4.形容词,副词

语法专项（四）形容词，副词 一．形容词： （一）形容词的构成： 构成 例词 本身为形容词的词 red; glad; nice 名词+y windy; rainy; sunny; foggy; cloudy; snowy; healthy; wealthy; lucky 加后缀-able;-ent;-en;-al comfortable; national; wooden; different 名词+ly friendly; lovely; deadly; weekly; monthly 复合形容词的构成 形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted; good-tempered 副词+过去分词 well-educated; strongly-built (体格健壮的) 形容词+现在分词 good-looking; easy-going (好说话的) 名词+形容词 duty-free (免税的) 形容词+过去分词 new-born; ready-made(现成的) 副词+过去分词 hard-working 名词+现在分词 peace-loving 名词+过去分词 man-made 其他方式 over-all(总的)；face-to-face(面对面的) （二）形容词的句法功能： 功能 例句 作定语（修饰名词/代词） He is a good swimmer. 作表语 His advice is helpful. 作宾语补足语 He found the door open. 作主语或宾语 The old should be respected. 作伴随状语 Tired and hot, we had to stop to have a break. （三）形容词的位置： 1． 单个形容词的位置： （1）一般放在所修饰的名词前： a red coat    delicious food （2）置于所修饰的名词后： ①一些表语形容词修饰名词后置（alive; alone; awake; asleep; available等） ---He is the most famous scientist alive in the world today. ②形容词修饰不定代词时后置 ---There is something wrong with my radio. ③形容词后接介词短语或不定式时后置 ---This is a lake full of fish. ---They are the students easy to teach. ④表示长，宽，高，深，厚和年龄的形容词修饰数词短语时后置。 ---The door is two meters high. ---The boy is seven years old. ⑤由and或or连接的成对出现的形容词作定语常后置： ---All the people on this island, young or old, are fond of music. （3）有些形容词既可前置也可后置，但意义不同：   the members present 在座的成员        the present members 现在的成员   the concerned doctor 心情忧虑的医生  the doctor concerned 有关的医生 （4）how/so/as/too +形容词+a/an+名词     what/such + a/an+形容词+名词 (5) enough 修饰形容词或副词后置，修饰名词前置：well enough    enough food 2． 多个形容词的位置： 一般说来关系最密切的最靠近中心词，关系较远的离被修饰词较远，基本规律：美小圆旧黄，法国木书房。   a beautiful little red flower 一朵漂亮的小红花   a white cotton shirt 一件白棉布衬衫 注：除以上规则外，常把音节短的形容词放在前面，音节长的放在后面。   a tall and powerful man 一个高大有力的男人 （四）形容词的用法： 1． 一些表示健康状况或感觉反应的形容词只可作表语，如：content, glad, ill, pleased, sorry, well, unable等。 ---I’m glad to receive your letter. ---I’m sorry to hear the news. 2． 一些形容词只作定语，不作表语，如：wooden, real, former, latter, only, inner, outer等。 ---She is the only one who passed the exam. ---It is a real story. 3． 一些形容词如necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, important, unimportant等作表语时，主语不能是人，常用it作形式主语，将真正的主语置后。 ---It is unnecessary for you to go there. ---It is impossible for him to finish the work today. 4． 系动词feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem, get, become, turn等后接形容词作表语。 ---The flowers smell sweet. ---The picture looks wonderful. ---Trees turn green in spring. 二．副词： （一）副词的分类： 分类 例词 时间副词 now, then, often, early, soon, ago, finally, tomorrow, today等 地点副词 there, here, below, above, up, down, abroad, overseas, halfway等 方式副词 well, slowly, hard, badly, heavily, carefully等 频度副词 ever, never, seldom, once, often, frequently, usually, always等 程度副词 still, rather, much, too, very, almost, nearly, quite, greatly等 关系副词 when, where, why等 疑问副词 how, when, where, why等 连接副词 when, where, why, how, therefore, besides, otherwise, moreover, meanwhile等 （二）副词的构成： 构成 例词 本身为副词的词 now, rather, very, there, how, when… 与形容词形式相同的副词 early, late, high, wide, deep 形容词+ly构成的副词 slowly, quickly, clearly, normally 副词+ly构成的副词 late-lately, hard-hardly, close-closely, high-highly （三）副词的语法功能： 功能 例句 作状语修饰动词，形容词，其他副词，介词短语，从句，代词，或数词。 ---Don’t ride too fast. (修饰副词) ---The pen is just behind the door. (修饰介词短语) ---This is exactly what he said. (修饰从句) ---Nearly everybody came to the party. (修饰代词) 作定语位于所修饰词后。 ---The population here is very large. 作表语指主语的方向，方位等 ---My bedroom is upstairs. 作补语。 ---Let him out. 作介词宾语。 ---He has just come back from abroad. （四）副词的位置： （1）频度副词一般置于行为动词前，be动词后，第一个助动词后。 ---He seldom arrives on time. ---He is always late. ---He can hardly finish the work. （2）程度副词一般置于被修饰的形容词，副词或动词前（enough除外）。 ---This is a very good book. ---I quite understand. ---He plays the piano fairly well. ☆enough修饰形容词，副词时后置。 ---You are old enough to go to school. （3）表示可能性的副词通常不用于句末，如：probably, possibly, certainly, definitely等。但perhaps和surely一般置于句首。 ---The have probably gone there. ---Perhaps he doesn’t know your name. （4）若句中同时出现几个副词，顺序为：方式副词---地点副词---时间副词 ---He told the news to me angrily at school yesterday. 三．易混形容词，副词辨析： （一）normal, common, ordinary, usual   normal: 正常的（身体/精神）；常规的  normal speed   common: 普通的；常见的 common people  common disease  common sense   ordinary: 普通的；日常的 ordinary people  ordinary life   usual: 寻常的  as usual  than usual （二）alive, live, living; lively, lovely   alive: 活着的（人/物）（表语/后置定语/宾补）  catch/bury sb. alive 活捉/活埋某人   live: 现场直播的/地(adj./adv.) （前置定语）a live fish  a live broadcast 现场直播   living: 活着的（人/物）（表语/前置定语） a living fish    the living, the dead 生者，死者   lively: 生动的（表语/定语） lively and interesting 生动有趣的   lovely: 可爱的 （表语/定语） a lovely child （三）alone, lonely alone: 形容词/副词  “单独，独自一人”，不含感情色彩 lonely: 形容词  “孤独寂寞” “荒无人烟”有浓厚的感情色彩 ---The old man lives_____ in the ______ village and never feels ______. （四）certain, sure ①共同点： be certain/sure of/that… 对…确信的           make certain/sure of/that…弄清楚，确保…           be certain/sure to do…务必做…,一定做… ②不同点：It is certain that… …是确实的 (sure无此用法) ---It is certain that the earth is round. （五）possible, likely, probable ①可能性：possible﹤likely﹤probable ②句型： It is possible/likely/probable that…         sb./sth. is likely to do… Tom is likely to win the prize.  It is likely to rain.         It is possible for sb. to do sth. （六）late, later, lately late: 形容词/副词 “迟到的，晚的” ---The train was late.  ---I got up late yesterday. later: 形容词/副词 “较迟的，较晚的” ---See you later.  later on 后来 lately：副词  “近来，最近” （=recently） ---Have you seen Tom lately? （七）fairly, rather, pretty, very, quite ①程度由弱到强：fairly—quite---rather/pretty---very/much ②fairly 常用来表示愉快的场合，rather常用来修饰表示令人不愉快的形容词 ---It’s ______ cold today while it was ______ warm yesterday. ③quite a + 名词单数 ---Mary is quite a good teacher. ④一般只有rather可与比较级或too连用；quite 只与better连用。 ---It is rather warmer today.  ---The problem is rather too difficult. （八）specially, especially   specially：专门地，特别地（强调目的）  ---The coat is specially designed for the King.   especially: 特别地，尤其地（强调程度）  ---I feel especially interested in this project. （九）almost, nearly ①两者都表示“几乎，差不多”，常可互换 ②当修饰no, nothing, none, never等表示否定意义的词时，用almost ③nearly可被very，pretty或not前置修饰，而almost不能 ---________ no one too any rest. ---The car is pretty _______ new. （十）deep/deeply, wide/widely, high/highly, close/closely 以deep和deeply为例： deep表示具体的深度，deeply表示抽象概念“深深地” ---They dug deep in the ground in the hope of finding gold. ---I was deeply moved by his story. 四．形容词，副词的特殊用法 （一）neither, nor, no more, hardly, seldom等否定副词位于句首时，句子需要部分倒装 Hardly had I arrived home when he called to tell me the good news. He didn’t finish the work and neither did I. （二）值得的表达 be worth sth/doing sth be worthy of sth/being done         to be done be worth one’s while to do sth/doing sth be worth while (for sb) to do sth （三）too much/much too too much ①+/U/n. ②作代词，在句中充当主、宾、表语，相当于不可数名词 much too + adj./adv. 只作状语 （四）too +adj. +to do sth 太…而不能…       too +(ready/glad/willing)等adj. +to do sth 表示肯定 （五）can not/never…too…/more/enough 无论怎样都不过分，越…就越好… New year cannot come too soon. 但愿新年早日到来。 You can not pay too much attention to your mistake. （六）A对于B犹如C对于D ①A is to B (just) as C is to D. Air is to us just as water is to fish. ②A is to B what C is to D. Air is to us what water is to fish. 五． 形容词，副词的比较级和最高级 （一） 基本原则：   不作比较用原级，两者比较用比较级，多者比较用最高级，如： ---He is very tall. ---He is very short, but taller than me. ---Among the three short girls, Mary is the tallest. （二）形容词副词的比较等级的构成： 1.规则变化：     单  音  节  词 类别 例词 加后缀-er和-est tall---taller---tallest； soon---sooner---soonest 原级以字母e结尾, 只加-r和-st fine---finer---finest； 原级以辅音字母+y结尾, 将y改为i再加-er和-est dry---drier---driest 原级以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母, 双写这个辅音字母后再加-er和-est big---bigger---biggest thin---thinner---thinner 双音节词 其前加more和most difficult---more difficult---most difficult heavily---more heavily---most heavily 少数以y结尾的双音节词可把y改成i加er或est easy，empty，heavy，funny 多音节词 其前加more和most modest，carefully，expensive 一般都可以在前面加less和least表示否定 quiet，clever，interesting 2.不规则变化： 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best bad/badly/ill worse worst much/many more most little less least far farther（具体距离） farther further（具体距离/抽象） furthest old older 较老/旧的 oldest最老/旧的 elder 较年长的 eldest最年长的 late later 较远的（时间） latest（最迟/新的） latter后者（顺序） last最后的 （三）使用比较等级的注意点： 1．极限意义形容词无比较级：complete, double, square, alive, asleep, aloud, awake, alone, correct, right, wrong, enough, fearless, favorite, excellent, perfect, total, foreign, main, superior，inferior，senior，junior, prior等。其中superior，inferior，senior，junior, prior本身就是比较形式，不能再加more或-er，必须与to连用。 ---He is superior to others. 2．不能使用双重比较级：不能说more better，most earliest等，不过可以用“比较级+and+比较级”形式： ---I’m getting fatter and fatter. ---We’re walking more and more slowly. 3．当特指两者中“较/更…”时，比较级前常用定冠词；形容词的最高级要用the，副词的最高级可以省略the。 ---This book is the more useful of the two. 4．“the+比较级，the+比较级”，表示“越…越…” ---The more, the better. ---The more dangerous it is, the more I like it. 5．比较级的常见修饰语：much, far, even, still, a lot, lots, a great deal, a bit, a little, a little bit, slightly, almost, rather, any, no及倍数等。 ---Japanese is much more difficult than English. 6．最高级的常见修饰语：by far, much, nearly, almost, very, second, next等。 ---This is by far the best news for a long time. ---The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. （四）几个重要的比较结构： 1．as…as“与…一样”：as+形容词/副词原级+as+名词/代词/从句（否定句中也可用so…as）意思明确时，可省略第二个as及其后的内容： ---He studies as hard as his brother. ---This dress is twice as expensive as that one. ---I gave him as much as he could eat. 有些as…as已成固定词组 as…as possible/sb. can, as/so long as, as soon as, as well as, as/so far as (sb see/know/be concerned), as good as The noise of my motorbike is as good as silent. 2.  more than: （数量）多于…；不只是；非常---That is more than I can tell. 那事我实在不明白。   more…than…比…更…; 与其…不如…    ---He is more a teacher than a writer.   not more than: 不超过（at most）          ---He has not more than three children. 他最多三个孩子。 no more than: 仅仅，只有（only）（强调少）---He has no more than three children. 他只有三个孩子。   not less than: 不少于（at least） no less than: 多达…（强调多） 与其…不如…(形容词或名词的比较) ①be more…than… She was more frightened than hurt. ②be less…than… She was less hurt than frightened. ③be not as/so much…as… She was not so much hurt as frightened. ④be rather…than… She was rather frightened than hurt. ⑤be…rather than…She was frightened rather than hurt. 3. 与其…不如…(动词的比较) prefer sth to sth prefer doing sth to doing sth prefer to do sth rather than do sth would do sth rather than do sth would rather do sth than do sth 4. 一…就…no sooner…than… We had no sooner started work than it began to rain. No sooner had we started work than it began to rain. =We had hardly started work when it began to rain. Hardly had we started work when it began to rain. 5. 不同范围和同一范围的比较 同一范围：more than ①any other +n单数 ②any +n单数 else ③any/all of the other +n复数 ④any/all of the others 不同范围：more than ①any +n单数 ②any/all of the +n复数 6. 最高级+ever = never+比较级 This is the best film I have ever seen. = I have never seen a better film. 7. 