups of the worst; in the transfer is closely related with the ache of nerve impulses, the three groups also showed significant differences, the most abundant content of the first group, second group, third group was the lowest. Rosenzweig (M. R. Rosenzweig, 1972) also found that a group of rats received various environmental stimuli and appropriate training and another group in the environment and the lack of monotonous and poor training were compared in 4-10 weeks, the weight and thickness of the former cerebral cortex increased, the increase in the number of glial cells, synapses increase or increase, the ache content is more abundant and improve, the ratio of RNA and DNA were also improved. About the impact of human learning on maturity, J Piaget.1969, a famous Swiss psychologist, argues that skills must be practiced to promote child maturity. "The importance of natural and social environmental impacts will increase as children age," he added." White's experiments on hand movement coordination of newborn infants show that learning and training promote maturation. White found that trained babies were able to raise their hands to objects in front of them at an average of 3.5 months, with eye and hand coordination equal to the level of the untrained 5 month old baby. This shows that learning, training for the promotion of maturity, learning to promote the potential performance and ability to improve. Some scholars have shown that, in the four or five years after the birth of infants, in addition to nutritional conditions, the lack of proper learning, training or improper education will also have adverse effects on the development of the brain. Some people study the deaf after the death of the cerebral cortex, found that control of audio-visual organ parts tend to atrophy; tests of congenital blindness, found their eye movement is irregular, difficult to focus on one point, can not accurately distinguish circular and square. India wolf cub Kamala returned to the human society although has been around seven or eight years old, but the intelligence level is only equivalent to 6 months of age; she was about 16 years old, may only be equivalent to three or four year old children's intelligence level. All these studies and facts illustrate early learning, training, and the corresponding cultural environment, It has a certain influence on the development of human sensory organs and brain functions. Accordingly, the help of children should be based on their maturity, and must not wait for maturity. Appropriate learning content, reasonable training methods and educational methods should be used in the proper "growth point" to promote their physiological and psychological maturity. Improve people's quality, learning can improve people's cultural accomplishment. In the course of social and historical development, mankind has created a great deal of material and spiritual culture. Especially spiritual culture, such as literature, art, education, science and other aspects of the results, in particular, we need to learn to obtain, in order to improve their cultural quality. People who lack a certain cultural accomplishment can not be counted as really sound people. The new talents in modern society must be people with higher cultural attainments. Learning can optimize people's psychological qualities. New talent of a modern society, should have good psychological quality in many aspects, such as the noble character, extraordinary temperament, spirit of dedication, target specific character, and firm and indomitable will, and so on. These can be achieved by learning. As Thackeray said, "reading can enlighten the soul, improve and strengthen the personality, stimulate people's good aspiration, and study can increase their intelligence and refine their minds."." Civilization continues and develops. The famous American scientist, the primitive society historian, believes that the history of human society can be summed up in three eras, namely, barbarism, barbarism and civilization. In the age of barbarism, human life from generation to generation in tropical or subtropical forest, in the wild fruit and roots of plants for food, and a small part of dwelling in the tree. Along with the crust changes, climate change, human beings have to from the tree to the ground, to eat fish, use of fire, stone, ability to use bows, grinding stone and so on survival, hereditary. By the time of barbarism, man learned to make pottery, to domesticate and breed animals, and to grow plants. The later period of this era also learned the smelting of iron ore, and invented the writing, so that the history of mankind into a civilized era. In view of this, the continuation and development of human civilization, as a large and protracted relay: the previous generation through labor and life to maintain the survival and development experience, constantly sum up, continue to accumulate, continue to improve, the formation of knowledge and skills, to later generations; younger people in learning based on previous experience and to further enrich and improve, to adapt to the change of time and environment. Thus, the history of human civilization continues to develop through the transmission from generation to generation. Obviously, if not barbaric human hereditary ancestors to learn to use fire, just like their ancestors Ruxue live life; human