UNIT-2-Food-for-thought

课序52学时Unit2FoodforThoughtActivereading:Eatinghotpot(1)Leading-in;Newwordsandphrases;Readingandunderstanding教学目的：1.Tolearnsomenewwordsandphrases;;2.Tounderstanddifferentcatering/foodcultures;3.Togettoknowthegeneralideaofthetext;教学重点与难点分析：1.Keywordsandexpressions:chilly,typically,energetic,slippery,ingredient,chew,norm,handle…2.Textunderstanding;readingskills;writingtechniques教学方法：讲授、课堂提问、播放录音教学内容与教学组织设计:I.Leading-inStep1AskSswhataretheirfavoritefoods?Tips:sweet,salty,oily,hard,soft,hot/spicy,hotpotetc.Step2Hotpot,referstoseveralEastAsianvarietiesofstew,consistingofasimmeringmetalpotofstockatthecenterofthediningtable.Whilethehotpotiskeptsimmering,ingredientsareplacedintothepotandarecookedatthetable.Typicalhotpotdishesincludethinlyslicedmeat,leafyvegetables,mushrooms,wontons,eggdumplings,andseafood.Vegetables,fishandmeatshouldbefresh.Thecookedfoodisusuallyeatenwithadippingsauce.Inmanyareas,hotpotmealsareofteneateninthewinter.Step3Onelineofthemovie“LettheBulletsFly”“你带着老婆，出了城，吃着火锅还唱着歌，突然就被麻匪劫了”hasbecomeafamouslineandwasadaptedintodifferentfunnyversionsontheinternet.Howwouldyouexplainthelinetoaforeigner?Haveyouhadtheexperienceofeatinghotpotwithforeigners?Ifhad,howdiditgo?DoyouthinkithasreflectedsomefoodcultureandlifeattitudeofChinesepeople?II.Newwordsandphrases1.energetica.havingalotofenergyandbeingveryactive精力充沛的；充满活力的Eg.Heseemsanenergeticperson.他似乎是一个精力充沛的人。2.investigatevt.totrytofindoutthefactsaboutsomethinginordertolearnthetruthaboutit探究；查明；调查；侦察Eg.Manyadelegatewasinfavorofhisproposalthataspecialcommitteebesetuptoinvestigatetheincident.(Jan.1991,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure)3.expectationn.[C,U]thebeliefthatsomethingwillhappen期待；预期Eg.Keepyourexpectationsforyourchildrenreasonable.(Dec.2003,CET-4,ReadingComprehension)4.confusevt.tomakesomeonefeelthattheydonotunderstandsomething使困惑；把······弄糊涂Eg.Individuallytheyshapeapersoninverydifferentways;togethertheythreatentoconfuse.(Jan.2001,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure)5.exhaustvt.tomakesomeoneextremelytiredandwithoutenergy使（某人）精疲力竭Eg.Thehardtrainingexhaustedme.=Iwasexhaustedbythehardtraining.艰苦的训练使我筋疲力尽。6.rawa.notcookedornotthoroughlycooked生的；未煮过的Eg.Thisversatilevegetablecanbeeatenraworcooked./Idon’teatrawfish.7.plentifula.presentoravailableinlargequantities充足的；充裕的Eg.Thisplacehasplentifulmaterialresource8.unusuala.notnormal,commonorordinary不寻常的；不正常的；不一般的Eg.Theyhavenoonewhoknowshowtotreatunusualmedicalproblemsordesignanewexpertsystem.(Jan.1993,CET-4,Listening)9.slipperya.difficulttoholdormoveonbecauseitissmooth,wet,orcoveredinsomethingsuchasiceoroil湿的；湿滑的Eg.Thedeckwasslipperybeneathherfeet.10.identifyv.torecognizesomethingandunderstandexactlywhatitis确认；识别Eg.Canyouidentifythemanwhorobbedyou?11.milda.nothavingastrongtaste（食物）味道不重的，淡味的Eg.Ingeneral,Americanfoodismildtasting.12.liquida.intheformofaliquidinsteadofagasorsolid液态的；液化的Eg.Fatsaresolidatroomtemperature,andoilisliquidatroomtemperature.13.plungev.