学术英语如何做演讲How to do a presentationppt课件

EffectivePresentations.MainpointsDefinitionofapresentationElementsofapresentationStructureofapresentationTacticsofapresentation.I.Whatisapresentation?Apresentationispubliclyspeakingtoanaudiencewithintenttoinform,demonstrate,explainorpersuade.Thepresentationisnormallywritten,thenperformedandincludesanintroduction,abodyconsistingofmainpointsandaconclusion.Thesubjectmatter,choiceofwordsanddeliveryalldependontheaudience.Visualaidsareoftenincorporatedintothepresentation,ifmeaningfulandrelevant.Nearlyalltypesofspeechesfallintothreemaincategories--informative,persuasiveandmotivational..II.TheelementsofapresentationThethreeelements:information,speaker,audianceInformationInformationcanbesharedbyspeakerandaudiance.informationinapresentationislanguageinformation.AspeakerAspeakeristhesourceofinformation.Aspeakerconveysinformationwithlanguageandnonverbalsymbolsofauxiliaryinformation非言语符号的辅助信息withact,signal,gesture,expression..audiance◆Whoisyouraudiance?Aretheaudiancefamiliarwithyourtopicandthespeciltermsyoumightuse?whatbackgroundknowlededotheyhaveaboutyourtopic?Dotheyhaveanyparticularinterest?Howareyougoingtoinvolvetheminyourpresentation?Aknowledgeoftheaudiance'sacademicbackgroundandinterestwillhelpyoudecidethechoiceofdetails.◆Whatisyourpurpose?Doyouwanttoinformyouraudiance,inspirethemtothinkaboutyourtopic,orconvincethemofaparticularpointofview?Differentpurposewillrequiredifferentstylesandcontent(persuasiveorinformative).演讲是一个双向沟通过程.演讲后.1.Whatisthepoint?-----objectivesWhatmakesagoodpresentation?Listallthethingsyouthinkmakeagoodpresentation..PurposesformakingapresentationTodemonstrate:aservice,product,system.Tocreate:animage,strategy.Toentertain:colleagues,outsidepeople.Tosell:aconcept,product,idea.Topromote:anattitude,awayofworking.Tosuggest:asolution,anewconcept..Checklist1.Overalla.Doesheconsidertheaudience?b.Doeshehaveaclearobjectiveandstyle(totell,tosell,toamuse)2.Systema.Ishispresentationwellprepared?b.Isthereaclearstructure(beginning,middleandending)?c.Doeshelinkthepartstogetherproperly?.d.Isthecontentrelevantandinteresting?e.Hasheconsideredthetiming?3.Deliverya.Doeshespeakclearly?b.Doeshespeakattherightspeedandusingtherightintonations?c.Doesheuseappropriatelanguage?4.Bodylanguagea.Doesheusehisbodytoemphasizemeaning?b.Doeshemaintaineyecontactwithaudience?c.Doesheappearconfidentandpositive?.5.Visualaidsa.Arethevisualaidsclear?b.Dotheysupporthismessage?c.Doesheusetheequipmentprofessionally?.Organizationofapresentation:IntroductionOutlineMainpartsConclusionReview.PreparationchecklistObjectives:Recheckthatyouhavedefinedyourobjectivecorrectly.Structure:Yourpresentationhaveaclearlyidentifiablestructure?Content:Isallsaidthatneedssaying?Sequence:Isitlogical?Arealllinksandsummariesappropriate?Time:Issufficienttimeavailableforallyouwanttosay?Balance:Iseachsectionweightedcorrectly?Checktheprioritiesofyourargumentsandfacts.Conclusion:Doesitmakepeoplesitupandagreewithyou?Isitpunchy?Objectives:Alltheaboveworktowardsachievingyourobjective?.III.StructureofapresentationI、StructuringapresentationAneffectivepresentationstructureincludes:1.Useaneffectiveopening2.Giveapreview3.Stateyourmainpointsclearly4.Useclearinnersummaryandsignalwordsfortransition5.Useaneffectiveclosing.2.MakingastartWhichoftheitemsonthechecklistbelowwouldyouincludeintheintroductionto:a.aninternalpresentationtocolleaguesorbosses?b.aninternalpresentationtoteachersorclassmates?c.anexternalpresentationtoclientsorsupplies?d.anexternalpresentationtopublicaudiance?.Checklistyournameandposition/jobtitlethetitle/subjectofyourpresentationthepurposeofyourpresentationthelengthoftimeyouwilltakethemainpartsorpointsyouwillcoveranyvisualaidesyouwillusewhentheaudiencemayaskquestionsahumantouch.1.1.Exercise:Listentothetape(P12)()Internalpresentationtocolleaguesatabudgetmeeting?()externalpresentationtodelegatesataprofessionalconference2.Completethepresentationintroductionwithwordsfromthelist:talkaboutlookatpointsofviewquestionsbrieffinallyhearactasgoalong.Goodafternoonandthankyouformakingtheefforttobeherewithustoday.Myname’sRachelRawlinsandI’mresponsibleforpublicaffairs.WhatI’dliketodotodayis___ourrecentcorporatecampaign.This___talkwillhopefully___aspringboardfordiscussion.I’mgoingto___thecorporatecampaignfrom3___:firstly,thecustomers;secondly,thefinancialinstitutions;and___,theshareholders.Ifyouhaveany___,justinterruptmeasI___.Yourpointofviewmaywellbedifferent,andwe’dliketo__fromyou..1)UseaneffectiveopeningGoalsTechniques●Usehumor●Refertotheunusual●Refertothefamiliar●Useaudiencemotivationtechniques.2)Giveapreview3)StateyourmainpointsclearlyFollowyourpreviewLimityourmainpointsUseexplicittransitionsProvideinternalsummaries4)UseaneffectiveclosingGiveasummaryRefertotheopeningEndwiththeactionstepsRefertoaudiencebenefits.表4.1开头实例例1：提问“我想问一下在座的诸位，哪位知道过去24小时里在中国有多少孩子出生?”“我想知道，如果我告诉您，您的计算机在买进时已经过时，您有何感想?”例2：事实陈述“今天，我们市又有30个孩子的父亲因工去世——这类死亡本可得到预防!”例3：提及“今天，这里的每一位都记得，当我们听到唐山大地震时的震惊和悲痛。”.例4：主题“我今晚要给您讲述令人激动振奋的xR5多用程序，然后告诉您这种电脑将如何改变您的经商方式。”例5：引用“一位伟人说：‘每个人的经历远远超过他的想像范围’。不过，正是经验而不是想象，才影响人的行为。”例6:感染情绪“好心的人们，您只要掏五毛线，就可以使这个孩子活下去，直到下年的收获季节，那时他就可以养活自己。”.3LinkingthepartsDifferentwaysoforganizinginformationandideas:companymoneypeopleassetssupplierscashproductpricequalitystaffcustomersfixedintangiblemngmtsubordintcostsCompetitionModel1.CompanyI.MoneyA.assetsa.fixedb.intangibleB.cashII.PeopleA.staffa.managementb.subordinatesB.customerC.suppliersIII.ProductA.qualityB.pricea.costsb.competitionModel2.Usetheinformationbelowtoprepareashortpresentation.Typeoftraining:TechnicalManagementTechnicaltrainingInformationtechnology(computers)Objective:tokeepatechnicaledgeoverthecompetitionTrainingforefficiencyTrainingforinnovation95%ofemployeesreceivesometechnicaltrainingManagementtrainingLeadership/teammanagementstrategiesObjective:torunanefficientbusiness3%ofemployeesreceivemanagementtraining.4FinishingoffSignaltoendsummaryinvitationforquestionsrecommendation.CompleteJoanna’spresentationnotes.Signaltoend_______________Summary_1.____2.____3.___Recommendation________________InvitationforQuestions__________________.Youaregoingtohearthefinalpartof4presentations.Decidewhichpresentationeachextractcomesfrom.Thesalespresentationbyasalesmantoagroupofprospectivecustomers()Thewelcomepresentation()Thenewideapresentation()Themotivationpresentationbypersonneldirectortonewemployees().