倍数的表达 ①倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as (可从第二个as开始省略) ②倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than ③倍数+the+名词+of （常用名词：size/length/height/width/weight/depth） This ball is twice as big as that one. = This ball is twice bigger than that one. = This ball is twice the size of that one. ☆在少数情况下还可用“倍数+what从句”表示倍数： The production of cars in 1994 was six times what it was in 1987. ☆若表示几倍多，在倍数前加more than/over ☆若表示一个半，可用：one and a half +名词（复）或one+名词（单）+and a half   一个半小时：one and a half hours/one hour and a half 巩固练习： 1. Mothers holding jobs outside the home should have _____ schedules to make it easier to care for their children. (2010 山东卷)   A. heavy        B. smooth        C. flexible          D. complex 2. People have always been ____ about exactly how life on earth began. (2010 天津卷)   A. curious        B. excited          C. anxious        D. careful 3. Drunk driving, which was once a _____ occurrence, is now under control. (2010 福建卷)   A. general        B. frequent        C. normal          D. particular 4. I have been convinced that the print media are usually more _____ and more reliable than television. (2010 浙江卷)   A. accurate        B. ridiculous        C. urgent          D. shallow 5. Studies show that people are more _____ to suffer from back problems if they always sit before computer screens for long hours. (2010 陕西卷) A. likely          B. possible          C. probable          D. sure 6. In this lecture, I can only give you a purely ____ view of how we can live life to the full and make some suggestions about the future. (2010 湖北卷)   A. private          B. personal          C. unique          D. different 7. Mistakes don’t just happen; they occur for a reason. Find out the reason, and then making the mistake becomes _____. (2010 湖北卷)   A. favourable        B. precious        C. essential          D. worthwhile 8. If I find someone who looks like the suspect, my _____ reaction will be to tell the police. (2010 湖北卷)   A. physical          B. immediate        C. sensitive        D. sudden 9. Computers and mobile phones, though they are indeed making our life _____ and more ____, have reduced the need for face-to-face communications. (2010 江西卷)   A. easily; efficient    B. easier; efficient    C. easy; efficiently    D. easily; efficiently 10. The school was moved out of downtown as the number of students had grown too _____. (2010 四川卷)   A. small            B. few            C. large            D. many 11. I have seldom seen my mother _____ pleased with my progress as she is now. (2010 全国卷) A. so          B. very            C. too            D. rather 12. Jim went to answer the phone. ____, Harry started to prepare lunch. (2010 辽宁卷)   A. However      B. Nevertheless      C. Besides        D. Meanwhile 13. ---Volunteering is becoming _____ popular in China.   ---Yeah, people are now aware that helping others is helping themselves. (2010 福建卷)   A. naturally      B. successfully      C. splendidly      D. increasingly 14. Do you think shopping online _____ take the place of shopping in stores? (2010 浙江卷)   A. especially      B. frequently      C. merely          D. finally 15. Playing on a frozen sports field sounds like a lot of fun. Isn’t it rather risky, ______. (2010 浙江卷)   A. though          B. also            C. either          D. too 16. Father ____ goes to the gym with us although he dislikes going there. (2010 湖南卷)   A. hardly          B. seldom        C. sometimes        D. never 17. The island is ____ attractive in spring and autumn because of the pleasant weather in both reasons. (2010 全国卷二)   A. partly          B. merely          C. nearly          