(～sthin/into)toquicklypushsomethingalongwayintosomethingelse把（某物）迅速推进Eg.Heplungedhisburnthandintothecoldwater.14.chewv.touseyourteethtobitefoodinyourmouthintosmallpiecessothatyoucanswallowit嚼碎；咀嚼Eg.“Chewwithyourmouthclosed.”“Keepyourelbowsoffthetable.”(Dec.2003,CET-4,ReadingComprehension)15.despiteprep.usedforsayingthatsomethinghappenseventhoughsomethingelsemighthavepreventedit尽管；不管Eg.Despitehisgreatwealth,healwaysremainedamanofsimpletastes.(Jan.1991,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure)Despitethewonderfulactingandwell-developedplotthethree-hourmoviecouldnotholdourattention.(Jan.1996,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure)16.handlevt.totakeactiontodealwithadifficultsituation处理；应付Eg.Hegaveaplungetohandletheaffairsinafriendlymanner.(Jun.2003,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure)17.suckvt.topullliquidintoyourmouthbyusingthemusclesinyourcheeksandtongue啜；吸；吮Eg.Jenniesuckedupthelastbitofmilkshakewithherstraw.18.appreciatevt.(neverprogressive)tounderstandthetruenatureofasituation,andrealizewhyitisimportantorserious领会；充分理解Eg.Idon'tthinkyouappreciatethedifficultieshisabsencewillcause.19.recallv.toremembersomething回忆；回想起Eg.Didyoueverhavesomeone’snameonthetipofyourtongueandyetyouwereunabletorecallit?(Jan.1995,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure)Ⅲ.Readingandunderstandingi.Readingandunderstanding(skimming)AskSstobrowsethepassagewithin8minutestogetaroughideaaboutit.ThenanswerthequestionsofActivity2and3onpage26.Activity2:Answerthequestions.1.Whereisthewriter’sboyfriendfrom?NewYork.2.HowlonghashebeeninChina?Twohours.3.Whereareherotherfriendsfrom?China.4.Whatdishdotheyeat?Hotpot.5.Whatdoesitconsistof?Astock,slicesofmeatandvegetables,anddippingsauces.6.HowlonghasthewriterbeenlivinginChina?Somemonths.Activity3:Choosethebestanswertothequestions.1.HowdoesthewriterfeeltobebackinBeijing?(d)(a)Verytired.(b)Uncertainaboutwhattodo.(c)Coldandhungry.(d)Ratherhappy.2.WhydoesshegotoeatSichuanfood?(a)(a)Becauseshewantsherboyfriendtotryit.(b)Becauseshehasn’ttrieditbefore.(c)Becausethefoodishotandspicy.(d)Becauseyoucantalkwhileyoueatit.3.Whatdoessheshowherboyfriend?(c)(a)Howtoreadthemenu.(b)Howtoorderthefood.(c)Howtocookthefood.(d)Howtoholdchopsticks.4.Whydoesshelaughatherboyfriend?(c)(a)Becausehedoesn’tknowhowtoholdchopsticks.(b)Becausehedoesn’tunderstandwhatsheandherfriendsaretalkingabout.(c)Becausehedoesn’tunderstandhowtoeatthefood.(d)Becausehedoesn’tlikethefood.5.WhatdoWesternersfeelaboutrealChinesefood,accordingtothewriter?(d)(a)Theydon’tlikethetaste.(b)It’sthesameasChinesefoodintheWest.(c)Ittakestoolongtoeat.(d)Itfeelsdifferentfromthefoodtheyknow.6.WhatdidthewriterfeelaboutChinesefoodwhenshefirstcametoChina?(c)(a)Shedidn’teatit.(b)Shelikeditimmediately.(c)Sheonlyateittopleaseherhosts.