civilization, if not a hereditary study of animal husbandry and agriculture to be like their predecessors, also rely on natural products as far progenitor ready for food. In addition, it is worth noting that because human civilization has a tendency to accelerate the development in a certain sense, learning activities play a more significant role in human society. The technological revolution of eighteenth Century was marked by the emergence of steam engines. At that time, Watt Newcomen, grievous innovators, through learning, mastering physics and mechanics knowledge, design, manufacturing, testing, and ultimately invented the steam engine. The technological revolution in nineteenth Century was marked by electricity. And the creation of this new productivity is the crystallization of countless people's study and creation. Germany found electro magnetic Hertz, Faraday found the magnetic power, establish the law of electromagnetic induction and electromagnetic theory, Maxwell established the Maxwell equation, SIEMENS invented the generator, Depp Le developed high voltage transmission technology, and so on, so as to promote human power into the era. This century, the new technological revolution marked by computers, atomic energy and space technology has proved once again the great promotion of learning. In this age of information, we just need to consider the fact that a very good personal computer can be purchased at a very low price, Free roaming on the Internet, do not go out to know the world. Not surprised great changes in science and technology to real life, not willingly admit the importance of learning of our human civilization and progress. Study type The essence of learning is to establish the relation between stimulus and response, but also can be divided into different types, such as trial and error learning, classical conditioning and operant conditioning, insight learning, learning, learning, observation of latent right brain learning. It can also be classified according to the content of the learning activities and the complexity of the learning situation (see learning type, learning classification theory). The content is divided into cognitive, emotional and motor skills of the three categories, among them, cognitive learning can be divided into verbal information, mental skills and cognitive strategies of three; according to the learning process can be divided into trial and error learning and insightful learning; according to the degree of understanding, can be divided into mechanical learning and meaningful learning among them, meaningful learning can be divided into reception learning and discovery learning, meaningful learning and meaningful learning activities; to students interaction can be divided into individual learning and group learning; learning vector can be divided according to the learning for learning from books and projects, etc.. These classification methods are often related to the purpose of the classifier. The most typical one is meaningful, receptive learning and meaningful activity learning. Neurophysiological mechanisms of learning Neural mechanisms of learning, learning activities of any known, even the most simple learning do not rely on single cell activity, but by the comprehensive activities of a large number of neurons, the network relationship between these neurons form complex. There have been many theoretical hypotheses about the specific patterns of relational patterns in different kinds of learning, but so far little is known about the physiological processes involved in learning. learning environment Refers to the learning conditions. In a narrow sense, the student's learning environment can be divided into school learning environment, family learning environment and social learning environment. School environment refers to schools, teachers, teaching conditions, teaching methods, school spirit and style of study, these are the factors that affect students' learning; learning environment of family refers to the family to provide the material conditions of students, such as a quiet and comfortable room, harmonious family relationship, can coach students family members. Social learning environment refers to the social atmosphere that influences students to set up a correct outlook on life, world outlook and learning purpose. Animals are expected to survive and survive in the day after tomorrow. First of all, they rely on innate genetic behavior, but this innate instinct can only adapt to a relatively fixed or smaller, slower environment. Learning problem Learning problems have been concerned by philosophers and educationists since ancient times. Ancient Greek philosophers and ancient Chinese thinkers have many discussions in this respect. As Aristotle, Greek, has discussed feelings and memories, the Chinese Confucius has expounded on the educational psychology, especially the problems of sex and learning. After seventeenth Century, the British empiricist philosopher Rock, J., Bekele, G. and Lenovo to introduce the concept of learning psychology, that psychological processes are made as the basic composition concept through the establishment of a Lenovo, and close to the space and time to repeat, similar and vivid is easy to make Lenovo formation conditions. This view was received by psychologists in the European psychological community in