物理化学,是一门从物理学角度分析物质体系化学行为的原理、规律和
的学科,可谓近代化学的原理根基。物理化学家关注于分子如何形成结构、动态变化、分子光谱原理、平衡态等根本问
,涉及的物理学有热力学、动力学、量子力学、统计力学等。大体而言,物理化学为化学诸分支中,最讲求数值精确和理论解释的学科。Physicalchemistryisthestudyofmacroscopic,atomic,subatomic,andparticulatephenomenainchemicalsystemsintermsoflawsandconceptsofphysics.Itappliestheprinciples,practicesandconceptsofphysicssuchasmotion,energy,force,time,thermodynamics,quantumchemistry,statisticalmechanicsanddynamics,equilibrium.Physicalchemistry,incontrasttochemicalphysics,ispredominantly(butnotalways)amacroscopicorsupra-molecularscience,asthemajorityoftheprinciplesonwhichphysicalchemistrywasfounded,areconceptsrelatedtothebulkratherthanonmolecular/atomicstructurealone.Forexample,chemicalequilibrium,andcolloids.Someoftherelationshipsthatphysicalchemistrystrivestoresolveincludetheeffectsof:1.Intermolecularforcesthatactuponthephysicalpropertiesofmaterials(plasticity,tensilestrength,surfacetensioninliquids).2.Reactionkineticsontherateofareaction.3.Theidentityofionsandtheelectricalconductivityofmaterials.4.Surfacechemistryandelectrochemistryofmembranes.[1]5.Interactionofonebodywithanotherintermsofquantitiesofheatandworkcalledthermodynamics.6.Transferofheatbetweenachemicalsystemanditssurroundingsduringchangeofphaseorchemicalreactiontakingplacecalledthermochemistry7.Studyofcolligativepropertiesofnumberofspeciespresentinsolution.8.Numberofphases,numberofcomponentsanddegreeoffreedom(orvariance)canbecorrelatedwithoneanotherwithhelpofphaserule.9.Reactionsofelectrochemicalcells.化工原理也叫单元操作,是从事化工专业必须掌握的基本知识,各种化学工业的工程技术各式各样,但一系列的操作使用相同的原理,上世纪20年代,英国和美国一些大学开始将这些原理单独抽出,开设一门单独的学科,专门研究化工单元操作。化学工程原理可以适用所有化工、轻工门类工业的需要。化工原理主要包括五部分:流体输送、传热、传质、热力过程和机械过程。许多化工机械都是根据化工原理的理论知识
制造的。化工厂和轻工厂的工艺设计也离不开化工原理计算。无机化学是研究无机化合物的化学,是化学领域的一个重要分支。通常无机化合物与有机化合物相对,指不含C-H键的化合物,因此一氧化碳、二氧化碳、二硫化碳、氰化物、硫氰酸盐、碳酸及碳酸盐等都属于无机化学研究的范畴。但这二者界限并不严格,之间有较大的重叠,有机金属化学即是一例。Inorganicchemistryisthestudyofthesynthesisandbehaviorofinorganicandorganometalliccompounds.Thisfieldcoversallchemicalcompoundsexceptthemyriadorganiccompounds(carbonbasedcompounds,usuallycontainingC-Hbonds),whicharethesubjectsoforganicchemistry.Thedistinctionbetweenthetwodisciplinesisfarfromabsolute,andthereismuchoverlap,mostimportantlyinthesub-disciplineoforganometallicchemistry.Ithasapplicationsineveryaspectofthechemicalindustry–includingcatalysis,materialsscience,pigments,surfactants,coatings,medicine,fuel,andagriculture.