(d)Itmadeherfeelhomesick作业：教学小结：课序62学时Unit2FoodforThoughtActivereading:Eatinghotpot(2)Languagepoints;Mainidea;Exercises教学目的：1.Toreviewthenewwordsandphrases;2.Toexplainandlearnthelanguagepoints;3.Tounderstandthemainideaofthetext;4.Tofinishtheexercises.教学重点与难点分析：1.Textunderstanding;readingskills;writingtechniques2.Languageandculturepoints教学方法：讲授、课堂提问、播放录音教学内容与教学组织设计I.ReviewthenewwordsandphrasesTleadsSstogooverthenewwordsandphrases.II.Languagepoints1.…andI’vesworntogivehimsometypicalSichuanfood.(Line2,Para2)IhavepromisedfaithfullytotakehimtosomelocalSichuan-stylefood.2…aswellassomeslipperybitsofmeatwhicharehardtoidentifyandwhichwewouldn’teventhinkofeatingintheUS.(Line4,Para3)IntheUnitedStatestheaveragepersondoesnoteatanimalorgans(liver,kidney,brainetc)oreventhetongueandtailofananimal.TheBritishandtheirfellowEuropeanswilleatthese(indeedkidneysareagreattreatintheUK),butwillrefusepartsofthestomachandlung.Someslipperybitsofmeat:piecesofsomekindofanimalorgans3.…whichneedstobetreatedwithrespect.(Line2,Para4)Onehastobecarefulwithitaspeoplemaynotbeabletotoleratetheextremelyhotflavorinthatpartofthepot.4.Whatareyoulookingfor?(Line1,Para6)Notbeingusedtotheideaofahotpot,thewriter’sboyfrienddoesnotrealizethatsharingisaverymuchpartofthemeal.Heisworriedthatifheeatsapieceputinbysomeoneelse,hewillupsetthem.Heisalsonervousaboutwhathemightfindhimselfeatingandpreferstofindthe“safer”pieces.5.Hischopsticksareheldinmid-airashechewssomethingveryslowly.(Line1,Para9)ThisshowsheactsinanervousanddoubtfulmannerashehasnothadChinesefoodbefore.6.Icanevenhearwhathe’seating,despitethenoise.(Line1,Para12)Shenotesthewayhenervouslychewssomethingthatheisnothappytobeeating,andsherealizesthatallthefoodandexperienceiscompletelynewtohim,maybeeventoomuchforhimtoaccept.7.Ishouldhavetakenhimtoabeginner’sclassinChinesefood,…(Line1,Para14)It’snotactuallyabeginner’sclass,butaneatingplacemorelikewhatheisusedtoathome.8.ThemainproblemforWesternersisnottaste…Thedifficultyiswiththefeelofthefood.(Line5,Para15)TheChinesewilleatsomefoodssuchasjellyfish(海蜇),abalone(鲍鱼),shark’sfin(鱼翅)fortheirtextureratherthantheirflavour.ThisisalientoWesternerswhodonotusuallyhaveanythingrubbery.9.Apartfromporkribsandchickenwings,mostWesternersonlywanttoeatfoodwhichtheycanhandlewithaknifeandfork.(Line8,Para15)ItisaruleofWesterntablemannersthatwhatyouputintoyourmouthcannotcomeout.Onehastobeverycarefulasaresulttocutmeatoffbonesasitisrudetotakeaboneoutofone’smouthinfrontofotherdiners.Porkribsandchickenwingsareinsomewaysexceptions,butonlywheneatenininformalcircumstancessuchasabarbecue(烧烤野餐).10.ButwhileI’mnowathomeinChina,…(Line1,Para17)be/feelathome:feelsafeandcomfortable.Whensomeonevisitsone’shomeoneoftentellsthemtofeelathome.