语言学第四章ppt课件

Chapter4By:J.W..1.Whatissyntax?Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.Sentence:Asetofwordsexpressingastatement,aquestionoranorder,usuallycontainingasubjectandaverb.(------X-ford).2.Whatisphrasestucturerule?Thespecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestucturerule.ThephrasestuctureruleforNP,VP,AP,andpp.NP(Det)N(PP)theprettygirlVP(Qual)V(NP)oftendreamadreamAP(Deg)A(PP)verycarefulaboutyouPP(Deg)P(PP)inthemiddleoftheriver.3.Whatiscategory?Howtodetermineaword'scategory?Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Wordlevelcategoriesaredividedintotwokinds:majorlexicalcategories:Noun,verb,Adjective.Prepositon.minorlexicalcategories:Determiner.Degreeewords.Qualifier.Auxiliary.Conjunction.Todetermineaword'scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namely,meaning,inflectionanddistribution..4.Whatiscoordinatestructureandwhatpropertiesdoesithave?Somestructuresareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasandoror.Suchphrasesarecalledcoordinatestructures.Coordinationexhibitsthefollowforimportantproperties:Thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.Acategoryatanylevelcanbeccoordinated.Coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype.Thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined..5.Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontainandwhatroledoeseachelementplay?Syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrases.Aphrasecancontainspecifiers,head,complementsandModifiers.Specifiers:Thewordsontheleftsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasspecifiers.Head:Thewordaroundwhichaphraseisformedistermedhead.Complement:Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsarecomplements.Modifiers,whichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofhead.xp(spec)(Mod)X(Complement*)(Mod)TheExpandedXPrule.6.Whatisdeepstructureandwhatissurfacestructure?FormedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead'ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructure(orD-structure).Correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappreopriatetransformationsiscalledsurfacestructure(orS-structure)..7.Indicattethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.Theoldladygotoffthebuscarefully.Thecarsuddenlycrashedontotheriverbank.Theblindingsnowstormmightdelaytheopeningoftheschools.Thisclothfeelsquitesoft.Det.Adj.N.V.PDet.N.Adv.Det.N.Adv.V.PDet.Adj.N.Det.Adj.N.AuxV.PAdjPDetN.Det.N.V.DegAdj..8.Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andinsomecasesaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeachphrase.a)richinminerals.b)oftenreaddetectivestories.c)theargumentagainsttheproposalsd)alreadyabovethewindow..a)richinminerals.VPNPPVPrichinmineralscomplementheadxp→(Specifier)X(complement).b)oftenreaddetectivestories.Deg.V.AdjN.VPNPxp→(Specifier)X(complement)b)oftenreaddetectivestories.head.c)theargumentagainsttheproposalsDetNVDetNNPNPVPc)theargumentagainsttheproposalsxp→(Specifier)X(complement)head.d)alreadyabovethewindow.APDetNNPPPd)alreadyabovethewindow.xp→(Specifier)X(complement)head.9.Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentence,firstidentifythemodifier(s),thendrawthetreestructures.Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday.Awoodenhutnearthelakecallapsedinthestorm.Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.Det.AdjNVDetNpAdj.NNPNPNPPPVPSModModNPVPCPCInflPst.Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.DetAdjNVPDetAdjNModModNPPPNPVPSInflNonPstCPC.Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday.DetNVDetNAdvAdvNPNPVPVPSInflPstModMod.AwoodenhutnearthelakecallapsedinthestormDetAdjNPDetNVPDetNNPPPVPNPNPPPNPSInflPstMod.10.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.Helenputonherclothesandwentout.Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics..NInflVDetAdjNPNJimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.PPNPVPNPSCPC.NVPDetNCVAdvb)Helenputonherclothesandwentout.NPPPVPNPSVPCPCNPNSCPInflPstInflNonPst.NInflVPNCVPNc)Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.NPNPVPSVPPNScpInflPstcpC.11.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.YouknowthatIhatewar.GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRoll-Royce.Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings..NVCNVNYouknowthatIhatewar.VPNPNPVPSNPVPCPSCPCInflInflNonPstNonPst.NVDetNCNVDetAdjNGerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.NPVPNPSCPNPNPVPSCPCInflInflNonPstPst.NvAdjCDetNVNDetNChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRoll-Royce.NPNPVPNPSVPVPSCPCPCPstInflInflPst.DetNVPCNVNThechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.NPVPSVPNPSCPCPCInflPstInflPstPP.12.Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause.Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructreforeachofthesesentences.TheessaythathewrotewasexcellentHerbertboughtahousethatshelovedThegirlwhomheadoresmajorsinlinguistics..DetNCDetVVAdj.TheessaythathewrotewasexcellentVPNPSNPSCPCPCVP.NVDetNNNVHerbertboughtahousethatshelovedNPVPNPVPSNPVPNPNeSCPCNPCPCInflPstInflPst.DetNNNVVPNThegirlwhomheadoresmajorsinlinguistics.PPCNPNPvpeCSCPSCPvpInflNonPstInflNonPst.13.Thederivationsofthefollowingsentencesinvolvetheinversiontransformation.Givethedeepstructureandthesurfacestructureofeachsentence.Wouldyoucometomorrow?WhatdidHelenbringtotheparty?Whobrokethewindow?.AuNVAdvWouldyoucometomorrow?vpNPInfleInflSCPCWouldyou_______cometomorrow?WhMovement.NInflNVPDetNWhatdidHelenbringtotheparty?NPPPVPNPSWhatdidHelen____bring____totheparty?NPCPCWhMovementInversioneInflNVP.VDetNWhobrokethewindow?NPVPVPNPSInflNonPstCPCWho______brokethewindow?WhMovementeNNP.