nineteenth Century and influenced North American psychologists. But scientific research on learning began in the late nineteenth Century. Study on conditional reflex Pavlov famous Thorndike, E.L. on trial and error learning, research on instrumental or operant behavioral psychologist, and a study of Gestalt psychologists about insight. In order to find a systematic explanation for this research and to elucidate the mechanisms by which learning arises, psychologists from different schools have put forward their own theories about learning. Behaviorists argue that only learning behavior of the organism is experimentally analyzed, Internal processes or physiological activities without resorting to hypotheses. In addition some learning theorists consider the following three conditions do not agree with this view: (1) the body's behavior and leads to the behavior of the event, there is often a long time interval, need to assume that there is such a memory habit or intermediate variables to fill the gap. (2) the organism often exhibits different behaviors in the same environment, and it is necessary to consider the existence of different motivational states in view of this difference. (3) complex phylogenetic evolution and individual development history affect the behavior of the organism, many of which are difficult to observe directly. Therefore must be considered as intermediary and neural activity cannot observe the cognitive process to explain the observed behavior. Behaviorist psychologists have done a great deal of research on learning and have made great contributions to experimental methods, but cognitive theory is now in a dominant position in the field of psychology and learning. (see learning theory) Edit this paragraph with the same name book Essential information Title: Learning Book Number: 2464510 Shantou University press: Guangdong price: 25 ISBN:9787810364966 / 7810364960 Author: Lin Tingyu. Publication date: 2003-01-01 Edition: 1 format: 22cm Brief introduction of the author Lin Tingyu, is a currently being happy to learn French girl, is also a former record company planning, former magazine editor, now the word worker, so wrote some copy, wrote some newspapers and magazines published in the text; also wrote several books, wrote a book, love walk love, love you love to chat, writing, listening to music and watching movies. I also like to read all kinds of people and things in the street. Moreover, because of the sensitivity, because of weakness, always hope that the world can be more and more a day more slowly than the taste of happiness...... content validity This book is so easy, including learning, through learning, give yourself a happy future, learning Step by Step, learning attitude, learning, learning the continuous progress, avoid obstacles and initiation tuiyi etc.. Library catalogue The origin of publishing - ten match light -- Preface born learning first learn, is so easy Open your heart is learning to see the target moving forward to learn, can learn eye-opening EZ way in the environment of learning things, never too late for you to learn, people can not take away the second station through learning, give yourself a successful future growth, growth, growth and real love forever undefeated shogunzord never again dominate the stupid dream of the quality of life of opinion leaders in the vanguard fashion pioneer source on the creative tool to narrow the distance between each other to give you a satisfactory future third station Step by Step when learning a curious baby shortcomings is the starting point of learning learning is Ju St, do, it learning, ubiquitous, choose the right way to learn, re exercise sensory perception, plan, step by step, who do you want to be? In school fourth station learning application attitude modest, benefit easily learn, learn faster and more open yourself, hear different voices doubled the attention, and learning goals and being the only proper course to take practical action to confirm the stand by leading the good learning inquisitive not to ignore any details of the fifth permanent stations in the continue learning should be a never-ending learning every minute at every moment to meet the challenge, Accelerated learning procrastination is learning not others learning should not listen to too much stumbling block is the indispensable steps through the rational thinking to complete the study of Sixth Station learning, to avoid obstacles and wished to broaden their field of study is important, the process of learning to think about what you know, it is the whole picture of things? The courage to take things calmly and unknown to understand learning from the previous experience that problem is no problem to share a rich learning seventh station learning classic gentleman does not know, the hidden short, ask not, students. - "Chunqiu Fanlu" learning without thought is labor lost, thought without learning is perilous. The Analects of Confucius, we should not look back on the past unless we draw useful lessons from past mistakes and benefit from experience. The United States, Washington, where you invest in knowledge, receives the greatest interest. - President Franklin reads books increases knowledge, conversation inspires intelligence. English proverb: life is not governed by circumstances, but by what you are used to. Huxley, British novelist