Ⅲ.MainideaofthepassageAnAmericanwhohasbeenlivinginBeijingforsomemonthsreturnsfromavisithomeandbringsherboyfriendforashortvisit.SheishappytobebackandtakeshimtoaSichuanhotpotrestauranttomeetherfriends.Shesuddenlynoticesheisnotenjoyingthefoodandthisleadshertoanalyzewhattheproblemis.Itisnotthetastebuttheunfamiliarandratherchewytexturesofthefoodwhichmaketheboyfriendfeeluncomfortable.Sheregretshavingtakenhimtosucha“real”Chineserestaurantsosoon.Thestyleofthepassageislivelyandatmospherictomakereadersexperiencetherestaurantforthemselves.IV.ExercisesⅰDealingwithunfamiliarwordsAnswersofActivity4:1.thenorm2.despite3.plentiful4.investigated5.adapted6.Apartfrom7.expectations8.energetic9.greedy10.doubtfulAnswersofActivity5:1.chew2.recall3.exhausted4.swallow5.confused,puzzled6.swear7.suckAnswersofActivity6:1.appreciate2.ingredient3.handle4.raw5.plunge6.identify8.mild7.DipⅱLanguageinuseAnswersofActivity1:1.Theyaregoingtobusushomeafterthemeal.2.Sheworksinarestaurantandheadsateamofsevenpeople.3.Asthemanager,heshouldersalotofresponsibilities.4.Canyoutextmewhenyouarriveattherestaurant?5.I’vealreadymailedyoumyreply.6.About100peoplecrowdedintothewaitingroom.AnswerstoActivity2:1.boring2.bored3.frightened4.frightening5.puzzling6.puzzled7.tiring8.tiredAnswerstoActivity3:1.Myhandsturnedbluewiththecold.2.Shewasscreamingwithanger.3.Hiseyeslitupwithpleasure.4.Everythingchangedwiththenewsthatshehadpassedthetest.5.Withthearrivalofourfriendswewereabletorelax.AnswerstoActivity4:1.putting2.walking3.waiting4.burning5.discussing6.beatingAnswerstoActivity5:1.Ishouldhavetriedthesoup.2.Ishouldn’thaveeatenthefish.3.Ishouldn’thavedrunkawholebottleofwine.4.Weshouldhaveorderedsomevegetables.5.Ishouldhavesaidgoodbyetoeveryone.AnswerstoActivity6:1.我们正研究着火锅里面都放了些什么，那沸腾的蒸汽和调料的味道就冲了上来，迎着火锅的热气，我们兴奋得满脸通红，期待着我们最爱的食物。2.服务员端来了几盘生食，……以及一些很难辨认的小块滑溜的肉。在美国吃这种肉？我们想都不会想。3.然后我解释如何将各种配菜放到煮沸的锅里，烫熟，在各种调味酱中蘸一下，然后吃掉。4.我怎么会把他带到这儿来呢？这可是他在中国吃的第一顿饭！我真应该带他去上中餐初级班，就像他以前上中文初级班一样。5.但是，渐渐地，在中国住了几个月后，我意识到我喜欢的是中餐的这种感觉，这也是我在离开中国时所怀念的。AnswerstoActivity7:1.Whatpuzzlesmanyparentsiswhytheirkidsaresocrazyaboutforeignfastfood.2.YoushouldhavelearntsomethingaboutChinesefoodculturebeforeyoucametoChina.3.Despitealltheattentionthathasbeenpaidtofoodsafety,itstillfacesseriousproblems.4.Apartfromappreciatingthebeautifulscenery,tastingsomelocalfoodisalsoagreatpleasure.5.TheappearanceofforeignfastfoodsuchasKFCandMcDonald’shashadquiteaninfluenceontraditionalChinesefood.作业：教学小结：课序72学时Unit2FoodforThoughtFurtherreading:ChocolateLeading-in;Newwordsandphrases;Languagepoints,Exercises,教学目的：1.Tograspthegeneralideaofthispassage2.Tolearncertainrelatedculturalbackground3.Tolearnthelanguagepointsofthispassage4.ToanalyzetheexerciseaftersectionB.教学重点与难点分析：1.Textunderstanding;readingskills;2.Languageandculturepoints教学方法：讲授、课堂提问、播放录音教学内容与教学组织设计:I.Leading-inStep1Ssarerequiredtowatchthevideoanddiscussthequestions1.Doyouknowhowtomakechocolateinrealworld?Cantheprocessbeasfancyasthatinthemovie?2.Doyoulovechocolateasmuchasthefatboydoes?Areyoutheso-calledchocoholics（嗜巧克力如命的人）?3.Whatdoyoufeelwhenyoueatchocolate?Relaxed?Delightful?Afeeloflove?Step2AskSstolookatthetitleofthepassage.Check(√)thetopicsyouexpecttoreadabout.☐1wherechocolatecomesfrom☐2howchocolateismade☐3differentwaysofconsumingchocolate☐4whypeoplelikechocolate☐5whychocolateisgoodforyou☐6whychocolateisnotgoodforyouAnswer:Thepassageispositiveandcoversallthepointsapartfrom6.Ⅱ.Newwordsandphrases1.Crushvt.topresssomethingsohardthatitbreaksintopieces压碎Eg.Icrushedsomeiceandaddedittoherdrink.2.pasten.[U]afoodmadebycrushingmeat,fish,orvegetables（肉、鱼、蔬菜等碾碎做成的）酱，糊，膏Eg.Shespreadsometomatopasteonthefriedfish.3.stimulatevt.toencouragesomethingtohappen,develop,orimprove刺激；鼓励Eg.Thereisevidencethatlanguage-acquiringabilitymustbestimulated.(Jan,1999,CET4,Vocabularyandstructure)4.nourishvt.togiveaperson,animal,orplantthefoodandcaretheyneedtolive,grow,andbehealthy养育；滋养Eg.TherosesbloomintoNovember,nourishedbylotsofrain.5.religiousa.(usubeforenoun）relatingtoreligionorthebeliefsandpracticesofaparticularreligion宗教的Eg.Acultureinwhichthecitizenssharesimilarreligiousbeliefsandvaluesismorelikelytohaveinfluentiallawsthatrepresentthewishesofitspeoplethanisaculturewherecitizenscomefromdifferentbackgrounds.(Jun.2003,CET4,Vocabularyandstructure)6.colonyn.[U]acountrythatisbeingcontrolledbyanothercountry殖民地Eg.Culturallyspeaking,AmericamightbecalledaEuropeancolony.7.snapv.tosuddenlybreaksomethingwithashort,loudnoise,ortobebrokeninthisway（使）咔嚓一声断裂8.meltv.tochangeorbechangedfromasolidsubstanceintoaliquid（使）融化；（使）溶化Eg.Thesechocolatesreallymeltinyourmouth.9.manufacturern.[C]apersonorcompanythatmanufacturesaproduct制造商；厂商Eg.Americanautomanufacturersareusingqualityimprovementasonewaytorecaptureworldmarkets.(Jun.2001,CET4,ReadingComprehension)10.concentratevt.tomakeasubstanceorliquidstrongerbyremovingsomeofthewaterfromit浓缩；脱水Eg.Itisaprocessofconcentratingcoffee.11.condensev.ifgasorsteamcondenses,orifsomethingcondensesit,itchangesintoaliquid（使）凝结；（使）冷凝Eg.Steamcondensesintowaterwhencoolingdown.12.amazevt.tosurprisesomeoneverymuch,especiallybybeingveryimpressive（使）惊异；（使）大吃一惊Eg.Almosteverybodywasamazedtolearnwherethebombhadbeenmadeandtested;thedesertsoftheSouthwesthadhiddenthesecretwell.(Jun.1990,CET-4,ReadingComprehension)13.popularityn.asituationinwhichsomeoneorsomethingispopularwithmanypeople流行；普及Eg.Atonepoint,though,instantcoffeegrewrapidlyinpopularity,andmanybrandswereintroduced(stageofrapidgrowth).(Jun.2001,CET-4,ReadingComprehension)14.propertyn.[C](usupl)aqualityorfeatureofsomething特性；特质Eg.Heisstudyingthemedicinalpropertiesofwildplants.15.admitv.toagreethatsomethingistrue,especiallywhenyouareunhappy,sorry,orsurprisedaboutit（尤指在感到不高兴、悔恨或惊讶时）承认Eg.Wehavetoadmitthatthereisstillroomforimprovement.16.inheritv.toreceivepropertyormoneyfromsomeonewhohasdied继承（财产）Eg.Sheinheritedthelandfromhergrandfather.Ⅲ.Languagepoints1.…itwassohighlyvaluedthateventaxeswerepaidincocoabeans.