人口老龄化英文

AnageingpopulationAnagingpopulationisreferstotheelderlypopulationabove60yearsoldor65yearsoldandintheprocessoftheincreaseintheproportionoftotalpopulationreflectstheconceptofpopulationstructurechange.late20thcenturybecauseoftherapiddevelopmentoftheeconomypopulationdecliningmortalityandpopulationgrowthhasslowedbegantoslowlydroppromptedtheproportionoftheelderlyinthepopulationincreasegraduallychildrenandteensratiosignificantlyreducedemographicageingphenomenonbegantoappearbringinginthenewcenturytheworldiscalledthe"silvercrisis"ofthe"aging"problem.Populationageingisaproductofhumansocietydevelopmenttoacertainstageisasocialproblem.ResearchstatusquoandcharacteristicsofChina'sageingpopulationanalysisthecausesandeffectsoftheagingfindsomeeffectivemeasurestocopewiththatpopulationageingsocietytopromotehealthyandstabledevelopmenthasthevitalsignificance.FromfiveaspectscarriesonthecomprehensiveanalysisofChina'spopulationagingproblem.Firstpartandoldproblemsofanagingpopulation,anageingpopulationproblemdefiningtheconcept.Secondpartemergingcommunity,forexampleresearchpresentsituationandcharacteristicsofChina'sageingpopulation.Thethirdpartanalysisofthemaincausesofanagingpopulation.PartivthesocialeffectandeconomicconsequencesofaChina'sageingpopulation.Thefifthpartputforwardmeasurestodealwithanageingpopulationfromadjustingthecurrentfamilyplanningpolicyraisingtheretirementage,developtheagingindustry,changepensionmode,strengtheninghumanresourcesinvestment,etctofindoutmeasuresrelieveageingproblem.atthesametimedrawlessonsfromforeignexperienceofanageingpopulationfromgovernment,society,etc,putforwardthecorrespondingcountermeasures,withtheagingofthepopulationfavorablefactorstoalleviatetheadverseimpactpromotethehealthydevelopmentofpopulationagingsociety.Beforethespeechin980bythecentralcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofChinaissued"aboutcontrollingChina'spopulationgrowthintheopenletter"toallthepartymembers,communistyouthleaguememberforbirthcontrolpolicyofourcountryfurthertighteningoftheone-childor"one-child"policyoriginatedbecomestrictbirthcontrolpolicy.OnSeptember1,2002implementationofthelawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonpopulationandfamilyplanninglaw"decliningfertilityinChinachildrenpopulationdecliningbirthratecontinuestodecline.rapideconomicandsocialdevelopmentofpeople'slivingstandardsandmedicalandhealthcaregiantimproveaveragelifeexpectancyofthepopulationismoreandmorelong.Inthedecreaseinthenumberoftotalpopulationinyoungpopulation,olderpopulationincreasewhenpopulationovertheageof60ratioabove10%ormorethan65-year-oldpopulationproportionofthepopulationhasreachedmorethan7%meansthecountryorregionintheagingsociety.Accordingto2010censusdatashowthatsixthChina'stotalpopulationof1339724852peopleaged60andaboveoftheelderlypopulationproportionofthetotalpopulationofabout13.26%(8.87%)amongthem65yearsandolderpopulationchangesinpopulationagestructureinChinashowsthatChina'spopulationagingprocesstospeedupthestepbystep.[1]accordingtothesixthcensusdatashowsthatChina'selderlypopulationovertheageof60percentageofthetotalpopulationof12.49%ofaged65yearsandaboveoldpeopleaccountedfor9.14%ofthetotalpopulationofChina'spopulationagingtrendisaccelerating.Ageingisnotonlyasocialproblemitalsorelatestotheeconomicdevelopmentandsocialstabilityofanageingpopulationforhealthcareandpensionsecuritysystemhasbroughtgreatchallengesocialendowmentburdenadvancedage,disability,theelderly,theemptynesterquantitysustainedgrowth.PresentsituationandthecauseanalysisoftheagingofthepopulationcountermeasurestocopewithresearchsettlewellproblemsofanageingpopulationofhealthydevelopmentofChina'seconomyhasimportanttheoreticalsignificance.OnethesummaryoftheagingofthepopulationDefinitionofrelevantconcepts1.ThemeaningofanageingpopulationInthefieldofdemography,populationaginghastwomeanings:onereferstotheelderlypopulationisrelativelyincreased,theproportionofthepopulationrisingprocess,especiallyinagestructurehavebeenLaoNianXingpopulation,theelderlypopulationrisingprocess,referredtoas"anagingpopulation.Itisadynamicconceptreflectsthechangeofpopulationstructure;Secondisreferstothepresentstateofelderlypopulationstructureofsociety,fromthelightpyramidstructuregraduallytoLaoNianXingpyramid,enteredtheagingsociety.Internationalstandardis,whenacountryorregionover60oldpeopleconstituting10%ofthetotalpopulation,orover65elderlypeopleaccountfor7%ofthetotalpopulation,whichmeansthatthepopulationofthecountryorregionintheagingsociety.Agingcanshowchangesintheagestructureingeneralpopulation.Populationagingisdeterminedbythedevelopmentlevelofproductivity,isassociatedwitheconomicdevelopmentandthegradualprocessofdevelopment.Anagingpopulationisdecliningfertility,mortality,andaveragelifeexpectancyisprolonged,phenomenonofpopulationisanecessity.2.ThemeasureindexoftheagingofthepopulationIntheprocessofstudyoftheagingofthepopulation,inadditiontodefiningtheconceptoftheagingofthepopulation,butalsodeterminetheconcreteindicatorsreflecttheagingofthepopulation.Herewearemainlyexpoundedthemainindicatorsreflectingthedegreeofpopulationageing.Itmainlyincludesthefollowingtwo:(1)theproportionofelderlypeople,thatis,referstotheelderlypeopleaged60or65yearsoldandaboveitspercentageofthetotalpopulation.Theproportionofchangeisusedtomeasureofanageingpopulationoryounger.Calculationformulais:theproportionofelderlypeople=presentpopulationaged60or65totalpopulationx100%.,oldandyoung,(2)populationreferstotheratiooftheelderlypopulationandyoungpopulationinchildren,youngandoldthancanreflectthechangeoftheproportionofpopulationofelderlypopulationandyoungchildren,itcanreflectthepopulationagestructureagingoryounger.[2]forLaoNianXingsociety,oldandyoungratiohigherthan30%,lessthan15%ofthepopulationforlightinbetweenisChengNianXingpopulationstructure.Itscomputationformulais:youngthan=60or65andolderpopulationpresentpopulationaged0-14yearsby100%3.TheproblemofpopulationagingandtheagingpopulationAgingproblemincludingagingandtheelderly,andagingandtheelderlyproblemslinkedtoeachotheralready,anddifference.Agingisreflectingtheelderlypopulationaccountsfortheproportionofthetotalpopulation,reflectingthechangeofpopulationstructureisadynamicconcept.Ageingreferstoasthepopulationagingleadstoaseriesofeconomicimpactandsocialproblems.Oldpeopleproblemreferstothesocialsecurityandrightsandinterestsprotectionproblemsoftheold.Afteranagingpopulation,birthanddeathratesfell,theagingpopulationisbecomingmoreandmoreprotectionoftherightsandinterestsoftheelderlypensionproblems,problemssuchastheelderlyproblemsfollowed.Oldpeopleproblemisalsooneofproblemswedealwithanageingpopulationwillhandle.Two,presentsituationandthetrendofChina'sageingpopulationSincethe1990s,China'sagingprocesswasaccelerated.65yearsandolderelderlypopulationincreasedfrom1990in62.99millionto2000in88.11million,theproportionofthetotalpopulationincreasedto5.57%from6.96%,atpresentthepopulationofChinahasenteredtheLaoNianXing.Thedeathofthedifferencesbetweengendermakeswomenolderpeoplethevastmajorityofelderlypopulation.Predicts2040,aged65yearsandaboveoldpeoplepopulationproportionmorethan20%ofthetotalpopulation.Atthesametime,theelderlypopulationagingtrendisincreasinglyobvious:80andolder-year-oldmanwasincreasedatanannualrateof5%,by2040willincreasetomorethan7400,tenthousandpeople.Agingtrend,therapiddevelopmentofthepopulationandthefertilityandbirthratesdecline,aswellasthedeclineindeathratesandincreasedlifeexpectancyarecloselyrelated.AtpresentChina'sfertilityratehasfallenbelowthereplacementlevel,lifeexpectancyandmortalitywasclosetolevelsinthedevelopedcountries.Asthepeakinthemiddleofthe20thcenturywasbornpopulationgraduallygointooldage,predictably,earlyinthe21stcenturywillbeoneofthefastestgrowingperiodofChina'sageingpopulation.TheChinesegovernmentattachesgreatimportancetoandsolvetheproblemofanagingpopulation,agingpositivedevelopment,initiallyformedagovernment-led,socialparticipation,thedevelopmentofuniversalconcerntheworkpatternofaging.Countriesestablishedthenationalworkingcommitteeonaging,old-ageworkgoal,taskandbasicpolicy;EnactedthelawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaontheelderlyrightsandinterestsguaranteeact(nrega),establishedtheChinaagingdevelopmentof"thetenthfive-yearplanoutline,theagingclearintotheoverallplanningofeconomicandsocialdevelopmentandthesustainabledevelopmentstrategy.Toguaranteethebasiclivingoftheelderly.Citypreliminarilyestablishedendowmentinsurancesystemandmedicalinsurancesystem,includingtheelderly,andresidents'minimumlivingsecuritysystem;Rurallandsecuritybased"familypensionisgivenprioritytowithsocialsupportofold-agesecuritysystem.Inmanyplacesstilltohelpimpoverishedoldpeopleandoldagetotheoldtakenspecialmeasures.Elderlyserviceshasdevelopedrapidly.Chinesegovernmentamendedthespecificationfordesignofoldbuildings,specificationfordesignofurbanroadsandbuildingsobstaclesandrelatedregulations,convenientoldpeopleliveandtravel.Community,nursinghome,theelderlyactivitycenter,elderlyelderlyservicefacilitiessuchasschools,elderlyleisuresquaregraduallyincreased,theserviceoftheelderlyvolunteers.Three,theinfluenceofChina'sageingpopulationandthecountermeasures(a)establishstrategicoverallplanning,policytoformacompleteset.Includinghistime",LaoYouSuoYiandteaching,thispaper,their,old-aged'sproviding"content,thisisthecomprehensivesummary,China'sold-ageworkisanimportantcontentofsustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopment,isthemaintrainofthoughttosolvetheproblemofgoodpopulationaginginourcountry.First,improvetheunderstandingoftheagingproblem.Muststrengthenthepublicityandguidance,thestressofthegravityofthetrendofpopulationaginginourcountrytospeedup,theurgencyoftheimpactonthesocialandeconomicdevelopment,aswellastheimportanceofimplementthestrategyofhealthyaging,improvealllevelsofgovernmentandleadershipofideologicalunderstanding,strengthentheconsciousnessoftheagingofthewholesociety.Second,clearthedirectionofnationalold-agework.Willimplementthestrategyofhealthyagingintothestate's"tenthfive-yearplanandlong-termdevelopmentplan,combinedwiththeeconomicdevelopmentprocessandthedifferentsituation,elaboratedesignandconstructaworksystemofaginginourcountry,clearlyputforwardthetargetrequirements,priorities,investment,inspectionstandard.Third,carryouttolocaldevelopmentplan.Requirementsatalllevelsofgovernmentattachesgreatimportanceto,theregion'sold-ageworkontheagenda,accordingtotherequirementofthestate,combinedwiththeirownreality,intothelocaleconomyandsocialdevelopmentplans,thedivisionisresponsibleforandmanagesconcertedly,forold-ageworkmanagementandservices,measuresandinspection.2)theformationofsocial,family,dualmode,playtoChinesetradition,filialfirst,socialformacomplementarymechanism.Establishedonthebasisoffamilypension,communityendowmentservicenetworkforauxiliary,publicwelfarefacilitiesofendowmentmeansassupplement,socialinsurancesystemtoprotectthepensionsystemthatoccupythehome,theelderlythemselves,family,societyandthecountry'sroleinorganiccombinationrises,makeitplaythebesteffect.First,thepensionthatoccupythehomeenvironment.Inordertomaketheelderlydailylifeconvenient,residentialdesignshouldfullyconsiderconvenientoldpeopleandsatisfiesthedemandforadultsandchildrencandoorcanbedividedinto,placearrangementconvenientpublicfacilitiesfortheelderlyactivities,makesthevastmajorityoftheelderlylivingintheirownfamily,continuetoplayafamilyendowmentfunctions,toadvocatehealthywayoflife,improvewithrespectfortheelderlytorespectthetraditionalfamilypensionsystem.Second,acceleratetheconstructionofcommunityelderlyservice.Inurbanconstructionplanningshouldfullyconsiderpopulationagingtrend,reasonableplanningcommunityblueprint,andmaketheelderlycangettothenearestconsultation,shopping,cleaningandaccompany,care,emergencycareservices,andfortheoldlearning,stylistic,recreationdemand,contacts,andothersocialactivitiesprovideconditions,graduallybuiltupfordifferentcharacteristicsbetweenurbanandruralareas,multi-levelandmulti-function,manycommunityservicesystemforelderlypeople.Third,themoderatedevelopmentofwelfarefacilitiesofpublicpension.Forgovernmenttosetupnursinghomesprovidefortheaged,suchaselderlyinstitutionsandfacilities,accordingtothelocaleconomicdevelopmentlevelandpublicwelfareinstitutionsneedtoraisingtheoldman,thegovernmentwillcontinuetoincreaseinvestment,effortstoimprovefacilitiesconditions,graduallyimprovethelevel.Toencourageandsupportsocialnon-governmentalpublicpensionfacilities,formulatepreferentialpolicytoactivelydevelopthewelfare-orientedpublicpensionfacilities,formedtheoldman'saidsecuritysystemoffamilymaintenancedifficulties.Fourth,perfecttheoldsocialsecuritysystem.Totakevariousmeasurestoimprovethetownbasicpensionofretireesnormalgrowthmechanism,perfectingrelativelyindependentorgnaizationofagencyofpension,pensionisresponsibleforthecollection,payment,operationandmanagement,intheformofadebttoestablishendowmentinsurancefund,guaranteesumshallbepaidonschedule.Ruraltograduallyintroduceselfsavingandfamilysecurityisgivenpriorityto,collectiveallowanceiscomplementary,nationalpolicysupportoftheruralold-agesecuritysystem,andactivelypromoteurbanandruralpension,socialinsuranceandcommercialinsuranceforhealthcare,builduptheurbanandruralsocialsecuritysystemoftheold.3)cultivateaservice,product,marketofanageingpopulation.Agingindustryinordertomeetthedemandoftheelderlyspiritualandmateriallifeandformofindustry,includingbothproductiveindustry,includingserviceindustries,andistheimportantmeanstosolvetheproblemofanageingpopulation.Developingagingindustry,oneisfromtheactualconditionsinourcountry,soastomeettheneedsofoldpeople'sspiritualandmateriallifeforthepurpose;2itistotakethemarketastheguidance,inaccordancewiththelawofeconomicandotherthreeistoensurethatpensioncostsoftherationaluse,improvetheelderly'sconsumptionability.Specificrecommendationsare:First,themarketmechanismtodrivetheagingindustrydevelopment.Countriesareonthedevelopingtrendofanagingpopulation,aroundtheoldmaterialneedsandspiritualneeds,forsomeoftheindustrystructureadjustment,developmentandproductionofapplicablerightallsortsofoldproducts,toencourageandguidetheolderproductmarketdevelopment.Economicmanagementdepartmentsshouldusethemarketmechanism,establishsomenecessarypreferentialpoliciestosupportcharacteristicstowelfarefortheoldserviceindustrydevelopment.Second,socialwelfaretoagingindustrydevelopment.Urbanandruralold-agesocialserviceindustrializationdevelopmentpathtowalkstepbystep,thefinancegivesnecessarysupportatthesametime,encouragesocialorganizationsandindividualstoparticipatein,tostartupthemechanismofagingindustrytosetupsocialwelfarefacilities,whoeverinvestmentmanagement,conductbusinessinaccordancewiththelaw,tomobilizetheenthusiasmofeachrespect.Third,effortstoreducecostsfortheoldserviceindustrydevelopment.Shouldmakefulluseofexistingsocialresourcesdevelopingagingindustry,multi-levelandmulti-channeltoraisefundsfordevelopmentofindustryofaging,improvecapitalutilization.Makefulluseoffinancialleverage,ontaxcollectionpolicy,supportthedevelopmentoftheoldserviceindustry.(4)acceleratetheagingsystemoflawsandregulations.TheruleoflawisthebasicstrategyforChina'ssocialistmodernizationconstruction,inaccordancewiththegovernanceofanagingpopulationbringssocialandeconomicproblems,shouldbethenextcenturyold-ageworkimportantcontent.Specificrecommendationsare:First,strengthentheenforcementoflawsandregulationsrelatedtooldage.LegaldepartmenttoillegalACTSresolutelysanctionsinfringesuponthelawfulrightsandinterestsoftheelderly,inaccordancewiththereasonableadjustmentoftherelationshipbetweensenilegroupandothergroups,theelderly,strengthencivilmediationwork,andpromotefamilyharmonyandsocialstabilitySecond,tospeedupthepaceoflegalsystemoftheelderly.Around2005time,countriesassoonaspossibleforendowmentinsurance,medicalinsurance,socialrelief,theelderlywelfareandotherrelevantaspectsofthesocialsecuritylawsandregulations,makethelifeofoldpeoplegetcogentsafeguard;Aroundtheyear2010intime,maketheelderlytoparticipateinsocialdevelopmentlaw,newoldcareerdevelopmentprogramssuchasmostoftheoldlawsandregulations,formsintheelderlyrightsandinterestsprotectionlegalsystemfortheelderlyofthebasiclaw.Third,furthercarryforwardthetraditionalvirtuesoftheChinesenationtorespectpension.Intensifypopularizationinoldmethod,willtheoldrulesandregulationslistedinthestatethefranco-prussianeducationplan,strengthenthelawenforcementinspectionsupervision,activelycarryouttheelderlythelaweducationandpoliticalideologicaleducationwork,forrespectendowmentadvancedtypical,desolationandelderabusebehaviormustbepunishedinaccordancewiththelaw,createagoodsocialenvironmentofhealthyaging.