D. equally 18. I wasn’t blaming anyone; I _____ said errors like this could be avoided. (2010 湖北卷)   A. merely          B. mostly          C. rarely          D. nearly 19. It’s high time you had your hair cut; it’s getting ____. (2009 全国卷二)   A. too much long    B. much too long    C. long too much      D. too long much 20. The Great Wall is _____ tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year. (2009上海卷)   A. so a well-known    B. a so well-known    C. such well-known a  D. such a well-known 21. Compared with his sister, Jerry is even more _____ to, and more easily troubled by emotional and relationship problems. (2009 江苏卷)   A. skeptical      B. addicted        C. available          D. sensitive 22. John is very _____ ---if he promises to do something he’ll do it. (2009浙江卷)   A. independent      B. confident      C. reliable          D. flexible 23. Frank put the medicine in the top drawer to make sure it would not be _____ to the kids. (2009 江西卷)   A. accessible        B. relative          C. acceptable      D. sensitive 24. It was a nice house, but ____ too small for a family of live. (2009 天津卷)   A. rarely          B. fairly            C. rather            D. pretty 25. Usually John would be late for meetings. But this time, ______ to my surprise, he arrived on time. (2009 辽宁卷)   A. little          B. much            C. ever            D. even 26. The incomes of skilled workers went up. _____, unskilled workers saw their earnings fall. (2009 浙江卷)   A. Moreover      B. Therefore      C. Meanwhile        D. Otherwise 27. In the good care of the nurses, the boy is _____ recovering from his heart operation. (2009 浙江卷)   A. quietly          B. actually        C. practically        D. gradually 28. It seems that living green is _____ easy and affordable. A small step makes a big difference. (2009 福建卷)   A. exactly          B. fortunately        C. surprisingly      D. hardly 29. After the long journey, the three of them went back home, _____. (2008 北京卷)   A. hungry and tiredly    B. hungry and tired    C. hungrily and tiredly  D. hungrily and tired 30. My brother is really _____. He often works in his office far into the night. (2008 天津卷)   A. open-minded        B. hard-working      C. self-confident    D. warm-hearted 31. Jack is late again. It is ____ of him to keep others waiting. (2008 江西卷)   A. normal          B. ordinary          C. common        D. typical 32. I haven’t seen Ann for ____ long that I’ve forgotten what she looks like. (2008 四川卷)   A. such            B. very              C. so              D. too 33. In spite of wrongs done to him, he looks _____ to people greeting him. (2008 福建卷)   A. friendly          B. lively            C. worried          D. cold 34. The weather was ____ cold that I didn’t like to leave my room. (2008 全国卷一)   A. really          B. such            C. too          D. so 35. ---Hi, mark. How was the musical evening?   ---Excellent! Alex and Andy performed ____ and they won the first prize. (2008 安徽卷)   A. skillfully          B. commonly        C. willingly        D. nervously 36. Although badly hurt in the accident, the driver was _____ able to make a phone call. (2008 四川卷)   A. still            B. even              C. also            D. ever 37. Running a company is not _____ a matter of hiring people---they also need to be trained. (2008 浙江卷)   A. simply          B. partly            C. seriously          D. equally 38. A new ____ bus service to Tianjin Airport started to operate two months ago. (2007 天津卷)   A. normal          B. usual            C. regular            D. common 39. The magazine is very _____ with young people, who like its content and style. (2007 湖北卷)   A. familiar          B. popular          C. similar          D. particular 40. The little boy came riding full speed down the motorway on his bicycle. ______ it was! (2007 上海卷)   A. What a dangerous scene                  B. What dangerous a scene   C. How a dangerous scene                    D. How dangerous the scene 41. She devoted herself _____ to her research and it earned her a good reputation in her field. (2007 湖北卷)   A. strongly          B. extremely        C. entirely          D. freely 42. It’s hard for him playing against me. I’ve got nothing to play for, but for him, he needs to win so _____. (2007 湖南卷)   A. far              B. well              C. little            D. badly 43. Since Tom _____ downloaded a virus into his computer, he can not open the file now. (2007 上海卷)   A. readily          B. horribly            C. accidentally        D. irregularly 44. Mr. Black is very happy because the clothes made in his factory have never been _____. (2010 全国卷二)   A. popular        B. more popular        C. most popular      D. the most popular 45. How much ______ she looked without her glasses! (2009 全国卷一)   A. well          B. good              C. best            D. better 46. The children loved their day trip, and they enjoyed the horse ride _____. (2009 全国卷二)   A. most          B. more              C. less              D. little 47. You’re driving too fast. Can you drive ______? (2008 全国卷一)   A. more slowly a bit                    B. slowly a bit more   C. a bit more slowly                    D. slowly more a bit 48. It looks like the weather is changing for _____. Shall we stick to our plan?(2008 辽宁卷)   A. the worse        B. worse          C. the worst            D. worst 49. It is ____ to spend money on preventing illnesses by promoting healthy living rather than spending it trying to make people _____ after they are ill. (2008 江苏卷)   A. good; good      B. well; better        C. better; better        D. better; good 50. Speaking of all the songs he has written, I think this is probably his _____ one. (2007 全国卷二)   A. better-known      B. well-known      C. best-known        D. most-known 51. The new group of students is better-behaved than the other group who stayed here _____. (2007北京卷)   A. early            B. earlier          C. earliest            D. the earliest 52. The melon the Smiths served at dinner would have tasted ____ if it had been put in the fridge for a little while. (2007 江西卷)   A. good            B. better            C. best              D. well 53. Though he started late, Mr. Guo played the piano as well as, if _____, Miss Liu. (2007陕西卷)   A. not better than      B. not better      C. no better than      D. no better 54. Of the two coats, I’d choose the _____ one to spare some money for a book. (2007 四川卷)   A. cheapest          B. cheaper        C. more expensive    D. most expensive 55. Work gets done _____ when people do it together, and the rewards are higher too. (2007 浙江卷)   A. easily            B. very easy        C. more easily        D. easier 56. ---Do you need any help, Lucy?   ---Yes. The job is _____ I could do myself. (2007 福建卷)   A. less than            B. more than        C. no more than      D. not more than 57. With April 18’s railway speedup, highway and air transport will have to compete with _____ service for passengers. (2007 江苏卷)   A. good              B. better            C. best            D. the best 58. Alan is a careful driver, but he drives ____ of my friends. (2007 上海卷)   A. more carefully      B. the most carefully  C. less carefully    D. the least carefully 文档已经阅读完毕，请返回上一页！