英语教育语音学复习资料

语音学复习资料 I. Multiple choice: ( c ) 1. ______ is the science of speech sounds. a. Phone b. Phoneme c. Phonetics d. Phonology ( b ) 2. In producing all vowels there is vibration of the vocal cords, so all vowels are ______. voiceless b. Voiced c. front d. long ( c ) 3. ______ consonant sounds are made with the lips closed. a. Fricative b. Lateral c. Bi-labial d. Dental ( b ) 4. The ending –s in “games” should be pronounced ______. a. /s/ b. /z/ c. /iz/ d. /zi/ (b ) 5. In ______ assimilation the assimilated sound is influenced by the preceding sound. a. regressive b. Progressive c. double d. reciprocal ( b ) 6. ______ means the omission of a sound or sounds, either within the body of a word or at a junction of words. Assimilation b. Elision c. Linking d. Liaison ( c ) 7. The ______ of a sound is the length of time during which it is held on continuously in a given word on phrase. voice b. Spelling c. length d. form ( a ) 8. ______ is concerned with the stressing of individual words of two or more syllables when they are pronounced in isolation. a. Word stress b. Sentence stress c. Intonation d. Tone ( d ) 9. A rhythm unit is formed by a stressed ______, together with unstressed syllables which may come before the stress and after it. a. vowel b. consonant c. sound d. syllable ( b ) 10. These groups of words which are closely connected in meaning and in grammar are called ______. a. sound-linking b. sense groups c. pausing d. rhythm ( d ) 11. The stressed syllable of the last prominent word is a marker of the highest importance, and it is called the ______ of the tune. tail b.pre-head c. head d. nucleus (b ) 12. A ______represents a stressed syllable pronounced with a fall in pitch within that syllable. a. dash b.downward curve c. upward cure d. dot ( a ) 13. In un-emphatic English speech the ______ stressed syllable in a sentence is usually pronounced on the highest pitch. a. first b. Second c. third d. fourth ( b ) 14. The ______ tone express “certainty” or “completeness”. a. rising b. Falling c. falling-rising d. rising-falling ( c ) 15. Auxiliary and modal verbs are stressed ______ of a sentence. a. in the middle b. at the end c. at the beginning d. at any position (a ) 16. ______ covers the articulation, classification and combination of the English speech sounds. a. Phonetics b. Phonology c. Phone d. Phoneme ( c ) 17. Standard English is the sort of English based on the ______ dialect. a. New York b. Cambridge c. London d. Washington ( d ) 18. The modern phonetic transcription that is most widely used now is the ______. a. Narrow Transcription b. Broad Transcription c. Symbols d. International Phonetic Alphabet ( d ) 19. /m/ is a nasal according to ______. a. the tenseness b. place of articulation c. work of the vocal cords d. manner of articulation ( b ) 20. The ending –ed in “planned” is pronounced ______. a. /t/ b. /d/ c. /id/ d. /it/ ( a )21. In producing ______ the obstruction is formed in the glottis, between the two vocal cords. a. glottal b. velar c. lateral d. semi-vowel ( b ) 22. In producing ______ the obstruction is formed between the tip of the tongue and the upper front teeth. a. labio-dental b. dental c. alveolar d. velar ( b )23. The ending –s in “games” should be pronounced ______ . a. /s/ b. /z/ c. /iz/ d. /zi/ (b ) 24. The organs of speech, such as the teeth ridge, the palate are in ______ cavity. a. nasal b. mouth c. tongue d. pharynx ( a ) 25. If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the first must be ______. a. /s/ b. /p/ c. /b/ d. /w/ (d ) 26. ______ is concerned with the sound system of language, it studies the functioning of the speech sounds. a. Phone b. Phoneme c. Phonetics d. Phonology ( c ) 27. ______ sounds in English are made with the soft plate lowered. a. stop b. nasal c. velar d. lateral ( c )28. ______ consonant sounds are made with the lips closed. a. Fricative b. Lateral c. Bi-labial d. Dental ( d ) 29. A rhythm unit is formed by a stressed ______, together with unstressed syllables which may come before the stress and after it. a. vowel b. consonant c. sound d. syllable ( b ) 30. These groups of words which are closely connected in meaning and in grammar are called ______. a. sound-linking b. sense groups c. pausing d. rhythm ( d ) 31. The stressed syllable of the last prominent word is a marker of the highest importance, and it is called the ______ of the tune. a. tail b. pre-head c. head . nucleus ( b ) 32. A ______represents a stressed syllable pronounced with a fall in pitch within that syllable. a. dash b. downward curve c. upward cure d. dot ( a ) 33. In un-emphatic English speech the ______ stressed syllable in a sentence is usually pronounced on the highest pitch. a. first b.Second c. third d. fourth ( b ) 34. The ______ tone express “certainty” or “completeness”. a. rising b. Falling c. falling-rising d. rising-falling ( c ) 35. ______ is the science of speech sounds. a. Phone b. Phoneme c. Phonetics d.Phonology ( a ) 36. ______ covers the articulation, classification and combination of the English speech sounds. a. Phonetics b. Phonology c. Phone d. Phoneme (c ) 37. Standard English is the sort of English based on the ______ dialect. a. New York b. Cambridge c. London d. Washington (d ) 38. The modern phonetic transcription that is most widely used now is the ______. a. Narrow Transcription b. Broad Transcription c. Symbols d. International Phonetic Alphabet ( d ) 39. /m/ is a nasal according to ______. a. the tenseness b. place of articulation c. work of the vocal cords d. manner of articulation ( a ) 40. The ending –ed in “helped” is pronounced ______. a. /t/ b. /d/ c. /id/ d. /it/ ( a )4 1. In producing ______ the obstruction is formed in the glottis, between the two vocal cords. a. glottal b. velar c. lateral d. semi-vowel ( b )42. In producing ______ the obstruction is formed between the tip of the tongue and the upper front teeth. a. labio-dental b. dental c. alveolar d. velar (c ) 43. The ending –s in “changes” should be pronounced ______ . a. /s/ b. /z/ c. /iz/ d. /zi/ ( b ) 44. The organs of speech, such as the teeth ridge, the palate are in ______ cavity. a. nasal b. mouthc. tongue d. pharynx ( a ) 45. If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the first must be ______. /s/ b. /p/ c. /b/ d. /w/ (d )46. ______ is concerned with the sound system of language, it studies the functioning of the speech sounds. a. Phone b. Phoneme c. Phonetics d. Phonology (c )4 7. ______ sounds in English are made with the soft plate lowered. a. Stop b. nasal c. velar d. lateral ( c ) 48. ______ consonant sounds are made with the lips closed. Fricative b. Lateral c. Bi-labial d. Dental ( d ) 49. A rhythm unit is formed by a stressed ______, together with unstressed syllables which may come before the stress and after it. vowel b. Consonant c. sound d. syllable (b ) 50. These groups of words which are closely connected in meaning and in grammar are called ______. a. sound-linking b. sense groups c. pausing d. rhythm ( d ) 51. The stressed syllable of the last prominent word is a marker of the highest importance, and it is called the ______ of the tune. a. tail b. pre-head c. head d. nucleus (a ) 52. A ______represents a stressed syllable pronounced with a fall in pitch within that syllable. a. dash b. downward curve c. upward cure d. dot ( a ) 53. In un-emphatic English speech the ______ stressed syllable in a sentence is usually pronounced on the highest pitch. a. first b. Second c. third d. fourth ( b ) 54. The ______ tone express “certainty” or “completeness”. a. rising b. Falling c. falling-rising d. rising-falling ( c ) 55. ______ is the science of speech sounds. a. Phone b. Phoneme c. Phonetics d. Phonology ( a ) 56. ______ covers the articulation, classification and combination of the English speech sounds. a. Phonetics b. Phonology c. Phone d. Phoneme ( c ) 57. Standard English is the sort of English based on the ______ dialect. a. New York b. Cambridge c. London d. Washington (d ) 58. The modern phonetic transcription that is most widely used now is the ______. a. Narrow Transcription b. Broad Transcription c. Symbols d.International Phonetic Alphabet (d ) 59. /m/ is a nasal according to ______. a. the tenseness b. place of articulation c. work of the vocal cords d. manner of articulation (c ) 60. The ending –ed in “protected” is pronounced ______. a. /t/ b. /d/ c. /id/ d. /it/ II. Choose the suitable answers: A language consists of the important elements, namely () () () ()(). a. speech sounds b. vocabulary c. grammar d. Signs e. symbols In English pronunciation the vocal cords are drawn near together and vibrate when we pronounce ()()()()(). a. vowels b. voiceless consonants c. voiced consonants d. the larynx e. the tip of the tongue According to the manner of articulation of consonant we may distinguish ()()()()(). a. plosives b. fricatives c. affricates d. nasals e. semi-vowels In English a weak form of a word is generally distinguished from a strong form by ()()()()(). the difference in vowel sounds The absence of a sound The difference in the length of a vowel The abbreviated form of a word The word accent In English intonation the nucleus has different tones. The most important tones are ()()()()(). a. the falling tone b. the rising tone c. the falling rising tone d. the rising falling tone e. the rising-falling-rising tone As a means of communication by word of mouth, language is used ()()()()(). a. in oral speech b. in written language c. in listening d. in reading aloud e. in body language The voiceless consonants are usually ()()()()(). a. aspirated b. strong c. long d. Deep e. descriptive The English pure vowels (monophthongs) are classified according the principles of ()()()()(). the height of the raised part of the tongue the part of the tongue raised the length of the vowel the position (or shape) of the lips the degree of tenseness In English pronunciation elision is divided into ()()()()(). a. historical elision b. contextual elision c. linear elision d. micro elision e. macro elision Main tone patterns of American speech are ()()()()(). a. the falling tone b. half falling tone c. the rising tone d. the falling-rising tone e. the rising falling tone In order to study speech sounds, it is necessary to know and learn the organs of speech and their functions, as ()()()()(). a. the teeth b. the lips c. the tongue d. the mouth cavity and the nasal cavity e. the vision According to the place of articulation of consonant we may distinguish ()()()()(). a. bi-labial b. labio-dental c. dental d. alveolar e. palatal The English pure vowels (monophthongs) are classified according the principles of ()()()()(). the height of the raised part of the tongue the part of the tongue raised the length of the vowel the position (or shape) of the lips the degree of tenseness The alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables results in the influence of rhythm upon ()()()()(). a. word stress b. sentence stress c. key words d. rhythmic group e. the tempo of speech In the case of the sound [f], occur initially in “feel”, the following answers would be given: ()()()()(). a. voiceless b. labio-dental c. fricative d. Aspirated e. strong and long 1. (1)(2)(3)()() 2. (1)(3)()()() 3. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) 4. (1)(2)(3)()() 5. (1)(2)(3)()() 6.(1)(4)()()() 7.(1)(2)(3)()() 8.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5) 9.(1)(2)()()() 10.(1)(2)(3)(4)() 11.(1)(2)(3)(4)() 12. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) 13. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) 14. (1)(2)()()() 15. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) III. Explain the following terms: Assimilation 2.Rhythm 3.IPA 4.Word stress 5. Head 6 .Liaison 7.Incomplete Plosion 8.Sentence stress 9. Tail 10.Elision 11. Intonation 12. Pre-head 答案 1. In connected speech, sounds, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both the original sounds. This process is called assimilation. 2. Rhythm in English speech is based on stress. A rhythm unit is formed by a stressed syllable, together with unstressed syllables which may come before the stress and after it. 3. The modern phonetic transcription that is most widely used now is the International Phonetic Alphabet. The characteristic of this transcription is that each symbol must always represent one sound and never any other, and one sound must be represented by only one symbol. 4． Word stress is concerned with the stressing of individual words of two or more syllables when they are pronounced in isolation. 5. The head begins with the stressed syllable of the first prominent word (before the nucleus) and ends with the syllable immediately preceding the nucleus. 6. If we want to speak English fluently, we must try to avoid pronouncing each word as if it were isolated. We must try to link words together smoothly and naturally. 7. When a plosive consonant is immediately followed by another plosive, only the second plosive is fully exploded, but the closure is held for double the usual time. 8.Some words lose their stresses, especially when we talk quickly, other words keep their stresses and these stressed syllables form what is called sentence-stress 9.All syllables following the nucleus are called the tail. 10.Elision means the omission of a sound or sounds, either within the body of a word or at a junction of words. There are historical elision and contextual elision. 11.By intonation we mean the rise and fall of the pitch-change of the voice which take place on the nucleus. 12.The pre-head consists of any syllables before the stressed syllable of the first prominent word. IV. Answer the following questions: 1.What is lateral plosion? When a plosive consonant is immediately followed by the lateral ［l］as in metal , you must not allow the tip of the tongue to leave the teeth ridge, but when ［l］is made, the sides of the tongue move away from the sides of the palate so that the air passes round the sides of the tongue. This is known as the lateral plosion. 2.How do you understand the falling-rising tone? The fall and rise may be confined within one syllable, a fall from rather high to low and then a rise to about the mid pitch. If there is an unstressed syllable following the nuclear syllable, the fall occurs on the nuclear syllable and the rise on the tail; if there are two or more than two unstressed syllables, following the nuclear syllable, the fall still occurs on the nuclear syllable and the unstressed ones rise gradually to about the mid pitch. The falling-rising tone combines the falling tone’s meaning of “assertion”, “certainty” with the rising tone’s meaning of “incompleteness”. At the end of a sentence, it often conveys a feeling of reservation. 3.What is Second Rise? When we read a long sentence with many stresses, we find it uncomfortable to keep our voice descending throughout. To get over this difficulty it is natural to raise our voice a little at a proper stressed syllable and let the descent start from a new high tone. This also helps produce a more lively impression even though the sentence is not long, as syllables thus raised in pitch are given rather more importance. The second rise in a sentence is shown by the sigh (↑) in front of the syllable to be lifted. 4.How to read the consonant clusters well? Two things must be remembered when you read consonant clusters: (1) Don’t insert any vowel sound between the consonants. (2) The first consonant must be said very gently and quickly, and the second one is very often formed while the first one is being pronounced. 5.What is Standard English Pronunciation? It is the sort of English based on the London dialect and used by educated people in southern England. It is the pronunciation used by the announcers of BBC and also widely used throughout English-speaking countries. It has been accepted everywhere for the teaching of English to foreigners. 6. How do you understand the falling tone? The falling glide may start from the high pitch of the speaking voice and fall to the lowest pitch, or from a mid pitch to the lowest pitch. The falling glide is most easily perceptible when it takes place on a syllable containing a long vowel or a diphthong. The falling tone expresses “certainty” or “completeness”. Thus a straight-forward statement normally ends with a falling tone, since it asserts a fact of which the speaker is certain. 7.What is nasal plosion? When a plosive consonant is immediately followed by a nasal consonant, the explosion of the plosive consonant in this case is not made by the air escaping through the mouth, but the mouth closure is retained and the explosion is made by the air escaping suddenly through the nose at the moment when the soft palate is lowered to form the nasal plosion. 8. How do you understand the rising tone? A rising glide may extend from low to mid, or from mid to high. It is more easily perceptible when it occurs on a syllable containing a long vowel or a diphthong. The rising tone expresses “uncertainty” or “incompleteness” or “politeness”. A general question usually has a rising tone, as the speaker is uncertain of the truth of what he is asking about. V. Application questions