人体泌尿系统的组成

人体泌尿系统的组成 《人体泌尿系统的组成》教学设计 杨桂玲 一、指导思想与理论依据 “构建学生在教学过程中的学习主体地位，培养学生终身学习和终身发展所需要的主体探究精神与能力，渗透可持续发展教育”是本节课的基本理念。运用“以问题为中心”的课堂教学学习模式，通过设计真实、深入、具有开放性的问题情境，引导学生参与探究、思考，让学生通过一系列问题的解决来实现教学目标。指导学生开展小组活动，自主探究，发挥学生的主体作用，充分体现以“学生发展为本”的教学理念，使学生在思考问题中训练思维，在解决问题中学会学习，在动手实践中产生创新意识，实现学生的学习方式由“接受式学习向发现式学习的转变” ,由“独立学习向合作学习的转变”。 二、教学背景分析 1 、学习内容分析 《人体泌尿系统的组成》是北京版教材初中生物第二册第七章“生物的排泄”第二节“人体内尿液的形成与排出”的第一部分内容。本节课主要内容有:( 1)泌尿系统的组成及其功能;( 2)泌尿系统的主要器官——肾脏。 教学重点: 1、肾单位的结构。 2、学生初步形成关注社会、关注健康、热心公益的意识，树立可持续发展的思想。 教学难点:肾单位的结构。 2 、学生情况分析 初一学生经过一个多学期对生物学的学习，已经有了关于消化系统、循环系统、呼吸系统等人体生理的基础知识，具有了一定的识图能力、观察能力，对“肾”、“膀胱”、“尿”等在生活中已获得了一些感性认识。但是，初一学生抽象思维能力、理解能力较弱，肾单位的各部分结构特点和彼此间的关系微观抽象，是学生学习本节课的难点。 3 、教学方式手段技术分析 教学方式: 教师设计一系列可以引发学生进行深层次思考的问题，让学生自主学习，小组合作，讨论交流，最终解决问题。 手段技术: 根据本节课的内容制作了相关的 ppt(含视频、 flash演示)，利用多媒体课件展示:泌尿系统的组成、肾脏的外形与纵剖结构、肾单位在肾脏的分布和组成、肾单位的各部分结构特点和彼此间的关系等内容，力求让学生对知识掌握准确，理解深刻，分析透彻。通过分组观察羊的肾脏实验，增强学生的感性认识。用自制的肾单位模型，将微观、抽象的内容变得宏观、具体，帮助学生理解微观抽象的肾单位结构。展示学生到医院采访肾衰患者及医生的录像，使学生关注社会、关注健康，渗透可持续发展教育。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 三、教学目标设计 知识目标 1 、能描述出人体泌尿系统的组成及各器官的功能。 2 、会识别肾脏的纵剖结构。 3 、能概述出肾单位各部分的结构特点。 4 、利用彩线，能制作出肾单位简易模型。 能力目标 1 、通过观察人体泌尿系统模式图、观察肾脏的外形与内部结构、观察 肾单位结构示意图与模型，进一步训练观察能力和思维能力。 2 、通过小组讨论，加强交流和表达的科学探究能力，发展合作能力。 情感态度目标 1 、通过对肾衰患者及医生的采访，了解有关肾透析、肾移植等社会现状，关注与生物 学有关的社会问题，初步形成关注社会、关注健康、热心公益的意识，树立可持续发展的思 想。 2 、通过动手实践，产生创新意识。 四、教学过程设计 教学环教师活动 学生活动 设计意图 节 了解学生关注的问题，两名 “小记者” 课前准明确采访内容;选派两名到医院采访肾衰患者及鼓励学生深入到社会 备 “小记者”，确定采访时医生并录像。 生活中，获得感性认识 。 间、地点等。 引 入 展示课件 : 从生活中的现象引入， 让学生听一听、看一看，激 资料一: 2006 年 4发兴趣。 了解有关肾透析、 月 13日 北京新闻报道:为边听边看。 肾移植等社会现状，关注与 了挽救身患尿毒症的女儿，生物学有关的社会问题，初 观看。 父亲将自己的一个肾脏捐步形成关注社会、关注健 献出来。肾移植手术很成康、热心公益的意识，树立 功，父女俩得到了社会的 可持续发展的思想。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 关爱。 资料二: 据不完全统 计，肾衰导致的尿毒症比率 逐年上升;每年每百万人中 就有 100-150人患病;每年 有 2200人需要肾移植;北 京的发病率大于全国发病 率。 讲述:根据社会中存在 的现象，带着同学们关注的 问题，我们派出 两名 “小 记者”到医院进行了采访， 请看采访录像。 展示录像。 新课 泌展示模型:泌尿系统的观察。 进行直观教学，加强学 新课 尿系统 组成。 生的感性认识。运用“以问 看书思考。 的组成题为中心”的课堂教学学 展示课件: 泌尿系统及其功习模式，通过设计 组成 示意图。 能 问题情境，引导学生自 提问:泌尿系统由哪几主探究、思考，发挥学生的部分组成,各有什么功主体作用。 能,最重要的器官是什 么,为什么, 展示课件: flash 演依图回答: 泌尿系及时反馈，检测自主学示 泌尿系统组成示意图。 统各器官名称与功能。 习效果，查缺补漏。 肾展示课件: 肾脏位置观察。 