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专四语法归纳总结

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专四语法归纳总结2013专四辅导专四语法总结I.主谓一致意义一致和就近原则连词notonly...butalso/neither...nor/or/either...or/not...butNotonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherisenjoyingthefilm.EitherheorIamright.副词here/thereHerearemyrepliestoyourquestions.Thereisanapple,twobananasandsomeorangesontheplates.2.以-s结尾的名词做主...
专四语法归纳总结
2013专四辅导专四语法总结I.主谓一致意义一致和就近原则连词notonly...butalso/neither...nor/or/either...or/not...butNotonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherisenjoyingthefilm.EitherheorIamright.副词here/thereHerearemyrepliestoyourquestions.Thereisanapple,twobananasandsomeorangesontheplates.2.以-s结尾的名词做主语的主谓一致疾病名词:单数:arthritis关节炎,bronchitis支气管炎,rickets软骨病,mumps腮腺炎,diabetes糖尿病可作单数也可作复数:rickets软骨病,measles麻疹游戏名称一般做单数,示游戏所用镖等意义时用复数Darts投镖,marbles打弹子游戏Cards用复数:Cardsarenotallowedhere.地理名称国名用单数群山、海峡、瀑布用复数TheHimalayashaveamagnificentvarietyofplantandanimallife.Scissors,glasses,shorts,trousers一类词单独使用用复数,加上单位词,如apairof由单位词单、复数决定-ings结尾的名词一般用复数Theclippingsofthehedgesareusuallyhurt.特例(见语法P33)Theonlymeanstoachievesuccessistoappealtoarms.Allmeanshavebeentriedouttoincreaseagriculturalproduction.3.集体名词作主语主谓一致1)通常作复数的集体名词集体名词,如:police,people,cattle,militia民兵,poultry家禽等,通常作复数,用复数动词。如:Domesticcattleprovideuswithmilk,beefandhides.2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词有些集体名词,如foliage叶子,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,通常作不可数名词,随后的动词用单数。例如:AllthemachineryinthefactoryismadeinChina.3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词集体名词,如audience,committee,class,crew,family,public,government等,既可作单数,也可作复数用。Thecitycouncilismeetingtosetitsagenda.4)acommittee,etc.of+复数名词如果主语是由“acommitteeof/apanelof/aboardof+复数名词”构成,随后的动词通常用单数。例如:Acommitteeoffivemenandthreewomenistoconsiderthematter.4.并列结构作主语时的主谓一致Eggandmilkisagoodbreakfast.(这里的鸡蛋和牛奶都指一顿早饭,不可分割)Fishandchips(炸鱼土豆片)isapopularsupperhere.当and连接的并列名词词组带有each,every或者manya等限定词时,随后动词常用单数Manyamanandwomaninthiscommunityfindshimselforherselfinneed.Everyboyandgirlintheclassisgivenacopyofthephoto.主语后跟有由asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan,aswellas,inadditionto,with,alongwith,togetherwith,except等引导的结构或词组,取决于主语本身形式。5.表示数量的名词短语作主语主语是“分数/百分数+of+名词”,动词的形式取决于中心名词的单复数形式。e.g.Twothirdsofthecitywasdestroyedinthewar.Thirty-fivepercentofthedoctorswerefemale.anumberof+名词复数,动词用复数。thenumberof+名词,动词用单数。e.g.Agreatnumberofstudentshaveentredforthesportsmeeting.Thenumberofstudentshasdoubledintwoyears.表示时间和度量的名词短语通常作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式e.g.Twentyminutesistoolongtowait.如果做主语的名词短语由“aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof,akindof,asortof,atypeof,thiskind/sort/typeof”构成,无论中心名词的形式如何,谓语动词的形式通常都是单数。e.g.Thereisakindofroseinthegarden.“复数名词+ofthiskind”,谓语动词用复数。e.g.Peachesofthiskindarejuicy.“these/thosekindof+复数名词”,谓语动词用复数。e.g.Thesekindofpeachesareveryjuicy由“manya+单数名词”或者“morethanone+单数名词”组成的名词短语虽然在意义上是复数,但习惯上谓语动词用单数。e.g.Morethanonegamewaslost.一些搭配与主谓一致agreatmany+可数名词复数               谓语用复数manya+可数名词单数                  谓语用单数anumberof+可数名词复数                谓语用复数thenumberof+可数名词复数               谓语用单数themajorityof+可数名词复数               谓语用复数neither/eitherof+可数名词复数            谓语用单数morethanone+可数名词单数               谓语用单数oneandahalf+可数名词复数               谓语用单数II.限定词几个属于不同层次的形容词作修饰语时,其词序一般按下列顺序排列:限定词→表示说话人评价的形容词→表示大小、形状、新旧的形容词→表示颜色的形容词→表示国别、来源、的形容词→表示用途或目的的形容词→名词中心词一、不定代词概说英语的不定代词有all,each,both,either,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any,no,(a)few,(a)little,both,enough,every等,以及由some,any,no和every构成的合成代词(即somebody,anyone,nothing等)。在这些不定代词中,多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但是代词none以及由some,any,no和every构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语,而no和every则只用作定语。二、指两者和三者的不定代词有些不定代词用于指两者(如both,either,neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all,any,none,every),注意不要弄混:Bothofmyparentsaredoctors.我的父母都是医生。Allofthestudentsareinterestedinit.所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。Therearetreesonanysideofthesquare.广场的每一边都种有树。Hehastwosons,neitherofwhomisrich.他有两个儿子,都不富有。Hehasthreesons,noneofwhomisrich.他有三个儿子,都不富有。【说明】each可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而every只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用each,不能用every。如不能说Therearetreesoneverysideoftheroad.三、复合不定代词的用法特点复合不定代词包括something,somebody,someone,anything,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,noone,everything,everybody,everyone等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。something,someone等和anything,anyone等的区别与some和any的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句III.虚拟语气下面是虚拟条件句的几种基本形式。 (1)与将来事实相反Would/could+V,Shoulddo/weretodo(2)与过去事实相反Would/couldhavedone,Haddone(3)与现在事实相反Would/coulddo,Were/did 专四中常见的虚拟语气形式。1)         wish后的宾语从句IwishIknewwhatwasgoingtohappen.2)suggest(suggestion),propose(proposal),advise(advice)demand,insist,order,request,require,recommend,desire,ask,decide等。在这些从句中,谓语形式为should加动词原形,should可以省略。例:Thegeneral’scommandwasthatthesoldiers_____theirfortandcarryoutmoreimportanttask.A.wouldleaveB.leaveC.leftD.haveleft(:B)(2002年49)例:It’sdesiredthatshe_____toteachusatleasttwiceaweek.A.comesB.willcomC.comeD.maycome(答案:C)(1997年29题)3)wouldrather,wouldassoon,asif/though以及wish后边that从句中虚拟语气的运用。1.Iamtoobusythesedays.Iwouldratherallofyou_____nextmonthforadinner.A.comeB.wouldcomeC.cameD.havecome(答案:C。wouldrather后面的从句中,动词用过去式。)(2002)2、Hetalksasifhe_____everythingintheworld.A.knowsB.knewC.hadknownD.wouldhaveknow(正确答案为B。在asif/though后边的方式状语从句中,表示与现在事实相反或对现在的情况有所怀疑,动词用过去式;如果表示的是想象中的过去的动作,用过去完成时。本句表示对现在的情况有所怀疑。)(1998年45题)3.Youlookasifyouhadseenaghost.4.IwishIknewhisaddress.5.Peterwishesthathe_____lawinsteadofliteraturewhenhewasincollege。A.couldstudyB.studiedC.hadstudiedD.wouldstudy(答案为C。2000年32题)4)在Itis(high/about)time后边的that从句中,动词用过去式,表示该做某事了。例:Don’tyouthinkitistimeyou_____smoking?A.giveupB.gaveupC.wouldgiveupD.shouldgiveup(答案为B。)(1999年31题)Itisthefirst(second/third)time后的that从句中,谓语动词要用完成体来表示一种经验It’sthefirsttime(that)theboyhasspokentoaforeigner.Thisisthesecondcigarettethathehassmokedtoday.Itwasthefirsttimethat-结构中,that-从句通常用过去完成时,偶尔还可用现在完成时Itwasthefirsttimethisyearthathehadn’t[hasn’t]workedonaSaturday.这是今年来他第一次在星期六不上班。5)ifonly后边that从句中,动词用过去式或过去完成式。IfonlyIknewheraddress.Ifonlyshehadlistenedtomyadvice.6)在forfearthat,incase,lest引导的目的状语从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:should+动词原形。并且should不能省略Sheexaminedthedooragainforfearthatathiefshouldcomein.Hestartedoutearlierlestheshouldbelate.他很早就出发了以防迟到。在sothat,inorderthat所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为:can/may/could/might/will/would/should+动词原形。如:Hegoesclosertothespeakersothathecanhearhimclearer.Hereadthelettercarefullyinorderthatheshouldnotmissaword.7)amazed,angry,annoyed,astonished,disappointed,frightened,happy,pleased,proud,sorry,surprised,upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:①should+原形动词(指现在或将来)。如:Hewasangrythatyoushouldcallhimbyname.Iwasastonishedthatheshouldnotanswersuchaneasyquestion.②should+完成式,指过去。如:I’mverysorrythatyoushouldhavefailedtheexam.IwasverysurprisedthatFathershouldhaveknownwhatIdidyesterday.IV.倒装倒装分部分倒装和全部倒装。谓语部分所有单词都放在主语前是全部倒装,谓语的一部分放在主语的前面是部分倒装,谓语中的一部分通常是指:1、系动词;2、助动词;3、情态动词。全部倒装的七条原则Therebe句型(表示有);以There或now,then开头的句子,且句子谓语动词为come或go;Theregoesthebell.Thencamethechairman.3.以Here开头的句子,且句子谓语动词为系动词be;Hereyouare.Hereisyourletter.4.以副词out,in,up,down,away开头的句子;Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.Aheadsatanoldwoman.注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。如:Herehecomes.Awaytheywent.5.以状语(常见的是地点状语)开头的句子。Underthetreesatanoldman.6.现在分词和过去分词可提至句首构成“分词+be+主语+其它+的倒装句式。如:Enclosedintheletterwasaphotoofabeautifulgirl.7.so/such….that句型中,so+形容词/副词提前,主谓倒装。如:       Soboringwasthespeechthattheaudiencealllefthalfway.     部分倒装的五条原则:1.so放在句首时表示承前肯定,这个句子用部分倒装;nor,neither放在句首时表示承前否定,句子也用部分倒装;2.省略了引导词if的虚拟条件从句,可以把从句中的had,should,could,were中的任何一个提到从句最前面的位置,构成部分倒装3.as,though表示“尽管”时引导从句,从句中的表语可以置于引导词之前构成部分倒装; e.g._B_asitwasatsuchatime,hisworkattractedmuchattention.ABeingpublished  BPublished  CPublishing  DTobepublished当题干是as引导一个从句,且as前为一个空格时他表示的就是尽管,空格处要填的就是表语。4.表示否定含义的单词或短语放在句首,句子用部分倒装;常见的一些表示否定含义的单词:never,little,few,hardly(…when),scarcely(…when);seldom难得,不常;nowhere哪里都不。常见的一些表示否定含义的短语:innoway决不;onnoaccount决不;undernocircumstances在任何情况下都不。Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.当Notuntil引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。5.only+状语放在句首,句子用部分倒装; Onlyunderspecialcircumstances_C_totakemake-uptests.Apermittedarefreshmen  BfreshmenarepermittedCarefreshmenpermitted  DarepermittedfreshmenV.附加疑问句1.当陈述部分的主语是everybody,everyone,someone,noone,nobody,somebody等不定代词时,反意疑问句部分中的主语正式语体用he,非正式语体常用theyNobodyphonedwhileIwasout,didthey?2.当陈述部分的主语是everything,anything,nothing,something等表物的不定代词时,反意疑问部分的主语常用it.如:Everythinghasbeendoneonhowtopreventthepollution,hasn’tit?3.当陈述部分的主语是one时,反意疑问部分的主语常用one或you。如:Onecan’tbetoocareful,canone/you?4.当陈述部分的主语是man(人类)时,反意疑问部分的主语常用he。如:  Manisthemasterofhisownfate,isn’the?5.当陈述部分是therebe结构时,反意疑问部分用there,省略主语代词。  如:Thereissomethingwrongwiththemachine,isthere?6.当陈述部分含有seldom,hardly,never,rarely,few,little,nowhere,nothing等否定词或半否定词时,反意疑问部分的动词应用肯定形式Youhavenothingelsetosay,haveyou?7.当陈述部分是I’m…结构时,反意疑问部分常用aren’tI 如: Iamlate,aren’tI?8.当陈述部分的主句是Isuppose,Ithink,Ibelieve,Iimagine等结构时,反意疑问部分往往与从句保持一致,而且要注意否定转移。如:①Isupposethatsheiscareful,isn’tshe? 我认为她认真,是吗?②Ithinkheisathief,isn’the?我认为他是一个小偷,是吗?③Idon’tbelieveshehasgonehome,hasshe?我认为她没有回家,是吗?④Idon’tthinkhecandoitwell,canhe? 我认为他做不好那件事,是吗?⑤Idon’tbelieveyoucanfinishthejob,canyou?我觉得你完不成这项工作,是吗?⑥Idon’tguessheknowsit,doeshe?我想他不知道这件事,是吗?9.当陈述部分的谓语动词包括haveto,hadto时,反意疑问部分通常用do的适当形式。如:Youhadtotaketheearlybus,didn’tyou?10.当陈述部分含有情态动词usedto时,反意疑问部分可用usedto形式或did形式。如:Heusedtosmokethreecigarettesaday,didn’t/usedn’the?11.当陈述部分是祈使句时,反意疑问部分常用willyou. 如:Helpmetodoit,willyou?Don’tgothere,willyou?以Let’s开头的祈使句,反意疑问部分常用shallwe.以Letus开头的祈使句,反意疑问部分常用willyou.12.当陈述句部分含hadbetter/best,wouldliketo,wouldrather等约定俗成特殊短语时,反意疑问部分应保留第一个词。如:Hehadbetterdomorespeaking,hadn’the?13.当陈述句部分是强调句或类似强调句的结构时,反意疑问部分常和句首的Itis/was保持一致。如:Itwasinaparkthatyoumethim,wasn’tit?14.当陈述句部分为感叹句时,反意疑问句部分常用否定形式,且问句部分的动词常用be.如:Whatahandsomemanheis,isn’the?15.当陈述部分含有情态动词must,may,can’t,且表示推测时,反意疑问部分不能用must,may,can’t自身,应和后面的实义动词保持一致; HemustbeMr.Chen,isn’the?Hemusthavestayedathomeyesterday,didn’the?Hecan’thaveknownthenews,hashe?16.当陈述部分含有情态动词need,dare时,反意疑问部分有两种形式:  作情态动词时保留自身;作实义动词时反意疑问句应借助于助动词do/does/did来完成。如:Youneedn’tgothere,needyou?Heneedstostartatonce,doesn’the?情态动词(表虚拟)考试中,情态动词部分重点测试以下内容:(1)情态动词+行为动词完成式(2)某些情态动词的特殊用法 1.musthavev-ed musthavev-ed表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为:can’t/couldn’thavev-ed,表示过去不可能发生某事。例如:Sincetheditchisfullofwater,itmusthaverainedlastnight.2.couldhavev-ed表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生,本可以做某事3.may/mighthavev-ed表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may比might表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。4.oughtto/shouldhavev-ed和oughtnotto/shouldn’thavev-ed用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”,分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”表示应完成而未完成的动作用于完成时中的否定句,表示不应完成但已做的动作5.needn’thavev-ed表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要,意为“本没必要…”。例如:Youneedn’thavewakenmeup;Idon’thavetogotoworktoday.注意:didnotneedtodo动作并没发生例:Ididn’tneedtogetupearly,soIgotupuntil9a.m.还有几个情态动词常考的点(1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨,最好”,与hadbetter相近。如:Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好,怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。如:  Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.  Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.(3)usedn’t或didn’tuseto为usedto(do)的否定式。(4)should除了“应该”一层意思外,大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如:Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.should表示推测的用法should表示推测时,表示按常规、常理的推测,即“(正常情况下)按理应该”,暗含很大的可能性,但语气比must弱。例如:1.It’snearly10o’clockinthemorning,Jackshouldbeatworknow.2.Oneyearshouldbeenoughforyoutopasstheexam.以下情态动词语气由强至弱:肯定句:must、may、might(=could)否定句:can’t(=couldn’t)、mayn’t、mightn’t疑问句:can、could(语气更加委婉不确定)VII.独立主格结构独立主格结构由两部分组成,前一部份是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语,多用于面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。1.名词/主格代词+现在分词Timepermitting(=Iftimepermits),wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.2.名词/主格代词+过去分词Theproblemssolved(=Astheproblemsweresolved),thequalityhasbeenimproved.3.名词/主格代词+不定式Heisgoingtomakeamodelplane,someoldpartstohelp.4.名词/主格代词+形容词Anairaccidenthappenedtotheplane,nobodyalive.5.名词/主格代词+副词Heputonhissweater,wrongsideout.他把毛衣穿反了。6.名词/主格代词+介词短语Theboygoestotheclassroom,bookinhand.7.Therebeing+名词(代词)Therebeingnothingelsetodo,wewenthome.Therebeingnofurtherbusiness,Ideclarethemeetingclosed.8.Itbeing+名词(代词)ItbeingChristmas,thegovernmentofficeswereclosed.Itbeingaholiday,alltheshopswereshut.(1)Hewrotealotofnovels,manyof_________translatedintoforeignlanguages.  A.itB.themC.whichD.that(2)Hewrotealotofnovels,manyof_________weretranslatedintoforeignlanguages.A.itB.themC.whichD.that(3)Hewrotealotofnovels,andmanyof_________weretranslatedintoforeignlanguages.  A.itB.themC.whichD.thatBCBVIII.非谓语动词以下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:  enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid(避免),excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit(承认),deny(否认),mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk(冒险),appreciate(感激),bebusy,beworth,feellike,can'tstand,can'thelp(情不自禁地),thinkof,dreamof,befondof,prevent…(from),keep…from,stop…(from),protect…from,setabout,beengagedin,spend…(in),succeedin,beusedto,lookforwardto,objectto,payattentionto,insiston,feellike2.后接不定式作宾语的动词有:want,hope,wish,like,begin,try,need,forget,agree,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,continue,ask,mean,choose,expect,etc需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语,而要用it做形式宾语。例如:通常不说Wethinktoobeythelawsisimportant.而说Wethinkitimportanttoobeythelaws.3.不定式作宾语补足语时省略to的情况:若不定式前的谓语动词是使役动词make,let,have(表示“让、使”)、感官动词see,watch,lookat,observe,notice,hear,listento,feel时,不定式符号to可以省略。注:改为被动句时要把to还原,例如:Thethiefwasseentostealalady’scellphone.4.There’snotellingwhatwillhappen.  =It’simpossibletotellwhatwillhappen.  It’snousetalkingwithhim.  It’snogoodspeakingtothemlikethat. There’ssomedifficulty(in)doing…  在此句型中,difficulty可以由以下单词替换:  trouble,problem,fun,pleasure,agoodtime,ahardtime5.wouldrather句型“wouldrather+动词原形”意为“宁愿做某事”,其中的动词原形不能改为不定式或分词。如:  We’dratherstayathome.  Iwouldrathernottellhim.wouldrather+动词原形+than+动词原形”意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如:  Hewouldratherplaythanwork.“would+动词原形+ratherthan+动词原形”意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如:  Iwoulddoanythingratherthanlethimgetoff.prefer+不定式+ratherthan+动词原形  其意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如:  Iprefertowalkthereratherthangobybus.prefer+动名词+to+动名词  其意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如:  Heprefersswimmingtoridingasasport.IX.从属分句三大从句名词性从句:主从,宾从,表从,同位语从句(重点关联词:that,which,what,as)形容词性从句:定语从句(限制性、非限制性)副词性从句:状语从句(时间、地点、条件、原因、结果、让步、方式)九种常用的状语从句时间状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句结果状语从句目的状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句状语从句有九种,时地原因条状补,目比结果方让步,连词引导各不同;主句通常前面走,连词引导紧随后,从句若在主前头,主从之间有个逗。九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词时间状语从句when,while,as,before,after,assoonas,till,until,not…until,thefirst/second…/lasttime,themoment,theminute,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…thanwhere,whereverbecause,since,as,nowthat,seeingthat,consideringthatif,unless,now(that),as(so)longas,incase,onconditionthat,suppose/supposing,provided/providingalthough,though,eventhough/if,as,while,nomatterwhich/what/when/where/who/how,whichever,wherever,whatever,whoever,whenever,however,whether…or;地点状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词结果状语从句sothat,so…that,such…thatsothat,incase,forfearthat,lesthow,as,asif/asthoughthan,as…as,notso/as…as,the+比较级…,the+比较级…目的状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句状语从句常考点As/though引导让步状语从句的倒装句(前置)Though/Assheisachild,thegirlisquiteindependent虽然她还是个孩子,但女孩非常独立。在以as,though引导的让步状语从句中,从句常用倒装语序。结构:名词/形容词/副词/分词/动词原形+as/though+主语+动词 如:1、Childasheis,heknowstohelpother.他虽是个孩子,却知道帮助别人。2、Successfulasheis,heisnotproud.他虽然成功,但不骄傲。3、MuchasIlikeParis,Icouldn’tlivethere.尽管我喜欢巴黎,但我不能住在那儿。4、Objectasyoumay,I’llgo.纵使你反对,我也要去。5、Raininghardasitis,I’mgoingoutforawalk.虽然正在下着大雨,我还是要出去散步。wh-+ever与nomatter+wh-1.wh-+ever与nomatter+wh-的语义含义相同,即“无论…;不管…”如:whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever,however等。2.wh-+ever的语法功能:可引导主语从句、宾语从句或状语从句,从句要用陈述语序。1)Whoeverleavestheroomoughttoturnoffthelights.(Whoever=Anyonewho)无论谁最后离开教室都应该把灯关掉。2)Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachildwhateverheorshewants.(whatever=anythingthat)人们普遍认为,孩子要什么就给什么是不明智的。3)Whomeveryoumarry,makesurehecancook.(作让步状语,Whomever=Nomatterwhom)不管你跟谁结婚,他一定得会做饭才行。3.nomatter+wh-的语法功能:nomatter+wh-是连接词,但只能引导让步状语从句,从句置于主句前后均可。如:1)Nomatterwhatheiswearing,Tod,justshowhimthecheapest.托德,别管他的穿着了,给他最便宜的就得了。2)Nomatterhowfarawayyouare,youarealwaysinourthoughts.不管你离我们有多么遥远,我们永远挂念你.3)Nomatterwhereyougo,youwillfindCoca-Cola.不管你去哪里,都会有可口可乐.4.Wh-+ever与nomatter+wh-转换两者的意思相同,而且两者都可以引导让步状语从句,因此,引导让步状语从句时,两者可以相互转换。如:1)Whatever(=Nomatterwhat)yousay,Iwon’tbelieveyou.无论你说什么,我都不相信。2)Whoever(=Nomatterwho)youare,youhavenorighttodothat.不管你是谁,你都没权那样做。Notice:当wh-+ever引导主语从句、宾语从句时,不可与nomatter+wh-转换。1._____wantsacomputermayhaveone.A.NomatterwhoB.Whoever2._____breaksthelawistobepunished.A.WhoB.Whoever3.Theywilldo_____hewantsthemtodo.A.whatB.whatever4.We’llremember______weturnedtoforhelp.A.whoeverB.whomeverNotice:however修饰adj.或adv.,它的语序是:however+adj./adv.+主语+谓语…。另外,however用作一般adv.的意思是“但是,另一方面”。试比较:Howeverhardshetried,nothingseemedtowork...不管她怎么努力,好像都无济于事。Howeverweadopthealthcarereform,itisn'tgoingtosavemajoramountsofmoney...不管我们采取何种医疗改革措施,都省不下太多钱。主语从句(NounClausesastheSubject)定义:在复合句中充当主语的句子叫做主语从句.它是名词性从句之一.2.连接词:连词that,whether;连接代词who,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever;连接副词when,where,how和why连接词1)从属连词:that、whether等.★·that引导主语从句只起引导作用,本身无实际意义,在主语从句中不充当任何成分,但不能省略.☻Itwasstrangethathehadmadeamistake.☻Thathewillcomeiscertain.★·由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首,句后都可.☻Whetherhewilljoinuswon'tmaketoomuchdifference.✿☻主语从句需注意的问题(1)主语从句中用陈述语序WhatsheisafraidofistheirtakinghertoParis.(2)主语从句后谓语动词用第三人称单数Whattheyhaven’tphonedisstrange.(3)that引导的主语从句中,that不可被省略Thatpricewillgoupiscertain.1._____youdon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.2._____hesaidatthemeetingastonishedeverybodypresent3.________the2000OlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijingisnotknownyet.4.________we’llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.5.________leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.ThatWhatWhetherWhetherWhoever请用恰当的主语从句连词填空:What,that,whether,whoever同位语从句1.概念:在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。2.功能:同位语从句对名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,3.用法:常跟的抽象名词有:fact/idea/reasonthought/order/doubt/news/hopetruth/belief…4.连词that/whether/who/whichwhat/when/where/why/how连接词that引导的同位语从句that在从句中不充当成分,只起连接作用.Hetoldmethenewsthathewouldcomehomefromaboardsoon.他告诉我一个消息,他马上要从国外回国.Thereisnodoubtthatthepricesofcarswillgodown.只用whether引导,不用if.这个问题是否正确还未被证实.Theproblem________itisrighthasn’tbeenproved.连接词whether引导的同位语从句whether连接词代词what/which/who引导的同位语从句1.谁会出国这个问题还未决定.2.我不知道该选哪个.1.Thequestion_____shouldgoabroadhasn’tbeendecidedyet.2.Ihavenoidea______oneIshouldchoose.whichwho(定语)(主)在从句中充当成分连接词副词when/where/why/how引导的同位语从句1.我了解他们为什么离开得那么早.2.我们还没决定好去哪儿.1.I’vegotagoodidea_____theyleftearly.2.Thequestion_______weshouldgohasnotbeendecided.whywhere1)ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.2)ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)定语从句宾语同位语从句(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的)同位语从句(连接词)定语从句(关系代词)that名词性形容词性只连接主句和从句,在从句中不充当成分代替先行词,在从句中充当成分(主、宾)1.Thenewsthattherearenolivesonthemoonisknowntousall.()2.Thenewsthatyouheardisnottrue.()3.Haveyouanyideawhohewentwith?()4.Isthereanyhopethattheywillbehomeintime?()5.Theproblemthatyoureferredtodoesn’texistatall.()同位语从句定语从句同位语从句同位语从句定语从句一、关系代词that与which在使用上的区别一般情况下,如先行词是物时,that与which都可用来引导定语从句,但也有例外。4.先行词是人和物时,要用that而不用which/who引导定语从句5.当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时WhichisthecarthatwasmadeinBeijing?6.有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词用which,另一个则用that定语从句常考点二、关系代词that与who在使用上的区别关系代词that与who都可以指代人且在从句中既可作主语,也可作宾语。但在以下几种情况只能用who:1.关系代词是特定的人或指人的those,one(s),people时2.主句是therebe结构,且先行词是指人时3.先行词是I,you,he,they(常在谚语中)等三、关系代词as与which在使用上的区别1.位置不同。as引导的定语从句可位于句首,也可放在主句中或主句后;而which只能位于主句后。2.意义不同。as(正如,就像)表示符合人们认识事物的习惯等;而当从句与主句之间是因果关系时用which。定语从句四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句紧跟先行词后,同先行词之间一般不加逗号,仅修饰先行词。可以用关系代词或关系副词引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明,用逗号与主句隔开,既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句,不可用that引导。X.比较结构1)more…than…是…而不是,与其说是…不如说是   Sheismorekeenthanwise.   Heismoreawriterthananartist.Heisnomoreawriterthanapainter.他不是画家,也不是作家。  2)notsomuch…as与其说是…不如说是   eg.Itwasn’tsomuchthatIdislikedherasthatIjustwasn’tinterested.   3)notmore/erthan与nomore/erthaneg.   HeisnoricherthanI=aspooras   HeisnotricherthanI.   4)moreandmoreHeisbecomingfatterandfatter.   5)Themore…themore…   eg.Thehardersheworked,themoreprogressshemade.   6)morethan多于   eg.Morethan1000peopleattendedthemeeting.   7)morethan不止,超过   eg.Sheismorethanpretty. than的用法ratherthan而不是;与其…不如…ratherthan连词,用以连接同类词语,以表示“(是…)而不是…”,“与其…不如…”,着重客观上的区别。Nuclearscienceshouldbedevelopedtobenefitthepeople_______harmthem.morethanB.otherthanC.ratherthanD.betterthanmorethan超出,多于otherthan不同于;除了;ratherthan而不是;betterthan优于C(注意要点:ratherthan后为否定部分,即“不是…”.Helayratherthansatinhischair.与其说他是坐在椅子里,不如说他是躺在椅子里。Thefrecklesoverhernosewereanaddedattractionratherthanotherwise.她鼻子上的雀斑无损容貌,反而使她更加娇媚动人。rather…than…“宁可…而不…”,“宁愿…”,表示主观上的抉择。Iwouldratherhavearoomofmyown,howeversmallitis,thansharearoomwithsomeoneelse.我宁愿自己有个房间,不管大小,也不愿与人共住一室。ratherthan用于“prefer+不定式”后面时,应接一个不带to的不定式,即动词原形。Hewouldprefertoliveinasmallvillageratherthanliveinabigcity.他愿意住在小村庄里而不愿住在大城市里。RatherthanJohndoit,Iwouldprefertodothejobmyself.与其让约翰干这件事,我宁肯自己动手。2.moreAthanB与其说是B,倒不如说是A.Thechildrenarem
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