结尾实例例1：提问“所以，女士们，先生们，我要提请诸位思考一一如果有人告诉您，您正在受到这种疾病的困绕，您有何感想?”例2：提示“今天，在我们的节目里，我要使您认识到，我们需要有更强更专业化的经销活动。而实际上，通过向您展示一个等待我们未开发的巨大市场，我想我已实现了目标。”.例3：行动“我的建议已告诉诸位。时间已刻不容缓。如果我们想避免灾难，那就必须立即行动。要想保证公司未来的繁荣，希望各位不要再迟疑，行动起来!”例4：选择“在我看来，我们有三种选择：或者接受工会最后通牒；或者争取时间考虑我们的立场；或者采取最后行动。”例5：灌输忧患“所以，女士们，先生们，如果我们不能在下季度将销售额提高10％，并保持这一增长水平一两年，那么我们公司将面临倒闭的危险。”.5.PuttingitalltogetherClassicpresentationstructureIntroductionoutlinemainpartssummaryconclusion.AssessmentformforpresentationbeforethepresentationDefinetheaudienceClarifytheobjectives/purposePlanthecontentDesignsuitablevisualaidsControlthelengthFollowaclearstructureSummaryandconclusion.DuringthepresentationKeepeyecontactwiththeaudienceDon’trush(remembertopause)Articulateclearlyandprojectyourvoice.III.Specialspeakingsituations1.Manuscriptspeaking▲Use“spokenstyle”▲Writeandedit▲Preparethemanuscript2.Impromptuspeaking▲Anticipate▲Keepyourremarksshort▲Organizeaswellasyoucan▲Relatetoexperience.3.Teampresentations▲Organizeasawhole▲Providecontenttransitionsbetweenspeakers▲Usevisualaidsconsistently▲Rehearseanddeliverasagroup▲Answerquestionsconsistently4.Mediaandtelecommunications▲Preparinginadvance▲Usingaudiodevices▲Beingoncamera.EXERCISE:Prepareashortpresentationtolastfiveminutes.Youraudienceareyourclassmates,andthesubjectmatterisaboutsomethingthatyouhaveadeepinterestinoraboutwhichyouholdastrongconviction..IV.TherightkindoflanguageChecklistEyecontactLanguagecomplexitysentencelengthuseofpauseimpersonalManneropenorclosed?interested?.Languagefocus:DeliveryandstyleTempo:varythespeedandpausefromtimetotimeVolume:don’tshoutormurmurExpressiveness:varythepitchArticulation:don’trush,beclear,practicekeywordsbeforehand,Sentencelength:avoidreadingStyle:naturalEnglish,nowrittenEnglish,formalvs.informalLinkers:guidetheaudience;helpvarythepaceofyourpresentationEmphasizers:exaggeratealittletohelpgetyourmessageacrossmorepersuasively..V.VisualaidsChecklist1.don’tusevisualstorepeatwhatyoucansaywithwords.2.don’tovercrowdvisualswithtoomuchinformation.3.payattentiontothesizes,fontsandcolorsofthewords.4.payattentiontostructureanddifferencebetweendifferentlevelsofthestructure5.don’treadfromvisuals.Makethesesentencestransitive.1.Oursalarieshaveremainedconstantforfiveyears.Thecompany_____salariesatthesamelevel.2.Thetemperatureinthebuildinghasfallen.Thecaretaker_____thetemperatureinthebuilding.3.Interestrateshaverisenoverthelasttwoweeks.Banks_____theirinterestrates.4.Productionhasstayedthesameforsometime.Thecompany______productionatthesamelevel.5.Theaverageagehasdecreasedinthecompany.Recruitingpolicy_____theaverageage..Weoftenusenounphrasesinsteadofverbstodescribetrends.Forexample:Priceshaverisenconsiderably.Therehasbeenaconsiderableriseinprice.Changethefollowingsentencestoincludeanounphrase.Themarkethasexpandedslightly.Pricesaregoingtofalldramatically.Ourexportsalescollapsedsuddenly.Salesareincreasingsteadily.Salarieshavedroppedgradually.Profitswillcertainlyrisesignificantly..VI.Bodylanguageversion1version2GeneralappearanceStanceandpostureHands–positionHands–gesturesEyecontactFacialexpressionMovement.Underlinetheexpressionsintheseextractswhicharestronglyemphasized.Thesecostcutsaregoingtocauseconsiderablepain.Weneedtodrawupaplanofaction.Ihaveputsomeideasontheboard.Thesearesomeofthemeasureswecouldconsider.Therearebroadlythreeapproaches.First,wecouldacceptthecutsandreducestaffdrastically.Secondly,wecouldfightandhopetoachievesomereductioninthelevelofthecuts.Orthirdly,andthisiswhatIsupport,wecouldputforwardanalternativeproposal.Now,thiswouldmean…..Languagefocus:emphasizingandminimizingEmphasizingMinimizingextremelyitseems….absolutelyitappears….completelyjustentirelyabitfairlyperhapsreasonablytendtoquitetosomeextent.Emphasizethemessage.Thishasbeenagoodyear.Wehavehadadifficulttime.Wehaveseenadisastrousdeclineinourprofits.Itwaseasytoachieveourobjectives.Theannouncementwasunexpected.I’vegotsomebadnews..Completethesesentenceswithwordsthatminimizethemessage.We_____seethingsdifferently._____yourexperienceis______limited._____,you’reright.But____we_____considerthelong-termview.There’s_____time._______we_____discussthisquestionnow..第三节演讲语言的运用技巧一、语言表达的三个基本要求■准确精炼■上口入耳■形象生动（如“望梅止渴”）比喻（林肯的著名演讲《裂开的屋子》）引用设问反问排比.TheuseofyourvoiceIsyourvoiceboring?Doyouspeakinamonotone,orvaryyourpitch?Isthespeedofyourdeliveryconstant?Varied?Doyoudropyourvoiceattheendofasentence?Isyourbreathingright?Doyourunoutofbreathinthemiddleofasentence?(It’aprobablytoolongthen!)Howdoyoumakeapointoremphasizeakeyissue?Doyouraiseyourvoice?Doyouspeakmoreslowly?Morequickly?Doyourepeatit?Doyouuselongwords?Shortwords?Longsentences?Why?When?Areyourwordswithinthevocabularyofyouraudience?Dotheyunderstandyou?Afteryournextpresentation,askafriendintheaudienceforconstructivefeedbackontheabovepoints..二、有声语言的运用技巧语气语调爱的感情：“气徐声柔”，漫和感憎的感情：“气促声硬”，挤压感悲的感情：“气沉声缓”，迟滞感喜的感情：“气满声高”，跳跃感惧的感情：“气提声凝”，紧缩感急的感情：“气短声促”，紧迫感怒的感情：“气粗声重”，震动感疑的感情：“气细声粘”，踌躇感.YourbodylanguageDoyoutalktotheaudience,ortothescreenbehindyou?Doyouactivelyseekeyecontactwithspecificmembersoftheaudience?Doyousweepoverthemorfixthembeadilyintheeye?Doyouknowwhothedecisionmakersare,andspeakprimarilytothem?Doyoutendtoconcentrateonlookingtotherightorleft,tothefrontorbackoftheaudience?Areyourgesturescongruentwithyourmessage?Tooexaggerated?Areyoutoostiff?Doyouhaveanydistractingmannerisms?Areyourmovementssimple?Ordoyoupacelikeacagedtiger?Areyounatural?Areyouyourself?Doyoucreatebarriersbetweenyouandyouraudience?.三、身体语言的运用技巧：▲表情眼神▲看着听众说话▲与听众的目光进行实在性接触▲多种眼神并用▲身体姿态、手势.演说技能自我评估评价：非常不同意／非常不符合(1分)不同意/不符合(2分)比较不同意／比较不符合(3分)比较同意／比较符合(4分)同意/符合(5分)测试问题：(1)我在整个演讲过程中眼睛同听众保持接触(2)我的身体姿态很自然，没有因为紧张而做作(3)我能运用基本的手势来强调我的要点(4)我运用停顿、重复和来强调我的观点(5)我每次演说前都会确定具体的目标(6)我会对听众的需求、忧虑、态度和立场进行(7)在组织思路时我会先写下几个主要的论点(8)我会特意准备一个颇具吸引力的开场白(9)我演讲的结尾会呼应开头，且必要时能要求听众采取行动(10)我制作的投影片简明扼要，有助于达到演讲目标.演说技能自我评估(11)我的论点、论据之间有内在的逻辑联系，有助于支持我的主张(12)我会把紧张、焦虑转换为热情和动力(13)我会清楚地叙述我的观点对听众的好处与利益(14)我会热切、强烈地讲述我的观点(15)我会事先演练，以免过分地依赖讲稿，而集中注意听众的反应(16)我的演讲稿只写关键词，以免照本宣科(17)我会预测听众可能会提的问题，并且准备相应的回答(18)我的声音清楚，语速适中，富有感染力(19)我会有意识地运用语音、声调和语速来表示强调(20)演讲前我会检查场地及相应的设施(21)准备演讲时，我会估计将会遭到的反对意见(22)整个演讲过程我会充满自信(23)演讲前我会检查我的衣着打扮是否得体.演说技能自我评估自我评价如果你的总分是：105—115你具有优秀演讲者的素质98—104你略高于平均水平，有些地方尚需要提高98以下你需要严格地训练你的演说技能选择得分最低的6项，作为本部分技能学习提高的重点.