(Line10,Para1)Indifferentculturestherehavebeenmanydifferentwaysinwhichpeoplepaytaxestotherulers.InancientChina,taxeswereoncepaidincornorgrain;inBritainsheeporcattlewereused.Here,theAztecspaidtaxesincocoabeans,whichshowedhowthebeanswereconsideredvaluable.2.Theworld’sbest-sellingtypeofchocolate,milkchocolate,whichissweeterandsmootherthandarkchocolate,didn'tappearuntiltheendofthe19thcentury.(Line1,Para4)The“whichclause”inthissentenceisanon-restrictiverelativeclause(非限制性关系从句)usedtoaddextrainformationaboutthenounphrase.Non-restrictiveclausesareusuallysignaledinwritingbycommasbeforeandafterthem.直到19世纪末，世界上最畅销的巧克力——比黑巧克力更香甜柔滑的牛奶巧克力——才问世。3.…millionsofpeopleconfesstobeingso-calledchocoholics,…(Line4,Para5)Chocoholic:aninventedwordbasedon“alcoholic”,whichmeansoneaddictedtoalcohol.Otherwordscanbecreatedonthispattern:Thegirlinthefirstpassagecouldbeahotpotaholic.Workaholicandshopaholicarequitecommon.4.Mostofthemwouldagreetheyhavea“sweettooth”.(Line9,Para5)tohaveasweettooth:tolikeeatingsweetthingsE.gJustlikehermother,shealsohasasweettooth.5.Ifthiswerethecase,otherproductscontainingsugarwouldhavethesameeffectonus.(Line9,Para5)Thissentenceisinthesubjunctivemood(虚拟语气),toexpressaconditionwhichisdoubtfulornotfactual.E.gIfIwereyou,Iwouldturnitintothesecurityoffice.Itisbehindtheadministrationbuilding.(Jun.2005,CET-4,Listening)我要是你，就会把它交给保卫处。就在行政楼后面。6.Itisalsoknownthatchocolatehelpsreleasecertainchemicalsinthebrain.(Line1,Para7)certainchemicalsinthebrain:suchasendorphin(内啡肽，体内产生的一种有镇痛作用的荷尔蒙)whichlowersanxietyandbringspleasure7.Thesechemicalsmakeusfeelhappyandtherebygiveusasenseofwell-being,…(Line2,Para7)Asenseofwell-being:asatisfactorystatethatsomeonemayfeelthattheyarein.Thisincludesfeelinghappy,healthy,safeorhavingenoughmoney.Ⅳ.ExercisesⅰReadingandunderstandingAnswersofActivity2:Truestatements:2,4,6,8.AnswersofActivity2:5-1-7-9-8-3-4-6-2ⅱDealingwithunfamiliarwordsAnswersofActivity4:1.admit2.luxuries3.invented4.crushed5.amount6.process7.manufactured8.resist9.meltsAnswersofActivity5:1.religiousbeliefs2.release3.affect4.properties5.stimulate6.inherit7.thereby8.pressure9.anextraordinary作业：教学小结：课序82学时Unit2FoodforThoughtReadingacrossculture:StreetfoodaroundtheworldLeading-in;Textunderstanding;Newwordsandphrases;Guidedwriting教学目的：1.Todescribefoodtheyenjoyandtalkaboutdifferenttastesaroundtheworld;2.Tounderstanddifferentcatering/foodcultures;3.Tolearnaboutpresentinganargument.教学重点与难点分析：1.Textunderstanding;readingskills;writingtechniques2.Languageandculturepoints教学方法：讲授、课堂提问、播放录音教学内容与教学组织设计:I.Leading-inStep1Ssarerequiredtoworkinpairsandtelleachotherthestreetfoodoftheirhometown.II.TextunderstandingReadthepassageandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Howiscommercialfastfoodprepared?Itiscookedinadvanceandthenreheated.2.Howisstreetfoodusuallyprepared?Itisfreshlypreparedandcookedwhileyouwait.3.Whathealthproblemscouldyouhaveifyoueatstreetfood?why?Itcouldmakeyousickiftheplacewhereitiscookedisnotveryclean.4.Whatstreetfoodsarementionedinthepassage?Noodles,grilledmeat,Japaneseboxlunchesofrice,fishormeatandvegetables,grilledchickenandpeanutsauce,friedvegetables.5.Whatarethemaindifferencesbetweenstreetfoodandfastfood,accordingtothewriter?StreetfoodFastfoodHowisitprepared?freshlypreparedinanindustrialprocessWhereisitprepared?onthespotsomewhereelseIsthereavarietyofflavours?varied,fulloflocalflavoursandingredientstastesexactlythesameallovertheworld6.Whyisstreetfoodsopopularaccordingtothewriter?Becauseitisfulloflocalflavorsandingredients.III.Newwordsandphrases1.encountervt.toexperience,ordealwithsomething,especiallyaproblem遇到；遭遇Eg.Weencounteredonesmallproblemduringthefirsttest.四级真题:Thestatusesweassumeoftenvarywiththepeopleweencounter,andchangethroughoutlife.(Jan.1997,CET4,ReadingComprehension)2.locala.(usubeforenoun)inorrelatedtotheareayoulivein,ortotheparticularareayouaretalkingabout地方性的；当地的Eg.Ihopealltheprecautionsagainstairpollution,assuggestedbythelocalgovernment,willbeseriouslyconsideredhere.(Jun.1999,CET4,VocabularyandStructure)3.commerciala.(usubeforenoun)relatingtobusiness商业的；贸易的Eg.GuangzhouisthecommercialcapitalofChina'sPearlRiverarea.4.tendvi.(～to/towards)tousuallydoaparticularthing倾向于；往往会Eg.First,Americansasawholetendtobefairlyprovincialandtakemoreofaninterestinlocalaffairs.(Jun.1999,CET4,Reading)5.traditionn.averyoldcustom,belief,orstory传统习俗；传统信仰；古老传说Eg.Televisionhasbecomeababy-sitter,anintroducerofconversations,themajortransmitterofculture,akeeperoftradition.(Jan.1991,CET4,Readingcomprehension)6.varyvi.tobedifferentindifferentsituations(情况)有变化；相异[+fromsthtosth]Eg.Brainswillvaryinsize,butthisoccurswithineveryrace.(Jan.1998,CET4,VocabularyandStructure)7.characterizevt.tobeatypicalqualityorfeatureofsomeoneorsomething成为…的特征Eg.Thedemandforchangecharacterizeourtime.8.opposevt.todisagreewithordisapproveofaplanorpolicy反对（计划或政策）Eg.Thecommitteeistotallyopposedtoanychangesbeingmadeintheplans.(Jan.1999,CET4,VocabularyandStructure)9.asopposedtousedforreferringtosomethingthatisverydifferentfromwhatyouhavejustmentioned与…不同；而不是Eg.Wecallthisa“process”conversationasopposedtoa“content”conversation.(Jan.1994,CET4,ReadingComprehension)Ⅳ．GuidedwritingPresentinganargumentWhenwepresentanargument,weusuallygivetwocontrastingsidesofanargument,andprovideexamples.Wethendrawaconclusionwhichneedstobeclearandfocused.Thefollowingaresomeofthemostusefulwordsandexpressionsweuse.adverbsoffrequencyandpresentsimpletenseAdverbssuchasusually,sometimes,neveretcandthepresentsimpletensecanbeusedtopresentanargument,especiallybydescribinganormalorhabitualsituation.Although:Thispresentsacontrastingidea.infact:Thisexpressionisusedtostressreality;thisoftencontrastswithapreviousidea.ontheonehand:Weusetheexpressiontolookbacktothefirstsideoftheargument,anddevelopanidea.ontheotherhand:Wethenusethisexpressiontocontrastwiththeidea.Itcanbeusedevenwhenontheonehandisnotused.from…to:Inordertoshowtheextentofamainideathroughexamplesweusethisexpression.Wha