(5)tofurtherstrengthentheold-ageworkofleadership.Facingthetrendofpopulationaginginourcountry,theold-ageworkcanonlybestrengthenedandnotweakened.Partycommitteesandgovernmentsatalllevelsshouldfullyunderstandwelltheimportanceofold-agework,furtherstrengthenandimprovetheold-ageworkofleadership.Specificrecommendationsare:First,strengthentheleadershipoftheCPCcentralcommitteetotheold-agework.2000yearsago,aletterordocumentissuedinthenameofthepartycentralcommittee,thepartyorganizationsatalllevels,governmentatalllevelsandthevastmajorityofDangTuanYuanfromastrategicandpoliticalheighttodoagoodjobofaging.Theold-ageworkintothepopulationofthepoliticalbureauofthecentralcommitteeoftheNPCheldinMarcheachyearseminarcontent,resources,environment,inatimelymannertoourcountryold-ageworkformajordeployment.Second,improvethegovernment'soldaffairsmanagementinstitutions.Countriesshouldsetuphigh-leveldeliberationandcoordinationagencyofelderlyaffairsassoonaspossible,toformulateguidelinesandpoliciesofChina'sagingdevelopment,coordinationonsomemajorissues.ReorganizedtheChineseelderlyassociationforelderlyaffairsbureaudirectlyunderthestatecouncil,asadeliberationandcoordinationagencyofthenationalagingaffairsoffices,authorizingthenecessaryadministrativefunctions,systemofold-ageworkmanagementsystem,enrichtheagingfull-timestaff,strengthenthemanagementoftheoldwork,educationandservices.Third,expandold-ageworksocializationserviceteam.Arrangesomelaid-offworkersandsocialallaspectsofthevolunteerforce,toundertaketherelatedworkofcommunityservicefortheelderly,aneighborhoodcommitteesandvillagecommitteesorganizingyoungelderlypeopletocarryoutself-service.Insomeuniversitiesofolderprofessionalmanagementpersonneltraining,strengtheningtheconstructionofold-agescientificresearchinstitutions,thecombinationofallaspectsofexpertsandscholars,in-depthdevelopmentofscientificresearchonaging.Perfectinglegislation,supervisionandadministrationinstitution,strengtheningoflegislationforelderlyaffairsandlegalsupervision,promoteagingembarkedonatrackoflegalsystemmanagement.Four,thecountermeasurestocopewiththeagingofthepopulationAflexiblefamilyplanningpolicyinthe1980stocontroltheexcessivegrowthofpopulation,reduceconsumptionandincreasesavingsandinvestmentrates,andachieverapideconomicgrowth,ourcountryimplementedthestrictfamilyplanningpolicy.In1980theCPCcentralcommittee'sdecision,pointsoutthatafter30years(2010)problemofpopulationgrowtheffectivelyrelief,canadoptdifferentpopulationpolicy.After30yearsofreformandopeningup,China'sbirthcontrolpolicywhichwasformulatedbythegreatchangeshavetakenplaceineconomicandsocialenvironment.Nolongerpopulationgrowthtoofastinourcountry,thenaturalpopulationgrowthratefrom11.87%in1980to2008,thegrowthratehasdroppedto5.08%duringthesameperiodthetotalfertilityratehasdroppedfrom2.31to1.6orso.Thetypehasbeenafundamentalshiftofeconomicgrowth.Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)in1980from$1980in2008to30.067trillionyuan.Importantproductofaveragepercapitaproductionisgreatlyincreasedinourcountry,theinfluenceofthemaincausesofresourceconsumptionandenvironmentalpollutionisnottotalpopulation,buttheproductiontechnologyandwayoflife.Basedontheaboveanalysis,ourcountryhadestablishedtoimplementthemainreasonwhythebirthcontrolpolicyisnolonger.Demographers,zuoxuejin,vicePresidentoftheShanghaiacademyofsocialsciencesthinkthatpercapitaenergyconsumption,pollutionandsoontherapidgrowthofthemainreasonisnotmany,buttheextensivemodeofeconomicgrow