明确肾脏在身体的位 脏 示意图。 置。 依图和生活经验指 讲述 :请指出自身肾出自身肾脏的大致位 脏的大致位置。 置。 展示课件: 肾脏外形四人一组观察羊肾观察实物，增强感性认模式图。 提问: 脏外形并 回答。 识，提高学习兴趣。 1 、肾脏什么颜色,外 形像什么, 2 、是否有管道与肾脏 相连,分别是什么, 展示课件: 肾脏的血听、看。 明确 肾脏的血液供应液直接来自肾动脉。肾脏的非常丰富及其意义。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 血液供应很丰富，健康成年快速计算、回答。 人安静时每分钟约有 1000 毫升血液流过两肾，人体总 血量约 4000-5000毫升。 提问:全身血液只需几 分钟便能流经肾脏一次, 有何意义, 展示课件:肾脏纵剖数两人一组观察羊肾训练观察能力 码照片。提问: 脏纵剖。 训练概括能力。 , 肾脏 由几部分构回答、讨论。 成,各有什么特 填出相应的结构名征, 称。 , 输尿管与肾脏的哪 一部分相连, 展示课件: 肾脏纵剖 面模式图。 展示课件:肾单位的显观看。 将微观抽象的重点知微照片。 识转变成宏观、形象的内 听 容，帮助学生理解难点。 讲述:每个肾脏由 100 观看。 多万个肾单位组成。 展示视频:肾单位的结 构。 课件展示:肾单位在肾依图回答 肾单位借助于多媒体，引导学脏中的分布和组成模式图。 的结构，讨论肾小球、 生观察讨论，把微观抽象的 肾小囊、肾小体的特点。 知识传授转变成生动而形 展示自制肾单位模型，象的解决问题的过程。使学动态演示肾小囊的形成。 肾单位 生从感性认识上升到理性 认识。自制肾单位模型帮助 学生理解难点。 引导学生分析:血液流说出:血液经肾动让学生清楚肾脏中的经肾脏的路线。 脉 “血路”，为学习“尿路” 做铺垫。引发学生进行深层 ? 入球小动脉?次的思考，训练思维能力。 肾 小球? 出球小动 脉?毛细血管网?小 静脉?肾静脉，离开肾 脏。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 课堂反联想 ABC:(内容见学抢答。 利于全体学生积极参馈 习效果评价) 与，进一步培养学生推理、 分析、归纳的思维能力和竞 展示课件:给出几个词争意识。检测学生对重点知 语，通过你的联想，猜一猜识的掌握情况。 说的是肾单位中的什么结 构,(从给出第一个词语时 就可以开始抢答) 拓展延模型方法:请用红、黄两人一组，合作完动脑设计、动口讨论、 伸 两根玻璃丝(或毛线)摆出成。先讨论设计，再动动手操作，提高学习兴趣， 肾单位中肾小球、肾小囊及手操作，最后用胶条粘充分发挥想象力与创造力， 肾小管三者正确的位置关在白纸上。 产生创新意识。为下节课学 系。(即肾单位的平面示意习“尿液的形成”时，做拼 图) 图游戏做准备。 鼓励、评价。 展示成果。 教师的鼓励评价，增加 学生的成功感和自信心。 请一位同学到黑板上，画箭头并作简要说引发学生进行深层次 试着画出尿液产生和排出明。 思考:“尿路”与“血 的路线。 路 ”的联系。进行思维拓 展训练。 课外思1 、血液流经肾脏时发思考。 开放式结束，让学生带 考 生了怎样的变化, 着问题出课堂。第一题为下 节课的学习埋下伏笔，第二 2 、如何保护好我们的题与开始呼应。 肾脏, 教学流程图 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 五、 六、 学习效果评价 学生学习效果评价分析: 为了检 测学生对本节课知识的认知水平，我设计了“ 联想 ABC”、制作简易模型、 画路线图多种形式，并且有梯度设计，问题是逐步深入的。 1 、 “联想 ABC”(通过课件展示):给出几个词语，通过你的联想，猜一猜说的是肾单位中的什么结构,(从给出第一个词语时就可以开始抢答) rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 通过学生的抢答， 了解到学生对肾单位各部分的结构特点和名称认识得比较清楚。 2 、模型方法——利用彩线，制作肾单位简易模型: 用红、黄两根玻璃丝(或毛线)摆出肾单位中肾小球、肾小囊及肾小管三者正确的位置关系。(即肾单位的平面示意图) 两人一组，合作完成。先讨论设计，再动手操作，最后用胶条粘在白纸上。 附:学生作品 从学生作品分析， 75%的学生非常清楚肾小球、肾小囊、肾小管三者的位置关系; 20%的学生能摆对两种结构的位置关系;只有 5%的学生不能摆出三者的正确位置关系。多数学生有较强的设计能力和动手能力，部分学生的作品能体现出学生的 创新意识。通过“模型方法”，确实发现了一些问题，例如:肾小球没有紧贴肾小囊内壁、肾小囊没有包裹住肾小球等。这些问题还需要在下节课有针对性地对学生进行分析，解决遗留问题。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities